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谷子株高及穗部性狀主基因+多基因混合遺傳模型分析

2022-01-17 07:22郭淑青宋慧楊清華高金鋒高小麗馮佰利楊璞
關(guān)鍵詞:穗長(zhǎng)粒重谷子

郭淑青,宋慧,楊清華,高金鋒,高小麗,馮佰利,楊璞

谷子株高及穗部性狀主基因+多基因混合遺傳模型分析

1西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院/旱區(qū)作物逆境生物學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,陜西楊凌 712100;2安陽(yáng)市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院谷子研究所,河南安陽(yáng) 455000

【目的】株高和穗部性狀是影響谷子產(chǎn)量的關(guān)鍵性狀。探究谷子株高及穗部性狀表型變異的遺傳規(guī)律,為相關(guān)性狀的遺傳改良與基因定位提供參考依據(jù)?!痉椒ā恳怨茸觾?yōu)質(zhì)品種豫谷18為共同父本,分別與黃軟谷和紅酒谷雜交,構(gòu)建2個(gè)分別包含250個(gè)家系的重組自交系F7群體(YYRIL和YRRIL)。采用主基因+多基因混合遺傳模型,對(duì)YYRIL和YRRIL群體在2個(gè)環(huán)境下的株高、穗長(zhǎng)、穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)、穗碼數(shù)、穗粒重等5個(gè)農(nóng)藝性狀的表型數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行遺傳分析。【結(jié)果】5個(gè)性狀在所有環(huán)境中均表現(xiàn)連續(xù)變異且存在超親分離現(xiàn)象,峰度和偏度絕對(duì)值小于1,近似正態(tài)分布,呈現(xiàn)數(shù)量性狀的典型遺傳特點(diǎn)。性狀間相關(guān)性分析表明株高與穗長(zhǎng)、穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)在所有環(huán)境中均呈極顯著正相關(guān),穗碼數(shù)與穗粒重呈極顯著正相關(guān)。遺傳模型分析顯示YYRIL和YRRIL群體株高的最適遺傳模型分別為PG-AI和PG-A多基因模型,多基因遺傳率分別為95.15%和91.27%。2個(gè)群體穗碼數(shù)的最適模型均為PG-AI,多基因遺傳率為70.07%—71.58%。穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)在2個(gè)群體的最適遺傳模型分別為4MG-CEA和3MG-CEA,均為等加性主基因模型。穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)在YYRIL群體的主基因遺傳率為9.69%,4對(duì)主基因加性效應(yīng)值相等,均為-0.34,具有負(fù)向效應(yīng);穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)在YRRIL群體的主基因遺傳率為45.78%,3對(duì)主基因加性效應(yīng)值相等,均為1.17,具有正向效應(yīng)。穗長(zhǎng)在YYRIL群體的最適模型為MX2-ED-A,即2對(duì)顯性上位主基因+加性多基因模型,主基因遺傳率為43.56%,多基因遺傳率為50.56%??刂扑腴L(zhǎng)的2對(duì)主基因加性效應(yīng)值分別為-1.21、1.68,多基因加性效應(yīng)較小,為-0.0017;穗長(zhǎng)在YRRIL群體的最適模型為MX2-AE-A,即2對(duì)累加作用主基因,加性多基因混合遺傳模型;穗長(zhǎng)的主基因遺傳率為46.40%,多基因遺傳率為46.91%??刂扑腴L(zhǎng)的第1對(duì)主基因加性效應(yīng)值為1.53,具有正向效應(yīng),第1對(duì)主基因加性×第2對(duì)主基因加性上位性互作效應(yīng)值是0.60,多基因加性效應(yīng)值為-0.47,表現(xiàn)為較低的負(fù)向遺傳效應(yīng)。穗粒重在YYRIL群體的最適遺傳模型為MX2-ED-A;符合2對(duì)顯性上位主基因+加性多基因模型,主基因遺傳率為69.09%,多基因遺傳率為12.08%;控制穗粒重的2對(duì)主基因加性效應(yīng)值分別為0.58、5.82,以第2對(duì)主基因的加性效應(yīng)為主,多基因加性效應(yīng)值為-3.81。穗粒重在YRRIL群體的最適遺傳模型為3MG-PEA,即3對(duì)部分等加性主基因遺傳模型;穗粒重的主基因遺傳率為81.10%,3對(duì)主基因加性效應(yīng)值分別為-2.68、-2.68和2.66,前2對(duì)主基因的加性效應(yīng)值相同,且均為負(fù)向效應(yīng)?!窘Y(jié)論】谷子株高、穗碼數(shù)的最適遺傳模型相似,均服從多基因遺傳,遺傳率較高,受環(huán)境影響較小;穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)的遺傳受主基因控制,主基因遺傳率偏低,受環(huán)境影響較大,在栽培中應(yīng)充分考慮環(huán)境因素;穗長(zhǎng)遺傳受主基因和多基因共同控制;穗粒重在2個(gè)群體均服從主基因遺傳,主基因遺傳率較高,可能存在主效QTL。

