馬亞軍
(許昌市中醫(yī)院急診科,河南 許昌461000)
據(jù)權(quán)威數(shù)據(jù)調(diào)查顯示,重癥急性胰腺炎的致死率已高達(dá)20%[1]。急性肺損傷就是重癥急性胰腺炎的嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥之一,約有65%重癥急性胰腺炎患者死于急性肺損傷[2]。然而由于重癥急性胰腺炎所致急性肺損傷的發(fā)病機(jī)制極為復(fù)雜,臨床上對(duì)其的治療手段有限,主要通過糾正水電解質(zhì)紊亂、呼吸支持等對(duì)癥措施來緩解患者癥狀,所以,研發(fā)新的治療手段是醫(yī)療工作人員仍需努力的方向。
甘遂,又名苦澤,為大戟科多年生肉質(zhì)草本植物甘遂的干燥塊根,具有瀉水逐飲、破積通便之功效,據(jù)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[3],甘遂治療重癥急性胰腺炎所致急性肺損傷的療效顯著,運(yùn)用其做輔助治療,可以改善患者的肺功能,控制患者機(jī)體中的炎性因子發(fā)展。無創(chuàng)正壓機(jī)械通氣(Non Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation,NIPPV)是早期治療重癥急性胰腺炎所致急性肺損傷的主要手段,用以維持患者生命體征,改善患者肺部氧合功能。目前,對(duì)于兩者聯(lián)合應(yīng)用的相關(guān)報(bào)道較少,基于此,本研究主要針對(duì)甘遂輔助NIPPV治療對(duì)重癥急性胰腺炎所致急性肺損傷患者臨床療效、肺功能及炎性因子的影響進(jìn)行分析,旨在為臨床診療工作提供參考依據(jù)。現(xiàn)將研究結(jié)果報(bào)告如下。
選取2015年6月至2020年9月期間于我院診治的重癥急性胰腺炎所致急性肺損傷患者82例為本次研究對(duì)象,按照隨機(jī)分為研究組(n=41)和對(duì)照組(n=41)。對(duì)照組男22例,女19例,平均年齡為41.63S10.33歲;研究組男23例,女18例,平均年齡為41.72S10.58歲。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)臨床資料完整;(2)均符合2014年中國(guó)重癥急性膜腺炎中西醫(yī)結(jié)合診治指南中關(guān)于重癥急性胰腺炎的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4];(3)均伴有急性肺損傷;(4)已通過醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn);(5)患者及家屬均知曉本研究,已簽署知情同意書。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)存在心腦血管等嚴(yán)重疾病者;(2)存在惡性腫瘤者;(3)存在自身免疫系統(tǒng)疾病或血液系統(tǒng)疾病者;(4)存在消化道出血、穿孔或腸梗阻者;(5)存在精神障礙,無法配合完成治療者。兩組患者一般資料,有可比性(P>0.05)。
所有患者均在入院后完善相關(guān)檢查,予以禁食、胃腸減壓、抗休克、維持水電解質(zhì)平衡等常規(guī)治療。
對(duì)照組在上述基礎(chǔ)上予以NIPPV治療,方法如下:患者高流量吸氧6 h,動(dòng)脈血氧分壓<60 mmHg時(shí)予以無創(chuàng)呼吸機(jī)進(jìn)行輔助通氣治療,將呼吸機(jī)頻率設(shè)置為14~18次?min-1,患者吸入氧濃度為40~100%,最初吸氣壓為5~15 cm H2O,呼氣壓為5~12 cm H2O。研究組在對(duì)照組的基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合甘遂治療,方法如下:甘遂粉1.5g+50 mL生理鹽水,胃管內(nèi)注入后夾閉胃管30~60 min,每間隔6~8 h 1次,2~3次?d-1。
1.3.1 臨床療效[5]
患者自主呼吸恢復(fù),臨床癥狀消失并成功撤機(jī)為顯效;患者臨床癥狀好轉(zhuǎn),但仍需要NIPPV治療為有效;患者癥狀未見好轉(zhuǎn),甚至加重為無效??傆行?(顯效+有效)/總例數(shù)×100%。
1.3.2 肺功能
比較患者治療前及治療1個(gè)月后的肺功能指標(biāo),包括用力肺活量(Fast vital capacity,F(xiàn)VC)、第1秒鐘用力呼氣容積(Forced expiratory volume in 1 second,F(xiàn)EV1)、最大肺活量(Maximum vital capacity,MVC)、最大通氣量(maximum minute ventilation,MMV)。
采用產(chǎn)自意大利科時(shí)邁公司的肺功能測(cè)試儀,檢測(cè)由專業(yè)人員進(jìn)行。
1.3.3 炎性因子
比較患者治療前及治療1個(gè)月后的炎性因子指標(biāo),包括白介素-6(Interleukin 6,IL-6)、白介素-8(Interleukin 8,IL-8)、腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor-ɑ,TNF-ɑ)。
采集患者清晨空腹靜脈血4 mL,以3000 rpm的速率離心處理10 min,取出上層血清保存至-80℃的冰箱內(nèi),采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法(Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)檢測(cè),試劑盒均由上海酶聯(lián)生物技術(shù)有限公司提供。
