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農田排水口高度對地表徑流氮磷流失的影響

2021-11-26 10:30馬瑛駿張克強姜海斌沈仕洲
農業(yè)工程學報 2021年15期
關鍵詞:排水口氮磷洱海

馬瑛駿,萬 辰,張克強,姜海斌,王 風,沈仕洲

農田排水口高度對地表徑流氮磷流失的影響

馬瑛駿1,2,3,萬 辰1,3,4,張克強1,3,姜海斌1,3,王 風1,3,沈仕洲1,3※

(1. 農業(yè)農村部環(huán)境保護科研監(jiān)測所,天津 300191; 2. 東北農業(yè)大學資源與環(huán)境學院,哈爾濱 150030;3. 國家農業(yè)環(huán)境大理觀測實驗站,大理 671004; 4. 云南農業(yè)大學資源與環(huán)境學院,昆明 650201)

洱海流域農田徑流氮磷污染嚴重,大量氮磷污染物隨雨水進入洱海,導致洱海水質雨季下降。為從源頭控制氮磷污染物的輸出,該研究采用人工模擬降雨的方法,探究5、10、15、20、25 cm 5種不同高度的排水口對農田徑流氮磷流失的控制作用。結果表明,農田排水口較低會造成產流初期硝態(tài)氮和顆粒態(tài)氮濃度升高,將排水口高度提高到15 cm以上可有效降低徑流中各形態(tài)氮磷濃度,并穩(wěn)定在較低水平;排水口高度從5 cm提高至15~25 cm產流中總氮、顆粒態(tài)氮、銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮流失量分別降低了85.60%~93.13%、88.39%~95.77%、84.59%~91.72%、63.05%~65.15%,總磷、顆粒態(tài)磷流失量分別降低了86.75%~92.66%,61.64%~94.61%,且排水口設置在15 cm高度處氮、磷流失量削減效果突出,在15 cm基礎上繼續(xù)提高排水口不會對氮磷流失量產生明顯影響。綜上所述,將排水口提高到15~25 cm對農田徑流污染控制效果優(yōu)越。結合洱海流域多年降雨資料及建設成本,推薦將農田排水口設置于距土壤表面15 cm高度處,對控制農田養(yǎng)分流失,減少面源污染起到顯著效果。

農田;徑流;排水口高度;模擬降雨;氮磷流失

0 引 言

農田徑流污染是指在雨水的沖刷作用下,大氣沉降物及農田里各種污染物質隨徑流進入水體環(huán)境造成的污染[1],是農業(yè)面源污染的主要來源[2-3],也是引起水體富營養(yǎng)化的重要原因[4]。近年來,國內外學者針對農田徑流污染展開了大量研究,2015年美國環(huán)保局[5]發(fā)布數據顯示農田徑流污染對水資源污染的貢獻率接近50%,更是河流氮的主要來源(占70%)。根據中國2020年發(fā)布的《第二次全國污染源普查公報》[6]顯示農田徑流產生的總氮排放量達71.95萬t,總磷排放量達7.6萬t,占農業(yè)源總氮排放量的51.2%,總磷排放量的35.4%。洱海地處西南山區(qū),降雨量大,且降雨比較集中,是典型的徑流易發(fā)區(qū),項頌等[7]研究表明2019年洱海流域農田徑流總氮、總磷排放量為1 173.8、100.7 t,在總等標污染負荷中占比最高,為42.6%和38.8%。研究表明,在作物種植期間,少數幾次大的流失事件往往決定了氮磷等養(yǎng)分的年流失總量,高超等[8]研究發(fā)現施肥后立即降雨會導致磷素大量流失,單次流失量達到當季總流失量的39.8%,三次強降雨中磷的流失量占整季磷流失量的72.0%。因此,控制由強降雨引發(fā)的徑流氮磷流失極為關鍵,對農田面源污染防控具有重要意義。

洱海是云南省第二大高原淡水湖,是國家重點保護水域,是大理人民的飲用水源,受自然條件和人類活動加劇的影響,近年來洱海水質呈現旱季較好、雨季超標,水體富營養(yǎng)化程度逐步加重等特點[9-11]。氮、磷是引起水體富營養(yǎng)化的主要因子。洱海流域為典型性的農業(yè)流域,水稻種植面積大,占該流域總面積的10%左右,且水稻種植季正處該流域年內降雨高峰月份,暴雨事件多發(fā),由此引發(fā)的農田營養(yǎng)鹽流失是影響洱海水質雨季下降的關鍵環(huán)境因子[12-14]。目前,針對洱海流域農田氮磷流失的問題已展開大量研究,研究主要側重于施肥管理和輪作模式[15-18],而利用農田排水口進行防控的研究鮮有報道。農田排水口是農田水利設施的組成部分之一,具有防洪排澇、灌溉排水等功能,同時也是陸源污染物進入江河、湖泊等水體的通道[19]。因此,通過提高排水口高度減少降雨產生的農田排水,可為削減氮磷等營養(yǎng)物質的輸出提供有效方法?;谝陨媳尘埃撗芯坎捎萌斯つM降雨的方法,根據該流域農田排水口高度設計5種不同高度的排水口,在流域最大降雨強度70 mm/h條件下探究洱海流域農田徑流氮磷流失特征,篩選有效控制農田徑流污染的排水口高度,為洱海流域農田排水口高度的設定提供科學依據。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗材料與裝置