谷子;重組自交系;株高;穗部性狀;主基因+多基因

0 引言

【研究意義】谷子(L.)抗旱耐貧瘠,是中國(guó)北方干旱半干旱地區(qū)重要的糧食作物。此外,谷子富含豐富的蛋白質(zhì)、維生素、脂肪等營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),其食品保健價(jià)值受到廣泛關(guān)注[1]。谷子株高及穗部農(nóng)藝性狀間相互聯(lián)系,直接影響其產(chǎn)量[2]。然而谷子農(nóng)藝性狀多屬數(shù)量性狀,遺傳基礎(chǔ)復(fù)雜,易受環(huán)境條件影響,基因型與表型的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系不明確[3-4]。研究谷子株高及穗部性狀的遺傳規(guī)律,對(duì)提高和穩(wěn)定谷子產(chǎn)量、維護(hù)區(qū)域糧食安全具有重要意義。【前人研究進(jìn)展】主基因加多基因混合遺傳模型是揭示株高及穗部性狀遺傳機(jī)制的重要途徑[5]。泛主基因-多基因遺傳理論認(rèn)為,數(shù)量性狀的遺傳體系是由效應(yīng)較大的主基因、效應(yīng)較小的多基因或主基因和多基因共同組成,即主基因加多基因混和遺傳體系[6-8]?;谠摾碚?,章元明等[9-10]和蓋鈞鎰等[8]提出了主基因加多基因混和遺傳模型分析方法。該方法不僅可經(jīng)濟(jì)便捷地對(duì)表型性狀主基因數(shù)目、基因效應(yīng)做出初步判斷,更能明晰基因間互作及其上位性以及基因與環(huán)境的相互作用,是分析植物數(shù)量性狀遺傳的重要途徑[11-13]。大量的研究實(shí)踐表明,基于主基因加多基因遺傳模型對(duì)表型數(shù)據(jù)的分析與QTL定位的結(jié)果具有相對(duì)一致性,可相互驗(yàn)證[14-16]。主基因加多基因混和遺傳分析方法在小麥[17]、水稻[18]、玉米[19]、油菜[20]、棉花[21]、大麥[22]、蠶豆[23]、番茄[24]、煙草[25]、白花丹[26]等植物的農(nóng)藝性狀、抗旱性、抗病性、化學(xué)成分等方面的遺傳分析中得到了廣泛應(yīng)用。性狀受基因和環(huán)境共同影響。相同性狀在不同環(huán)境和不同群體中具有顯著差異的遺傳模型[27]。【本研究切入點(diǎn)】目前,已開始廣泛研究谷子數(shù)量性狀,但利用主基因加多基因混合遺傳模型研究較少,對(duì)谷子重要農(nóng)藝性狀在多環(huán)境下的表型遺傳分析鮮見報(bào)道?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】本研究以豫谷18為共同親本,分別與紅酒谷、黃軟谷雜交,并以單籽傳法構(gòu)建的2個(gè)重組自交系群體(YYRIL和YRRIL)為材料,在陜西榆林和河南安陽(yáng)2個(gè)環(huán)境中開展表型鑒定,利用主基因+多基因混合遺傳模型分析方法,鑒定谷子株高及穗部性狀遺傳模型和基因作用方式,以期為谷子重要農(nóng)藝性狀的QTL定位及性狀改良提供依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)材料

以高產(chǎn)、優(yōu)質(zhì),適應(yīng)性廣的谷子品種豫谷18為共同父本,分別與地方品種紅酒谷和黃軟谷雜交,通過連續(xù)6代單籽傳法自交,構(gòu)建2個(gè)包含250個(gè)家系的重組自交系群體(RILs-F7),分別命名為YYRIL和YRRIL。試驗(yàn)材料均由西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)小雜糧課題組提供。于2020年分別在陜西榆林(半干旱區(qū),109°21′46″E,37°56′26″N,2020YL,E1)和河南安陽(yáng)(半濕潤(rùn)區(qū),114°23′32″E,36°58′32″N,2020AY,E2)種植這兩個(gè)群體。每個(gè)環(huán)境的田間試驗(yàn)采取隨機(jī)區(qū)組試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),3次重復(fù),每個(gè)小區(qū)4行,行長(zhǎng)2 m,行距30—40 cm,小區(qū)面積為4 m2(2 m×2 m)。試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)肥力均勻,田間管理參照常規(guī)農(nóng)田統(tǒng)一管理。

1.2 性狀調(diào)查

成熟期每個(gè)小區(qū)隨機(jī)選取9株,利用鋼尺測(cè)量親本及群體株高(plant hight,PH)、穗長(zhǎng)(panicle length,PL)、穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)(internode length under panicle,PIL),并測(cè)量穗碼數(shù)(spikelet number per panicle,SN)。成熟后單株收獲脫粒,利用天平稱量穗粒重(grain weight per panicle,GW)。性狀調(diào)查方法及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)依據(jù)《谷子種質(zhì)資源描述規(guī)范和數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》[28]。

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)分析

利用Excel 2010和SPSS 22.0軟件對(duì)2個(gè)群體及3個(gè)親本在2個(gè)環(huán)境下的表型數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行初步分析處理,判斷是否符合正態(tài)分布。利用R語(yǔ)言包繪制谷子重組自交系株高及穗部性狀的頻率分布直方圖;利用章元明教授團(tuán)隊(duì)開發(fā)的R軟件包SEA-G3DH(https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/SEA/index.html)對(duì)親本及群體的5個(gè)表型性狀進(jìn)行主基因+多基因混合遺傳模型分析。通過極大似然法(maximum likelihood method,MLV)和迭代最大期望算法(iterated expectation and conditional maximization,IECM)對(duì)混合分布中的相關(guān)成分分布參數(shù)做出估計(jì),采用最小赤池信息量準(zhǔn)則(Akaike’s information criterion,AIC),選出AIC值最小的幾個(gè)模型作為備選遺傳模型,然后利用均勻性檢驗(yàn)(12、22和32)、Smirnov檢驗(yàn)(2)和Kolmogorov檢驗(yàn)(D)對(duì)備選模型進(jìn)行適合性檢驗(yàn),根據(jù)檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果選擇統(tǒng)計(jì)量達(dá)到顯著性水平個(gè)數(shù)最少的模型為該性狀的最適遺傳模型,最后,用最小二乘法計(jì)算出最適遺傳模型的一、二階遺傳參數(shù)。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 谷子株高及穗部性狀的表型變異及頻率分布