本研究數(shù)據(jù)均采用SPSS22.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料通過平均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(SSD)描述,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料通過率或構(gòu)成比描述,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
研究組臨床療效為95.12%,明顯高于對(duì)照組80.49%,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。詳見表1。
表1 兩組臨床療效比較(n(%),n=41)
治療前,兩組FVC、FEV1、MVC、MMV水平比較無差異(P>0.05);治療后,兩組FVC、FEV1、MVC、MMV水平均較治療前升高,且以研究組升高更為明顯(P<0.05)。詳見表2。
表2 兩組治療前后的肺功能的比較(±SD,n=41)
表2 兩組治療前后的肺功能的比較(±SD,n=41)
注:與同組治療前對(duì)比,aP<0.05;與對(duì)照組相比,*P<0.05。
組別 FVC(L) FEV1(L?S-1) MVC(L) MMV(L?min-1) 治療前 治療后 治療前 治療后 治療前 治療后 治療前 治療后 研究組 2.23±0.48 4.76±0.77a* 2.15±0.51 3.88±0.71a* 2.04±0.29 3.68±0.57a* 60.15±5.19 80.29±6.18a* 對(duì)照組 2.46±0.50 3.09±0.98a 2.16±0.49 2.83±0.55a 2.11±0.26 2.46±0.33a 59.28±5.10 71.18±5.49a
治療前,兩組IL-6、IL-8及TNF-α水平比較無差異(P>0.05);治療后,兩組IL-6、IL-8及TNFα水平均較治療前下降,且以研究組下降更為明顯(P<0.05)。見表3。
表3 兩組治療前后炎性因子水平比較(±SD,n=41)
表3 兩組治療前后炎性因子水平比較(±SD,n=41)
注:與同組治療前相比,aP<0.05;與對(duì)照組相比,*P<0.05。
組別 IL-6(ng?L-1) IL-8(ng?L-1) TNF-α(pg?L-1) 治療前 治療后 治療前 治療后 治療前 治療后 研究組 98.52±9.46 29.39±7.19a* 49.62±8.49 22.49±6.29a* 100.17±11.06 21.32±5.22a* 對(duì)照組 96.89±9.76 42.26±7.30a 48.91±8.17 31.26±7.18a 100.69±11.26 30.56±5.33a
重癥急性胰腺炎起病急、發(fā)展快,患者未及時(shí)治療,會(huì)造成多器官損害,甚至危及生命,其中急性肺損傷在器官損害中最為顯眼,其死亡率超過其他臟器損害。
既往學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)道中可知,患者的全身炎癥反應(yīng)及肺功能下降是病情發(fā)展至肺損傷的主要原因[6]。所以在治療上以控制炎癥進(jìn)展和幫助患者恢復(fù)肺功能為主。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)甘遂輔助NIPPV治療重癥急性胰腺炎所致急性肺損傷患者組的臨床療效不僅優(yōu)于常規(guī)治療NIPPV治療組,并且在改善炎癥因子水平及恢復(fù)肺功能方面的效果也要較優(yōu)??紤]其原因可能是中藥甘遂作為峻下遂水之代表藥,抑制了炎癥細(xì)胞的活性,從而減少了炎性因子分泌白細(xì)胞,改善了炎癥水平。而據(jù)相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明[7],TNF-α水平增高會(huì)引起肺組織的微血管破壞,損害肺功能,所以通過甘遂治療還能恢復(fù)患者肺部的換氣功能,臨床療效更為顯著。
綜上所述,甘遂聯(lián)合NIPPV治療重癥急性胰腺炎所致急性肺損傷能夠幫助患者改善炎癥因子水平、恢復(fù)肺功能,臨床療效顯著。
Efficacy and safety of maralixibat treatment in patients with Alagille syndrome and cholestatic pruritus (ICONIC): a randomised phase 2 study
Emmanuel Gonzales, et al.
Background: Alagille syndrome is a rare genetic disease that often presents with severe cholestasis and pruritus. There are no approved drugs for management. Maralixibat, an apical, sodium-dependent, bile acid transport inhibitor, prevents enterohepatic bile acid recirculation. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of maralixibat for children with cholestasis in Alagille syndrome.
