周敏,張艷玲,徐曉霞
【摘要】目的探討以生命意義為基礎(chǔ)的死亡教育對(duì)癌癥晚期患者生命質(zhì)量的影響。方法選取2019年2月~2020年8月于河南省某三甲醫(yī)院接受治療的晚期癌癥患者242例,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表分為對(duì)照組和觀察組,各121例,對(duì)照組行常規(guī)護(hù)理,觀察組在對(duì)照組基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行以生命意義為基礎(chǔ)的死亡教育,比較干預(yù)前和干預(yù)后兩組患者生活質(zhì)量評(píng)分(QOL)、疼痛評(píng)分、簡(jiǎn)明心境量表評(píng)分(POMS)及死亡態(tài)度。結(jié)果干預(yù)前,兩組患者QOL和疼痛評(píng)分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);干預(yù)后,兩組患者QOL評(píng)分均升高,觀察組升高程度更顯著,疼痛評(píng)分均降低,觀察組患者降低程度更顯著(P<0.01)。干預(yù)前,兩組患者POMS各量表評(píng)分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);干預(yù)后,除疲勞、精力外,兩組患者緊張、抑郁、憤怒、慌亂和自尊感評(píng)分均得到顯著改善,各評(píng)分差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。干預(yù)前,兩組患者死亡態(tài)度的各個(gè)維度差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);干預(yù)后,兩組患者的死亡態(tài)度各個(gè)維度均顯著改善(P<0.01),觀察組樂(lè)觀、正確面對(duì)的比例較對(duì)照組升高更明顯,恐懼的比例下降更明顯(P<0.01),而絕望、無(wú)幸福感兩個(gè)維度的比例低于對(duì)照組,但差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論以生命意義為基礎(chǔ)的死亡教育能提高癌癥晚期患者生命質(zhì)量,幫助患者改善死亡態(tài)度,減輕負(fù)面情緒,值得推廣。
【關(guān)鍵詞】死亡教育;生命意義;生命質(zhì)量;死亡態(tài)度
中圖分類號(hào):R473.73文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:ADOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-1383.2021.11.007
Effect of death education based on meaning of life on
quality of life of patients with advanced cancer
ZHOU Min, ZHANG Yanling, XU Xiaoxia
(Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou
University〔Henan Tumor Hospital〕, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan, China)
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo explore the effect of death education based on life meaning on the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer. Methods242 patients with advanced cancer treated in a national comprehensive three A-level hospital in Henan province from February 2019 to August 2020 were selected, and they were divided into control group and observation group according to random number table, with 121 cases in each group. Control group were given routine nursing care, and observation group were given death education based on life meaning on the basis of the control group. And then, the quality of life (QOL) score , pain score, brief profile of mood states (POMS) score and attitude towards death were compared between the two groups before and after intervention. ResultsBefore intervention, there were no statistically significant differences in QOL score and pain score between the two groups (P > 0.05). After intervention, QOL scores in both groups increased, and the degree of increase in the observation group was more significant, while pain scores decreased, and the degree of decrease in the observation group was more significant (P < 0.01). Before intervention,? there was no statistically significant difference in POMS scores in the? two groups (P > 0.05). After intervention, in addition to fatigue and energy, scores of tension, depression, anger, panic and self-esteem in the two groups improved, except fatigue and energy, there was statistically significant difference in each score (P < 0.01). Before intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in the various dimensions of attitudes towards death between the two groups (P > 0.05). After intervention, attitudes towards death improved significantly in all dimensions in both groups (P < 0.01), the proportion of optimistic and correct face in the observation group increased more significantly than that in the control group, and the proportion of fear decreased more significantly (P < 0.01), while the proportion of despair and unhappiness in the observation group was lower than that in the control group, but differences were all not statistically significant (P > 0.05). ConclusionDeath education based on the meaning of life can improve the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer, help patients improve their attitude towards death, reduce negative emotions, so it is worthy of promotion.