2.1.1 YYRIL群體株高及穗部性狀的表型變異及頻率分布 對(duì)YYRIL群體及親本的株高及穗部性狀進(jìn)行分析可知(表1),親本的性狀差異在不同環(huán)境下表現(xiàn)不一致。雙親株高、穗碼數(shù)在2個(gè)環(huán)境下均呈極顯著差異,穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)在榆林存在顯著差異,而在安陽(yáng)差異不顯著。群體在2個(gè)不同環(huán)境下的表型性狀存在不同程度的分離,變異系數(shù)從高到低依次為穗粒重(22.01%)、穗碼數(shù)(14.07%)、穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)(13.46%)、穗長(zhǎng)(11.02%)、株高(6.37%)。在2個(gè)環(huán)境下,YYRIL群體的株高及穗部性狀偏度為-0.72—1.29,峰度為-0.46—1.34。除E1環(huán)境下的穗長(zhǎng)、穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)外,各農(nóng)藝性狀的偏度和峰度絕對(duì)值均小于1,即表現(xiàn)為近似正態(tài)分布。農(nóng)藝性狀在2個(gè)環(huán)境的頻率分布圖存在一定程度差異(圖1),YYRIL群體株高在2個(gè)環(huán)境均呈現(xiàn)單峰偏態(tài)分布,表明株高可能由多基因控制;穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)在2個(gè)環(huán)境均表現(xiàn)多峰分布,可能存在主基因;穗長(zhǎng)在榆林的頻率分布為單峰分布,在安陽(yáng)呈現(xiàn)雙峰分布;穗碼數(shù)在榆林表現(xiàn)為雙峰分布,在安陽(yáng)表現(xiàn)為單峰分布,穗粒重在榆林表現(xiàn)為單峰分布,在安陽(yáng)表現(xiàn)為多峰分布。YYRIL群體株高及穗部性狀在各個(gè)環(huán)境中呈連續(xù)分布且存在不同程度超親分離現(xiàn)象,適宜進(jìn)行遺傳分析。利用Pearson相關(guān)系數(shù)對(duì)YYRIL群體在2個(gè)不同環(huán)境農(nóng)藝性狀進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)株高與穗長(zhǎng)、穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)在2個(gè)環(huán)境中均呈極顯著正相關(guān),穗碼數(shù)與穗粒重在E1呈極顯著正相關(guān)(圖2)。

2.1.2 YRRIL群體株高及穗部性狀的表型變異及頻率分布 YRRIL群體親本間性狀的差異在不同環(huán)境下表現(xiàn)不一致(表1),雙親株高、穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)在2個(gè)環(huán)境的差異不顯著,而穗碼數(shù)、穗粒重在2個(gè)環(huán)境均呈現(xiàn)極顯著差異。群體性狀存在豐富的遺傳變異,變異系數(shù)從高到低依次為穗粒重(30.79%)、穗碼數(shù)(15.50%)、穗長(zhǎng)(13.92%)、穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)(13.54%)、株高(10.06%)。YRRIL群體株高、穗長(zhǎng)、穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)、穗碼數(shù)、穗粒重在2個(gè)環(huán)境的偏度和峰度絕對(duì)值均小于1,表現(xiàn)為近似正態(tài)分布。群體性狀表型頻率分布圖可以看出(圖1),所有性狀在不同環(huán)境均呈現(xiàn)連續(xù)性分布,分布特征存在差異,株高在榆林表現(xiàn)雙峰分布,在安陽(yáng)表現(xiàn)為單峰分布;穗長(zhǎng)在榆林表現(xiàn)單峰分布,在安陽(yáng)為多峰分布;穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)在2個(gè)環(huán)境下均呈現(xiàn)多峰分布,表明存在主基因,穗碼數(shù)在2個(gè)環(huán)境下均呈現(xiàn)單峰分布,穗粒重在榆林表現(xiàn)為單峰分布,在安陽(yáng)表現(xiàn)多峰分布。YRRIL群體株高及穗部性狀在各個(gè)環(huán)境中存在不同程度超親分離現(xiàn)象,適宜進(jìn)行遺傳分析。YRRIL群體性狀在各環(huán)境的相關(guān)性分析顯示(圖2),株高與穗長(zhǎng)、穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)在2個(gè)環(huán)境中均呈極顯著正相關(guān),穗碼數(shù)與穗粒重在2個(gè)環(huán)境均表現(xiàn)極顯著正相關(guān)。

2.2 株高及穗部性狀主基因+多基因混合遺傳分析

2.2.1 YYRIL群體株高及穗部性狀主基因+多基因混合遺傳分析 對(duì)YYRIL群體在2個(gè)環(huán)境下的株高及穗部性狀分別進(jìn)行主基因+多基因混合模型遺傳分析,選取AIC值最小的一組模型為備選模型(表2),比較株高分別在2個(gè)環(huán)境下的AIC值,PG-AI模型的AIC值最低分別為1 874.259和1 643.336,為株高的備選模型;穗長(zhǎng)在E1的最低AIC值為1 258.761,對(duì)應(yīng)的備選模型是PG-AI,穗長(zhǎng)在E2的最低AIC值為1 186.078,備選模型為MX2-ED-A;3MG-AI、4MG- CEA的AIC值較低,分別為1 520.849和1 164.932,為穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)的備選模型;穗碼數(shù)的備選模型分別為2MG-CE和PG-AI,AIC值分別為2 165.766和1 881.470,穗粒重在2個(gè)環(huán)境下最低的AIC值分別為1 686.369和1 485.489,對(duì)應(yīng)的備選模型是PG-A和MX2-ED-A。