Methods: ICONIC was a placebo-controlled, randomised withdrawal period (RWD), phase 2b study with open-label extension in children (aged 1-18 years) with Alagille syndrome (NCT02160782). Eligible participants had more than three times the normal serum bile acid (sBA) levels and intractable pruritus. After 18 weeks of maralixibat 380 μg/kg once per day, participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to continue maralixibat or receive placebo for 4 weeks. Subsequently, all participants received openlabel maralixibat until week 48. During the long-term extension (204 weeks reported), doses were increased up to 380 μg/kg twice per day. The primary endpoint was the mean sBA change during the RWD in participants with at least 50% sBA reduction by week 18. Cholestastic pruritus was assessed using observer-rated, patient-rated, and clinician-rated 0-4 scales. The safety population was defined as all participants who had received at least one dose of maralixibat. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02160782, and is closed to recruitment.
Findings: Between Oct 28, 2014, and Aug 14, 2015, 31 participants (mean age 5·4 years [SD 4·25]) were enrolled and 28 analysed at week 48. Of the 29 participants who entered the randomised drug withdrawal period, ten (34%) were female and 19 (66%) were male. In the RWD, participants switched to placebo had significant increases in sBA (94 μmol/L, 95% CI 23 to 164) and pruritus (1·7 points, 95% CI 1·2 to 2·2), whereas participants who continued maralixibat maintained treatment effect. This study met the primary endpoint (least square mean difference -117 μmol/L, 95% CI -232 to -2). From baseline to week 48, sBA (-96 μmol/L, -162 to -31) and pruritus (-1·6 pts, -2·1 to -1·1) improved. In participants who continued to week 204 (n=15) all improvements were maintained. Maralixibat was generally safe and well tolerated throughout. The most frequent adverse events were gastrointestinal related. Most adverse events were self-limiting in nature and mild-to-moderate in severity.
Interpretation: In children with Alagille syndrome, maralixibat is, to our knowledge, the first agent to show durable and clinically meaningful improvements in cholestasis. Maralixibat might represent a new treatment paradigm for chronic cholestasis in Alagille syndrome.
Funding: Mirum Pharmaceuticals.
Lancet. 2021 Oct 30;398(10311):1581-1592. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01256-3.