供試土壤取自國家農業(yè)環(huán)境大理觀測實驗站(北緯25°53′34″,東經100°10′27″),0~20 cm供試土壤pH值為7.2、容重為1.4 g/cm3、有機質含量為36.2 g/kg、全氮為3.1 g/kg、全磷為0.9 g/kg、有效磷為35.3 g/kg。根據洱海流域農業(yè)施肥習慣,選用YNFHFL2021-00345復合肥,N+P2O5+K2O≥25%,配比為13:5:7,施肥水平N 195 kg/hm2、P2O575 kg/hm2、K2O 105 kg/hm2。

模擬降雨試驗在國家農業(yè)環(huán)境大理觀測實驗站降雨廳內進行,采用南京南林電子科技有限公司NLJY-10人工模擬降雨系統(tǒng),共設4組降雨噴頭,每組由3種不同大小的噴頭組成,降雨區(qū)域為6 m×4 m,雨強在15~240 mm/h范圍內連續(xù)可調,降雨均勻度系數大于88%。大理州氣象局發(fā)布的氣候公報[20-21]顯示該流域降雨高峰期(7-8月)暴雨事件多發(fā),最大降雨強度達70 mm/h,結合試驗目的,確定70 mm/h為本試驗模擬降雨強度。試驗土槽箱結構如圖1所示,規(guī)格為0.70 m×0.50 m× 0.55 m(長×寬×高)。根據洱海流域農田排水口高度實測結果(距土壤表面5~10 cm)和降雨高峰期水稻植株高度(50~100 cm),設置5種不同高度的排水口,排水口底端距土壤表面5、10、15、20、25 cm記為H1、H2、H3、H4、H5。共計5個處理,每個處理設3次重復。

1.2 試驗過程及指標測定

將采集的0~20 cm土壤充分混勻,填充于15個土槽箱中,測定土壤容重為1.4 g/cm3。土壤填充后,向土槽箱內注入自來水,直至田面水深度達到5 cm,并對自來水進行各形態(tài)氮磷濃度檢測,自來水總氮濃度為0.66 mg/L,顆粒態(tài)氮濃度為0.14 mg/L,銨態(tài)氮濃度為0.21 mg/L,硝態(tài)氮濃度為0.28 mg/L,總磷濃度為0.10 mg/L,顆粒態(tài)磷濃度為0.03 mg/L。將復合肥均勻撒入土槽箱內,靜置一周后對箱內田面水進行氮磷濃度測定,田面水總氮濃度為63.59 mg/L,顆粒態(tài)氮濃度為14.32 mg/L,銨態(tài)氮濃度為38.65 mg/L,硝態(tài)氮濃度為1.34 mg/L,總磷濃度為7.71 mg/L,顆粒態(tài)磷濃度為0.73 mg/L。降雨開始后,記錄每個土槽箱的初始產流時間,產流后進行60min徑流取樣,前30min內每5 min采集一次徑流,后30min每隔10 min采集一次,同時記錄流量。降雨結束后,記錄停止產流時間。將收集的徑流液帶回實驗室進行分析測定,徑流液總氮(Total Nitrogen,TN)含量采用堿性過硫酸鉀紫外分光光度法,總磷(Total Phosphorus,TP)采用鉬酸銨分光光度法測定;將水樣經0.45m濾膜過濾后用紫外分光光度法、納氏試劑分光光度法、堿性過硫酸鉀紫外分光光度法、鉬酸銨分光光度法測定濾液中硝態(tài)氮(Nitrate Nitrogen,NO-3-N)、銨態(tài)氮(Ammonium Nitrogen,NH+4-N)、溶解態(tài)總氮(Total Dissolved Nitrogen,TDN)和溶解態(tài)總磷(Total Dissolved Phosphorus,TDP)含量;徑流液中顆粒態(tài)氮(Particulate Nitrogen,PN)和顆粒態(tài)磷(Particulate Phosphorus,PP)的含量利用差減法計算得出。

1.3 數據分析

采用Excel 2019進行數據處理和圖表制作,SAS 9.0軟件對數據進行方差分析(顯著性差異水平設置為 0.05)和相關性分析。

2 結果與分析

2.1 農田排水口高度對產流時間的影響

圖2顯示了不同的排水口初始產流時間,H5初始產流所需時間最長,平均達到186.44 min,顯著高于其他4組。H1與田面水高度接近,初始產流所需時間最短,在降雨后2~3 min立即開始產流。初始產流時間與排水口高度之間呈對數關系。