通過對(duì)YYRIL群體各個(gè)性狀在2個(gè)環(huán)境下的備選模型采用均勻性檢驗(yàn)、Smirnov檢驗(yàn)和Kolmogorov檢驗(yàn),確定AIC值最小且統(tǒng)計(jì)量顯著性水平個(gè)數(shù)最少的模型為最適模型(表3)。YYRIL群體株高的最適遺傳模型均為PG-AI模型,即2對(duì)連鎖主基因+加性-上位性多基因遺傳模型。穗長(zhǎng)在2個(gè)環(huán)境的備選模型的統(tǒng)計(jì)量達(dá)到顯著水平的數(shù)量均為0;根據(jù)AIC準(zhǔn)則進(jìn)行篩選,穗長(zhǎng)的最適模型為MX2-ED-A模型,即2對(duì)顯性上位主基因+加性多基因模型。同理穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)對(duì)應(yīng)的最適遺傳模型為4MG-CEA模型,即4對(duì)主基因模型,主基因加性效應(yīng)相同,無多基因。穗碼數(shù)對(duì)應(yīng)的最適遺傳模型為PG-AI模型。穗粒重對(duì)應(yīng)的遺傳模型為MX2-ED-A。

表1 谷子YYRIL和YRRIL群體株高及穗部性狀描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

PH:株高;PL:穗長(zhǎng);PIL:穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng);SN:穗碼數(shù);GW:穗粒重。E1:陜西榆林;E2:河南安陽(yáng)。*:差異達(dá)到顯著水平(<0.05);**:差異達(dá)到極顯著水平(<0.01)。表格中“-”表示空缺。下同

PH: Plant height; PL: Panicle length; PIL: Internode length under panicle; SN:Spikelet number per panicle; GW: Grain weight per panicle. E1: Yulin, Shaanxi; E2: Anyang, henan. *:Significant difference at the 0.05 level; **: Significant difference at the 0.01 level. “-”in the cells mean the value is absent. The same as below

PH:株高;PL:穗長(zhǎng);PIL:穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng);SN:穗碼數(shù);GW:穗粒重。E1:陜西榆林;E2:河南安陽(yáng)。下同

PH: Plant height; PL: Panicle length; PIL: Internode length under panicle; SN:Spikelet number per panicle ; GW: Grain weight per panicle. E1: Yulin, Shaanxi; E2: Anyang, henan. The same as below

圖1 谷子YYRIL和YRRIL群體株高及穗部性狀的頻率分布(柱形)、擬混合分布(紅線)與成分分布(黑線)

Fig. 1 Frequent (column), mixed (red line), and component (black line) distributions for plant height and panicle traits inYYRIL and YRRIL foxtail millet population

a:YYRIL群體株高及穗部性狀在榆林的相關(guān)性;b:YYRIL群體株高及穗部性狀在安陽(yáng)的相關(guān)性;c:YRRIL群體株高及穗部性狀在榆林的相關(guān)性;d:YRRIL群體株高及穗部性狀在安陽(yáng)的相關(guān)性

估算YYRIL群體株高及穗部性狀最適遺傳模型下的一階參數(shù)和二階參數(shù)可知(表4),2個(gè)環(huán)境中,株高的多基因遺傳率介于74.68%—95.15%,株高以多基因遺傳為主。穗長(zhǎng)的主基因遺傳率為43.56%,多基因遺傳率為50.56%。控制穗長(zhǎng)的第1對(duì)主基因加性效應(yīng)值(da)為-1.21,具有負(fù)向效應(yīng),第2對(duì)主基因加性效應(yīng)值(db)為1.68,具有正向效應(yīng),多基因顯性效應(yīng)較小為-0.0017。穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)的主基因遺傳率為9.69%,環(huán)境因素決定90.31%的變異,穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)受環(huán)境因素影響較大??刂扑胂鹿?jié)間長(zhǎng)的4對(duì)主基因加性效應(yīng)值(da、db、dc和dd)相同,均為-0.34,為負(fù)向遺傳效應(yīng)。穗碼數(shù)的多基因遺傳率是70.07%,穗碼數(shù)受環(huán)境影響較小,一致性較好。穗粒重的主基因遺傳率為69.09%,多基因遺傳率為12.08%,穗粒重主要受主基因作用。穗粒重的2對(duì)主基因加性效應(yīng)值(da和db)分別為0.58和5.82,其中第2對(duì)主基因的加性效應(yīng)值較大,說明主基因加性效應(yīng)以第2對(duì)主基因?yàn)橹?,且為正向遺傳效應(yīng);穗粒重多基因加性效應(yīng)值([d])為-3.81,為負(fù)向遺傳效應(yīng)。

2.2.2 YRRIL群體株高及穗部性狀主基因+多基因混合遺傳分析 根據(jù)AIC值最小原則,選取YRRIL群體株高及穗部性狀在2個(gè)環(huán)境下的備選模型(表2)。株高在2個(gè)環(huán)境下PG-A和MX2-IE-A的AIC值最低,分別為1 966.339和2 126.700,為株高備選模型;PG-AI和MX2-AE-A的AIC值最低為1 463.860和1 324.700,為穗長(zhǎng)的備選模型;穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)在2個(gè)環(huán)境下的備選模型為3MG-CEA和4MG-EEEA,AIC值分別為1 285.900和1 546.820,穗碼數(shù)的在2個(gè)環(huán)境下的備選模型均為PG-AI,穗粒重在2個(gè)環(huán)境下最低的AIC值分別為1 808.660和1 481.494,對(duì)應(yīng)的備選模型是PG-AI和3MG-PEA。