【Key words】death education; meaning of life; the quality of life; attitude towards death
晚期癌癥在目前并沒(méi)有有效的治療手段[1],對(duì)于晚期癌癥患者,治療過(guò)程痛苦,且只能短暫延長(zhǎng)生命。對(duì)于即將進(jìn)入臨終階段的晚期癌癥患者,需要忍受病痛的折磨,還要面對(duì)疾病無(wú)法治愈的現(xiàn)實(shí)[2~3],此時(shí)患者身體機(jī)能下降,疼痛加重,恐懼死亡,往往出現(xiàn)悲觀、焦慮、抑郁等情緒,嚴(yán)重影響患者生命質(zhì)量[4~5]。因此,使患者正確認(rèn)識(shí)死亡,了解死亡相關(guān)知識(shí),正確認(rèn)識(shí)生命意義,提高患者生命質(zhì)量顯得尤為重要[6]。本研究對(duì)晚期癌癥患者進(jìn)行以生命意義為基礎(chǔ)的死亡教育,以改善患者心理狀態(tài),提高患者生命質(zhì)量,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1資料與方法1.1一般資料選取2019年2月~2020年8月于河南省某三甲醫(yī)院接受治療的晚期癌癥患者242例,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表分為對(duì)照組和觀察組,各121例,對(duì)照組行常規(guī)護(hù)理,觀察組在對(duì)照組基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行以生命意義為基礎(chǔ)的死亡教育。對(duì)照組男性63例,女性58例,年齡21~74歲,平均(49.5±6.7)歲,其中鼻咽癌16例,食管癌9例,肺癌21例,肝癌15例,乳腺癌20例,宮頸癌14例,結(jié)直腸癌17例,其他癌9例。觀察組男性60例,女性61例,年齡20~73歲,平均(47.9±7.2)歲,鼻咽癌15例,食管癌7例,肺癌23例,肝癌16例,乳腺癌22例,宮頸癌12例,結(jié)直腸癌19例,其他癌7例。兩組患者一般資料差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,具有可比性(P>0.05)。
1.2納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):所有患者均經(jīng)病理確診為Ⅲ、Ⅳ期的癌癥患者;患者均知曉自己的病情;能夠自行完成或在協(xié)助指導(dǎo)下完成問(wèn)卷調(diào)查;預(yù)估生存期3~6個(gè)月;患者年齡40~75歲。患者及家屬知情同意并簽署知情同意書(shū),該研究由醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)通過(guò)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):文盲患者;生活質(zhì)量評(píng)分(QOL)≤10分者;有精神障礙或意識(shí)障礙患者;拒絕配合者;無(wú)交流溝通能力者。
1.3治療方法對(duì)照組行常規(guī)護(hù)理,具體方法為:(1)患者入院后,主動(dòng)向患者及家屬介紹醫(yī)院環(huán)境、責(zé)任護(hù)士、主管醫(yī)生使患者盡快了解住院環(huán)境,消除顧慮。(2)主動(dòng)與患者溝通交流,使患者知曉自己的病情。(3)指導(dǎo)患者合理飲食,定期消毒病房,并指導(dǎo)家屬進(jìn)行正確的日??醋o(hù)。觀察組在對(duì)照組基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行以生命意義為基礎(chǔ)的死亡教育,主要內(nèi)容是使患者進(jìn)行生命意義的探尋,以一定的方法對(duì)患者進(jìn)行死亡教育,具體方法為:(1)探尋生命意義。干預(yù)人員將癌癥患者召集在一起,闡述項(xiàng)目研究的目的、意義和方法,鼓勵(lì)、引導(dǎo)和傾聽(tīng)患者的疾病經(jīng)歷、情緒波動(dòng)、治療狀況和生活質(zhì)量。關(guān)注社會(huì)支持、死亡態(tài)度等變化,幫助患者記住生活中的快樂(lè)和快樂(lè)事件,使他們能夠相互交流和討論,分享積極正確的管理方式,相互理解,相互熟悉,互相支持,互相安慰,建立友誼。