通過對(duì)YRRIL群體各個(gè)性狀在2個(gè)環(huán)境下的備選模型采用適應(yīng)性檢驗(yàn),選出AIC值最小和統(tǒng)計(jì)顯著性水平數(shù)目最少的模型作為最適模型(表3)。株高的2個(gè)備選模型的統(tǒng)計(jì)量達(dá)到顯著水平的個(gè)數(shù)均為0,根據(jù)AIC準(zhǔn)則進(jìn)行篩選,株高對(duì)應(yīng)的最適遺傳模型為PG-A模型,即多基因模型,多基因以加性效應(yīng)為主。穗長(zhǎng)的最適模型為MX2-AE-A,即2對(duì)連鎖主基因,累加作用多基因混合遺傳模型。穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)對(duì)應(yīng)的最適遺傳模型為3MG-CEA模型,即3對(duì)主基因模型,主基因的加性效應(yīng)相同;穗碼數(shù)在2個(gè)環(huán)境的最適遺傳模型均為PG-AI模型,即2對(duì)連鎖主基因+加性-上位多基因遺傳模型;穗粒重對(duì)應(yīng)的遺傳模型為3MG-PEA,即3對(duì)主基因遺傳模型。

表2 谷子YYRIL和YRRIL群體株高及穗部性狀最適遺傳模型分離分析的極大似然值函數(shù)MLV值和Akaike信息準(zhǔn)則AIC值

MG:主基因模型;PG:多基因遺傳模型;MX:主基因+多基因混合模型;A:加性效應(yīng);I:互作;E:相等;AI:加性上位性效應(yīng);AE:累加作用;ED:顯性上位;CE:互補(bǔ)作用;IE:抑制作用;CEA:全等加性;PEA:部分等加性

MG: Major gene model; PG: Polygene model; MX: Mixed major gene and polygene model. A: Additive effect; I: Interaction; E: Equal; AI: Additive + epistasis effect; AE: Accumulative effect; ED: epistasis dominance; CE: complementary effect; IE: inhibition effect; CEA: congruent equal additive; PEA: Partial equal additive

表3 谷子YYRIL和YRRIL群體株高及穗部性狀最佳遺傳模型適應(yīng)性檢驗(yàn)

12、22、32:均勻性檢驗(yàn);nW:Smirnov檢驗(yàn);:Kolmogorov檢驗(yàn),括號(hào)內(nèi)數(shù)值為概率值

12,22,32: the statistic of Uniformity test;nW: the statistic of Smirnov test;: the statistic of Kolmogorov test, the numbers in brackets are the distribution values in theory

表4 谷子YYRIL和YRRIL群體株高及穗部性狀最適模型遺傳參數(shù)

m:群體均值;da:第1對(duì)主基因的加性效應(yīng);db:第2對(duì)主基因的加性效應(yīng);dc:第3對(duì)主基因的加性效應(yīng);dd:第4對(duì)主基因的加性效應(yīng);i:上位性效應(yīng);[d]:多基因加性效應(yīng);2:多基因方差;2:主基因方差;2(%):主基因遺傳力;2(%):多基因遺傳力

m: population mean; da: additive effect of the first major gene; db: additive effect of the second major gene; dc: additive effect of the third major gene; dd: additive effect of the fourth major gene; i: epistatic effect value; [d]: additive effect of polygene;2: polygene variance;2: major gene variance;2(%): heritability of major gene;2(%): heritability of polygene

由YRRIL群體株高及穗部性狀的最適遺傳模型估算一階參數(shù)和二階參數(shù)可知(表4),株高的多基因遺傳率為91.27%,環(huán)境因素決定8.73%的變異,谷子YRRIL群體株高主要由多基因控制,受環(huán)境影響小。穗長(zhǎng)的主基因遺傳率為46.40%,多基因遺傳率為46.91%??刂扑腴L(zhǎng)的第1對(duì)主基因加性效應(yīng)值(da)為1.53,具有正向效應(yīng),加性和第1對(duì)主基因×第2對(duì)主基因的加性上位性互作效應(yīng)值(iab)是0.60,多基因加性效應(yīng)值([d])為-0.47,表現(xiàn)為較低的負(fù)向遺傳效應(yīng)。穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)的主基因遺傳率為45.78%,環(huán)境因素決定54.22%的變異,穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)受環(huán)境因素影響較大。控制穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)的3對(duì)主基因加性效應(yīng)值(da、db、dc和dd)相同,均為1.17,為正向遺傳效應(yīng)。穗碼數(shù)的多基因遺傳率介于71.58%—92.89%,穗碼數(shù)受環(huán)境影響較小,一致性較好。穗粒重的主基因遺傳率為81.10%,環(huán)境因素僅占18.90%,穗粒重主要受主基因作用。穗粒重的3對(duì)主基因加性效應(yīng)值(da、db和dc)分別為-2.68、-2.68和2.66,其中前對(duì)2對(duì)主基因的加性效應(yīng)值相同,均為負(fù)向效應(yīng),第3對(duì)主基因加性效應(yīng)為正向遺傳效應(yīng)。

3 討論

3.1 株高及穗部性狀的最適遺傳模型

谷子抗旱耐貧瘠,適應(yīng)性廣,是優(yōu)化種植業(yè)區(qū)域布局、保證北方旱作區(qū)糧食作物生產(chǎn)長(zhǎng)效發(fā)展的重要作物[29-30]。株高及穗部性狀是影響谷子產(chǎn)量的重要因素,研究其遺傳規(guī)律對(duì)提高和穩(wěn)定谷子產(chǎn)量具有重要的意義。主基因+多基因模型是目前廣泛用于分析作物數(shù)量性狀遺傳組成的方法,其不僅可通過表型數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)目標(biāo)性狀的遺傳基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行初步判斷,更可校驗(yàn)QTL定位的結(jié)果,提高結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性和可靠性,為數(shù)量性狀QTL定位提供依據(jù)[31-32]。本研究以高產(chǎn)、優(yōu)質(zhì)、適應(yīng)性廣,綜合抗性好的谷子品種豫谷18分別與黃軟谷、紅酒谷雜交構(gòu)建的2個(gè)自交系群體(YYRIL-F7和YRRIL-F7)為材料,采用主基因+多基因混和遺傳模型,研究谷子株高、穗長(zhǎng)、穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)、穗碼數(shù)、穗粒重等5個(gè)重要農(nóng)藝性狀的遺傳規(guī)律。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)5個(gè)性狀在親本間的差異在不同環(huán)境下表現(xiàn)不一致。5個(gè)性狀在群體內(nèi)變異豐富,且在兩個(gè)群體的變異程度相似。穗粒重的變異系數(shù)最大,株高的變異系數(shù)最小,這表明穗粒重的離散程度大,改良潛力大,與方路斌等[33]、李曉宇等[34]研究結(jié)果一致。兩群體株高、穗長(zhǎng)、穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)、穗碼數(shù)、穗粒重均表現(xiàn)連續(xù)分布且存在超親分離,峰度和偏度絕對(duì)值小于1,近似正態(tài)分布,符合多基因控制的數(shù)量性狀的典型特征。農(nóng)藝性狀的相關(guān)性在2個(gè)群體內(nèi)表現(xiàn)一致,株高與穗長(zhǎng)、穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)呈現(xiàn)極顯著正相關(guān),穗碼數(shù)與穗粒重呈現(xiàn)極顯著正相關(guān)。因此,育種過程應(yīng)充分考慮性狀間的相關(guān)性,提高對(duì)目標(biāo)性狀的選擇效率[35]。

通過對(duì)2個(gè)群體在不同環(huán)境下的農(nóng)藝性狀的遺傳模型進(jìn)行篩選和適合性檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn):YYRIL群體株高在2個(gè)環(huán)境下均符合PG-AI模型,即多基因遺傳模型,多基因具有明顯的加性上位性作用;株高的多基因遺傳率介于74.68%—95.15%,環(huán)境因素決定4.85%—25.32%的變異。YRRIL群體株高的最適遺傳模型為PG-A模型,即多基因模型,多基因以加性效應(yīng)為主;株高的多基因遺傳率為91.27%,環(huán)境因素決定8.73%的變異。盡管株高在兩群體的最適模型不一致,但均符合多基因模型,且多基因遺傳率較高,表明株高可能受穩(wěn)定遺傳的多基因控制。He等[36]利用高密度遺傳圖譜鑒定出26個(gè)與株高顯著相關(guān)的QTL,并證明谷子矮稈/半矮稈表型是由多個(gè)QTL控制的,而不是由單個(gè)基因或者主效QTL控制,這也與前人關(guān)于高粱、玉米株高的研究相似[37-38]。但VANDANA等[39]利用全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析鑒定了3個(gè)與株高相關(guān)的位點(diǎn),可能是由材料類型差異較大所致。YYRIL群體穗碼數(shù)的最適遺傳模型為PG-AI模型,YRRIL群體穗碼數(shù)在2個(gè)環(huán)境下的備選模型均為PG-AI,即2對(duì)連鎖主基因+加性-上位多基因遺傳模型。穗碼數(shù)在2個(gè)群體的最適模型一致,多基因遺傳率分別為70.07%和71.58%。Zhang等[40]在不同光照條件下鑒定了5個(gè)與穗碼數(shù)相關(guān)的QTL,分別位于第2、4、9染色體上,與本研究有差異,可能由于定位到的QTL效應(yīng)值較小,能解釋的遺傳變異小。杜希朋等[41]利用主基因+多基因模型對(duì)螞蚱麥×碧玉麥雜交的F2小穗數(shù)等性狀進(jìn)行遺傳分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)株高、小穗數(shù)都是多基因控制的數(shù)量性狀,與本研究結(jié)果一致,兩者可能具有遺傳相似性。YYRIL群體穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)在E1的最適模型是3MG-AI,在E2的最適模型為4MG-CEA,以穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)在2個(gè)環(huán)境下的最佳模型作為備選模型,經(jīng)適合性檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)的2個(gè)備選模型的統(tǒng)計(jì)量達(dá)到顯著水平的數(shù)量均為0;根據(jù)AIC準(zhǔn)則進(jìn)行篩選,最適模型為4MG-CEA模型,即4對(duì)主基因模型,無多基因;穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)的主基因遺傳率較低,環(huán)境因素決定90.31%的變異,YYRIL群體穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)受環(huán)境因素影響較大。YRRIL群體穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)在2個(gè)環(huán)境下的備選模型分別為3MG-CEA和4MG-EEEA,經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)對(duì)應(yīng)的最適遺傳模型為3MG-CEA模型,即3對(duì)完全獨(dú)立等加性主基因模型;主基因遺傳率為45.78%,環(huán)境因素決定54.22%的變異。本研究中,同一群體穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)在不同的環(huán)境條件下的遺傳模型存在差異,而不同群體在同一環(huán)境下的穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)的最適遺傳模型相似,且本研究穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)的最適模型與前人研究結(jié)果差異較大[42-44],可能由于穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)的主基因遺傳率偏低,極易受環(huán)境影響,導(dǎo)致分析結(jié)果差異大。