通過(guò)交流和討論,研究團(tuán)隊(duì)成員可以了解和獲取患者對(duì)疾病的認(rèn)知、需求、信息和希望,并根據(jù)收集到的數(shù)據(jù)制定有針對(duì)性的干預(yù)方案和護(hù)理措施。(2)死亡教育。死亡教育作為較敏感的話題,更需要醫(yī)患雙方建立在良好信任的基礎(chǔ)上;同時(shí)通過(guò)開(kāi)展死亡教育對(duì)患者進(jìn)行全方位支持,也能夠提高患者對(duì)醫(yī)護(hù)人員的信賴。以講座和面對(duì)面交談等方式與患者溝通,每位患者每周接受1次專題講座,時(shí)長(zhǎng)30分鐘,1~2次面對(duì)面交談,時(shí)間30~60分鐘,4周開(kāi)始調(diào)查,使患者真正了解死亡的內(nèi)涵,認(rèn)識(shí)死亡是生命的必經(jīng)過(guò)程,在教育過(guò)程中多鼓勵(lì)患者以積極、樂(lè)觀的態(tài)度面對(duì)生活,讓患者認(rèn)識(shí)到只有珍視生命、樂(lè)觀向上才能活出生命的意義,同時(shí),鼓勵(lì)患者參與各種有意義的活動(dòng),培養(yǎng)良好的興趣愛(ài)好,以分散注意力,減輕身體痛苦程度。(3)放松訓(xùn)練。指導(dǎo)患者進(jìn)行放松訓(xùn)練及轉(zhuǎn)移技術(shù)等,如緩慢呼吸、松弛肌肉等,提供適宜的娛樂(lè)項(xiàng)目,如書(shū)籍、雜志、棋類、電視等,轉(zhuǎn)移患者注意力,減輕心理壓力和精神痛苦。(4)家屬支持。醫(yī)護(hù)人員對(duì)患者家屬進(jìn)行死亡教育,對(duì)癌癥家屬進(jìn)行健康指導(dǎo)和心理支持,對(duì)家屬的負(fù)性情緒及心理應(yīng)激狀態(tài)進(jìn)行緩解,幫助其樹(shù)立科學(xué)的生死觀,正確面對(duì)患者的疾病和現(xiàn)實(shí),并且?guī)椭颊咦⒅厣母哔|(zhì)量,實(shí)現(xiàn)癌癥患者進(jìn)行死亡教育的意義。
1.4評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)
1.4.1QOL和疼痛評(píng)分采用QOL評(píng)分評(píng)估患者干預(yù)前后生活質(zhì)量狀況,主要從認(rèn)知功能、生理功能、心理狀態(tài)、睡眠質(zhì)量和社會(huì)功能五個(gè)方面進(jìn)行評(píng)分,每項(xiàng)5分,評(píng)分越高生活質(zhì)量越好[7];采用疼痛評(píng)分尺評(píng)估患者干預(yù)前后疼痛程度,分值0~10分,分值越高疼痛越顯著[8]。
1.4.2簡(jiǎn)明心境量表(POMS)評(píng)估患者干預(yù)前后情緒狀態(tài),該量表包括7個(gè)分量表,分別為緊張、抑郁、憤怒、疲勞、慌亂、精力和自尊感,前五個(gè)量表為負(fù)性量表,得分越高表示情緒狀態(tài)越差,后兩個(gè)量表為正性量表,得分越高表示情緒狀態(tài)越好[9]。
1.4.3死亡態(tài)度調(diào)查采用死亡態(tài)度調(diào)查表對(duì)患者干預(yù)前后進(jìn)行問(wèn)卷調(diào)查,問(wèn)卷內(nèi)容主要包括樂(lè)觀、恐懼、絕望、正確面對(duì)、無(wú)幸福感5種死亡態(tài)度,對(duì)患者死亡態(tài)度進(jìn)行評(píng)估。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法所有數(shù)據(jù)均被錄入SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析軟件。計(jì)量資料服從正態(tài)分布,以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,組內(nèi)前后比較采用配對(duì)樣本t檢驗(yàn),組間比較采用兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料以頻數(shù)(n)和百分率(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn):α=0.05,雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn)。