YYRIL群體穗長(zhǎng)的最適模型為MX2-ED-A模型,即2對(duì)顯性上位主基因-加性多基因模型;穗長(zhǎng)的主基因遺傳率為43.56%,多基因遺傳率為50.56%;控制穗長(zhǎng)的第2對(duì)主基因加性效應(yīng)值(db)大于第1對(duì)主基因加性效應(yīng)值(da),具有正向效應(yīng),即以第2對(duì)主基因的加性效應(yīng)為主,多基因加性效應(yīng)較小。YRRIL群體穗長(zhǎng)的最適模型為MX2-AE-A,即2對(duì)累加主基因+加性多基因模型;穗長(zhǎng)的主基因遺傳率為46.40%,多基因遺傳率為46.91%;控制穗長(zhǎng)的第1對(duì)主基因加性效應(yīng)值(da)為1.53,具有正向效應(yīng),多基因加性效應(yīng)為-0.47,表現(xiàn)為較低的負(fù)向遺傳效應(yīng)。2個(gè)群體穗長(zhǎng)均符合2對(duì)主基因加多基因模型,但主基因間的效應(yīng)不同,這與群體遺傳背景差異有關(guān)。楊坤[45]對(duì)谷子穗長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行初步定位,共檢測(cè)到3個(gè)與穗長(zhǎng)相關(guān)的位點(diǎn),2個(gè)表現(xiàn)為微效,Wang等[46]檢測(cè)到3個(gè)與谷子穗長(zhǎng)相關(guān)的QTL,Zhi等[44]在13個(gè)環(huán)境中檢測(cè)到35個(gè)與穗長(zhǎng)相關(guān)的QTL,其中2個(gè)QTL分別在12和7個(gè)環(huán)境中檢測(cè)到,F(xiàn)ang等[47]鑒定了2個(gè)穗長(zhǎng)相關(guān)的QTL。與本研究結(jié)果不完全一致,可能是遺傳模型分析簡(jiǎn)化了主基因間的連鎖作用,也有可能是性狀在不同群體和不同環(huán)境中的表達(dá)存在差異。YYRIL群體穗粒重在2個(gè)環(huán)境下的備選模型分別是PG-A和MX2-ED-A;經(jīng)適合性檢驗(yàn),穗粒重的最適遺傳模型為MX2-ED-A,即2對(duì)顯性上位主基因+加性多基因模型。估算最適模型的一階參數(shù)和二階參數(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn),穗粒重的第2對(duì)主基因的加性效應(yīng)值大于第1對(duì)主基因的加性效應(yīng)值,說明主基因加性效應(yīng)以第2對(duì)主基因?yàn)橹鳎覟檎蜻z傳效應(yīng),穗粒重多基因加性效應(yīng)為-3.81,負(fù)向遺傳效應(yīng)。穗粒重主基因遺傳率為69.09%,多基因遺傳率為12.08%,主基因效應(yīng)顯著大于多基因效應(yīng),YYRIL穗粒重主要受主基因作用。YRRIL群體穗粒重在2個(gè)環(huán)境下的最適模型為3MG-PEA,即3對(duì)主基因遺傳模型。穗粒重的3對(duì)主基因加性效應(yīng)值(da、db和dc)分別為-2.68、-2.68和2.66,前對(duì)2對(duì)主基因的加性效應(yīng)值相同,均為負(fù)向效應(yīng),第3對(duì)主基因加性效應(yīng)為正向遺傳效應(yīng)。穗粒重的主基因遺傳率為81.10%,表明穗粒重主要受主基因作用,遺傳因素決定了81.10%的變異,環(huán)境因素僅占18.90%。2個(gè)群體穗粒重均以主基因遺傳為主。Zhi等[44]在9個(gè)環(huán)境中檢測(cè)到16個(gè)與谷子穗粒重相關(guān)的QTL,其中一個(gè)位點(diǎn)在2個(gè)環(huán)境均檢測(cè)到,其余僅在單一環(huán)境檢測(cè)到。Liu等[48]將12個(gè)與穗粒重相關(guān)的QTL定位于第7染色體上,其中1個(gè)QTL在3個(gè)環(huán)境下均被檢測(cè)到。Fang等[47]鑒定了1個(gè)與穗粒重相關(guān)的QTL。原因可能是試驗(yàn)材料和群體類型各不相同對(duì)分析結(jié)果造成影響。

3.2 遺傳模型對(duì)育種的指導(dǎo)意義

谷子株高及穗部性狀的遺傳分析對(duì)于谷子后續(xù)遺傳研究具有重要意義。從遺傳率的角度,谷子穗長(zhǎng)受主基因和多基因控制,主基因遺傳率與多基因遺傳率相似,環(huán)境對(duì)表型變異的影響小。穗粒重主要受主基因遺傳控制,具有較高的遺傳率,遺傳因素對(duì)其影響較大,在育種過程中應(yīng)重視利用其主基因特性、在早代進(jìn)行定向選擇。穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)遺傳率較低易受環(huán)境影響,且與株高有很強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性,因此,在栽培中充分考慮環(huán)境因素、通過控制水肥等縮短穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)、降低株高[49-51]。主基因與多基因混合模型分析發(fā)現(xiàn)兩群體在2個(gè)不同環(huán)境下的株高、穗碼數(shù)的最適模型相似,可能存在基因連鎖、一因多效,其結(jié)果還需要通過QTL驗(yàn)證分析。

4 結(jié)論

明確了2個(gè)谷子RIL群體株高及穗部性狀最佳模型及遺傳效應(yīng)。2個(gè)群體的株高、穗碼數(shù)最適遺傳模型相似,均服從多基因遺傳,遺傳率較高,受環(huán)境影響較小,一致性較好,控制這兩個(gè)性狀的基因可能在相近的染色體區(qū)域。穗下節(jié)間長(zhǎng)由完全等加性的主基因控制遺傳,主基因遺傳率低,受環(huán)境影響較大。穗長(zhǎng)受主基因和多基因共同控制。穗粒重均由主基因控制,遺傳率高,可能存在主效QTL。

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Analyzing Genetic Effects for Plant Height and Panicle Traits by Means of the Mixed Inheritance Model of Major Gene Plus Polygene in Foxtail Millet

Guo Shuqing1, Song Hui2, Yang QingHua1, Gao Jinfeng1, Gao Xiaoli1, Feng Baili1, Yang Pu1

1College of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi;2Institute of Millet Crops, Anyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan

【Objective】Plant height and panicle traits are key yield-dependent traits in foxtail millet. The objective was to probe into inheritance patterns of plant height and panicle traits and provide a reference basis for genetically improving related traits and mapping their genes.【Method】Yugu 18, a high performing foxtail millet variety, was arranged as the male parent to cross two foxtail millet varieties, Huangruangu and Hongjiugu, and thus two F7populations of which each was composed of recombinant inbred lines involving 250 family lines(YYRIL and YRRIL)were established. Phenotypic data of Five agronomic traits of the two populations, plant height, panicle length, internode length under panicle, spikelet number per panicle and grain weight per panicle, were genetically examined in two different environments using the mixed inheritance model of major gene plus polygene.【Result】In these two environments, all the five agronomic traits showed continuous variations with their kurtosis and skewness values standing at the absolute value of less than 1 and thus presenting a distribution close to a normal distribution, were characterized by typical inheritance of quantitative traits; some of these traits saw super-parent separation phenomena.The correlation analysis among the traits showed that the plant height appeared significantly and positively correlated with the panicle length, and an extremely significantly positive correlation between spikelet number per panicle and grain weight per panicle was also found in the two environments. The analysis by the inheritance model showed that the best inheritance models for the plant height of the YYRIL and YRRIL population were the PG-AI and PG-A polygene models, and the heritability of the polygenes standing at 95.15% and 91.27%, respectively. The best inheritance models for the spikelet number per panicle of the two populations were the PG-AI, with the heritability of the polygenes standing at 70.07%-71.58%. The best inheritance models for the internode length under panicle of the two populations were the 4MG-CEA and 3MG-CEA of which both were models for equally additive major genes. In YYRIL, the heritability of the major genes for the internode length under panicle stood at 9.69%, and the four pairs of major genes had an equal additive effect value of -0.34, taking negative effect; and in the YYRIL, the heritability of the major genes for the internode length under panicle stood at 45.78%, and the 3 major gene pairs in question had an equal additive effect value of 1.17, taking positive effect. In the YYRIL, the best inheritance model for the panicle length was the MX2-ED-A, a model for two pairs of dominant epistatic major genes and additive polygenes, with the heritability of the major genes and polygenes standing at 43.56% and 50.56%, respectively. the two pairs of panicle length-dependent major genes separately had the additive effect values of -1.21 and 1.68 and the polygenes had a lower additive effect value of -0.0017; in the YRRIL, the best inheritance model for the panicle length was the MX2-AE-A, a mixed inheritance model for two pairs of accumulative effect major genes and additive polygenes; the major genes and polygenes for the panicle length had heritability values standing at 46.40% and 46.91%, respectively. The first pair of panicle length-dependent major genes had an additive effect value of 1.53, taking positive effect; The additive and epistatic interactions effect value of the first×the second pairs of major genes were 0.60. The polygenes had an additive effect value of -0.47, taking the lower negative inheritance effect. In the YYRIL, the best inheritance model for the grain weight per panicle was the MX2-ED-A; the grain weight per panicle followed the inheritance model for two pairs of dominant epistatic major genes + additive polygenes with the heritability of the major genes and polygenes standing at 69.09% and 12.08%; the additive effect values of the two pairs of grain-weight per panicle-dependent major genes were separately 0.58 and 5.82, with the additive effect of the second pair of major genes dominating, and the additive effect value of polygenes stood at a value of -3.81. In the YRRIL, the best inheritance model for the grain weight per panicle was the 3MG-PEA, an inheritance model for three pairs of partially equal additive major genes; the heritability of the grain weight per panicle-dependent major genes stood at 81.10% and the additive effect values of the three pairs of major genes separately were -2.68, -2.68and 2.66, all taking negative effect.【Conclusion】In foxtail millet, the plant height and spikelet number per panicle had similar inheritance models, were all under polygenic control with a higher heritability and environmentally affected to a slight content; the inheritance of the internode length under panicle was genetically controlled by major genes, which had a lower heritability and were environmentally affected to a great extent, and thus environmental factors should be taken into full account in production; the panicle length was genetically controlled jointly by major genes and polygenes; the grain weight per panicle was genetically controlled by major genes with a high heritability in both of the two population and probably carried major QTL.

foxtail millet; RIL; plant height; panicle traits; major gene+polygene

2021-05-24;

2021-07-08

國(guó)家重點(diǎn)基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃(2019YFD1000702,2019YFD1000702-4,2020YFD1000800,2020YFD1000803)、財(cái)政部和農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部:國(guó)家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系(CARS-06-A26)、陜西省小雜糧產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系(NYKJ-2018-YL19)

郭淑青,E-mail:gsq055069@nwafu.edu.cn。宋慧,E-mail:837181622@qq.com。郭淑青和宋慧為同等貢獻(xiàn)作者。

楊璞,E-mail:yangpu5532@hotmail.com

(責(zé)任編輯 李莉)

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