2結(jié)果2.1兩組患者QOL和疼痛評(píng)分比較干預(yù)前,兩組患者QOL和疼痛評(píng)分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);干預(yù)后,兩組患者QOL評(píng)分均升高,觀察組升高程度更顯著,疼痛評(píng)分均降低,觀察組患者降低程度更顯著,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2兩組患者POMS量表評(píng)分比較干預(yù)前,兩組患者各量表評(píng)分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);干預(yù)后,除疲勞、精力外,兩組患者緊張、抑郁、憤怒、慌亂和自尊感評(píng)分均得到顯著改善;干預(yù)后兩組患者評(píng)分比較發(fā)現(xiàn),除疲勞、精力外,各評(píng)分差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3兩組患者死亡態(tài)度比較干預(yù)前,兩組患者死亡態(tài)度的各個(gè)維度差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);干預(yù)后,兩組患者的死亡態(tài)度各個(gè)維度均顯著改善(P<0.01),觀察組樂(lè)觀、正確面對(duì)的比例較對(duì)照組升高更明顯,恐懼的比例下降更明顯(P<0.01),而絕望、無(wú)幸福感兩個(gè)維度的比例低于對(duì)照組,但差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
3討論
癌癥作為一種嚴(yán)重威脅人類生命健康的疾病,目前并沒(méi)有有效的治療方法,癌癥患者得知病情后,常常出現(xiàn)多種負(fù)面情緒,而癌癥晚期患者還存在不同程度的疼痛,嚴(yán)重影響患者生命質(zhì)量[10~11]。以生命意義為基礎(chǔ)的死亡教育是醫(yī)護(hù)人員通過(guò)與患者溝通,使患者樹(shù)立正確的死亡觀,指導(dǎo)患者以科學(xué)正確的態(tài)度看待死亡,引導(dǎo)患者探尋生命的意義,緩解負(fù)性情緒,更好地接受死亡[12~14]。
有研究[15~16]表明,死亡教育有助于改善老年晚期癌癥患者情緒狀態(tài),解除患者對(duì)死亡的恐懼、擔(dān)憂,提高其生活質(zhì)量。本研究顯示,以生命意義為基礎(chǔ)的死亡教育干預(yù)后,患者QOL評(píng)分升高,疼痛評(píng)分明顯降低,這說(shuō)明此干預(yù)方法能緩解痛苦,明顯提高患者生命質(zhì)量?;谏饬x的死亡教育可改善原發(fā)性肝癌晚期患者的負(fù)性情緒,減輕其對(duì)死亡的恐懼,提高患者的生活質(zhì)量[17]。癌癥晚期患者受負(fù)性情緒和疼痛影響,無(wú)法以積極樂(lè)觀的態(tài)度面對(duì)死亡,生命質(zhì)量大大降低。對(duì)晚期癌癥患者進(jìn)行死亡教育干預(yù),指導(dǎo)患者正確面對(duì)死亡,克服死亡恐懼心理,能明顯提高患者情緒、認(rèn)知、社會(huì)等功能,緩解疲憊、疼痛、氣促等癥狀,提高患者生活質(zhì)量[18~19],這在臨終關(guān)懷中具有極其重要的意義。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相比于常規(guī)護(hù)理干預(yù),以生命意義為基礎(chǔ)的死亡教育更能改善患者緊張、抑郁、憤怒、慌亂和自尊感等情緒狀態(tài),改善患者死亡態(tài)度的效果也更顯著。李永紅等[20]研究結(jié)果表明,通過(guò)對(duì)癌癥晚期患者進(jìn)行團(tuán)體與個(gè)體死亡教育干預(yù),可提高患者生存質(zhì)量,促進(jìn)臨終關(guān)懷和死亡教育事業(yè)的發(fā)展,與本研究結(jié)果一致。
綜上所述,以生命意義為基礎(chǔ)的死亡教育能提高癌癥晚期患者生命質(zhì)量,緩解疼痛程度,幫助患者改善死亡態(tài)度,減輕負(fù)面情緒,值得推廣。
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(收稿日期:2021-05-21修回日期:2021-08-03)
(編輯:梁明佩)