2.2 農田排水口高度對徑流氮素濃度變化的影響

圖3展示了5種不同高度的排水口所產徑流中總氮、銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮、顆粒態(tài)氮的濃度變化趨勢。由圖3a可知H1在產流過程中總氮濃度從63.90 mg/L下降至23.34 mg/L,且產流60 min內各時段總氮濃度均顯著高于其他處理;H2產流過程中總氮濃度表現為平緩下降趨勢,濃度從36.01 mg/L降低至18.72 mg/L;H3、H4、H5在產流過程中總氮濃度無顯著性變化,濃度均穩(wěn)定在2.22~6.91 mg/L內。圖3b展示了銨態(tài)氮濃度的變化趨勢,H1、H2徑流中銨態(tài)氮濃度呈現平緩下降趨勢;H3、H4、H5在產流過程中銨態(tài)氮濃度無顯著變化,穩(wěn)定在1.53~3.85 mg/L范圍內,且各時段濃度均顯著低于H1、H2。圖3c、3d顯示了硝態(tài)氮、顆粒態(tài)氮濃度變化趨勢,分析發(fā)現H3、H4、H5在產流60 min內硝態(tài)氮、顆粒態(tài)氮濃度均保持在0.30~0.55、0.15~6.28 mg/L范圍內,呈穩(wěn)定狀態(tài);而H1在產流過程中硝態(tài)氮、顆粒態(tài)氮濃度則隨著產流時間的增加呈現先上升后下降的趨勢,經分析,H1中硝態(tài)氮濃度和顆粒態(tài)氮濃度之間相關性系數達到0.949,相關性強。

2.3 農田排水口高度對徑流磷素濃度變化的影響

圖4a可知,H1產流中總磷濃度不斷下降,從5.98 mg/L下降至2.17 mg/L;H2中總磷濃度呈現平緩下降趨勢,且H1、H2在產流60 min內各時段總磷濃度顯著高于其他3組;H3、H4、H5徑流中總磷的濃度隨產流時間的增加未發(fā)生明顯變化,濃度穩(wěn)定在0.20~0.48 mg/L。圖4b展示了顆粒態(tài)磷濃度變化趨勢,H1產流過程中顆粒態(tài)磷濃度不斷降低,從0.93 mg/L降至0.13 mg/L;而H2、H3、H4、H5產流中顆粒態(tài)磷濃度相接近,且各時段無明顯變化。

2.4 農田排水口高度對徑流氮、磷流失量的影響

由圖5可知,提高農田排水口高度能夠顯著降低氮磷流失量。圖5a、5b中H5總氮、顆粒態(tài)氮、銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮流失量最低分別為1.77、0.52、1.06、0.21 kg/hm2;H1總氮、顆粒態(tài)氮、銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮流失量最高分別為25.80、12.29、12.84、0.62 kg/hm2。對于磷素,圖5c,H4、H5總磷、顆粒態(tài)磷的流失量最低分別為0.15~0.16、0.01~0.02 kg/hm2;H1總磷、顆粒態(tài)磷流失量最高分別為1.98和0.22 kg/hm2。

整體分析發(fā)現,5個處理中顆粒態(tài)氮、磷流失量明顯低于溶解態(tài)總氮、磷流失量,經計算,溶解態(tài)總氮、磷的流失量可達到總氮、磷流失量的52.37%~83.64%和67.83%~92.29%;銨態(tài)氮流失量明顯高于硝態(tài)氮流失量,銨態(tài)氮流失量占總氮的47.85%~80.80%,硝態(tài)氮流失量僅占2.15%~11.80%。

排水口高度變化對氮磷流失削減率的影響如表1所示。首先,對總氮、總磷流失量削減率進行分析,排水口高度從距離土壤表面5 cm提高到15 cm高度處時總氮、總磷流失削減效果突出,削減率達到85%以上,與排水口提高到10 cm高度處相比總氮、總磷流失削減率提高了43.43% 和47.41%;排水口高度從5 cm提高到20、25 cm高度處時總氮、總磷流失量削減率達到91%以上,削減效果最好,但與排水口提高到15 cm高度處相比削減率僅提高了5.82~7.53個百分點,削減率提升幅度很小。再對不同形態(tài)氮磷流失量削減率進行分析,排水口高度從5 cm提高到25 cm高度處時銨態(tài)氮、硝態(tài)氮流失量削減率最高,削減率分別為91.72%和65.15%,同樣在排水口提高到15 cm高度處時削減率基本穩(wěn)定,分別達到84.59%和64.49%。顆粒態(tài)氮流失量削減率在排水口提高到10 cm高度處時到達80.14%,削減效果突出,繼續(xù)將排水口提高到15~25 cm高度處顆粒態(tài)氮流失量削減率僅有8.25~15.62個百分點的提升空間。顆粒態(tài)磷流失量削減率在排水口提高到20 cm高度處時基本達到穩(wěn)定值90.98%,此后繼續(xù)提高排水口高度對顆粒態(tài)磷流失量削減率的影響較低。

表1 不同高度農田排水口產流中各形態(tài)氮、磷流失量的削減率

注: “5→10”表示排水口從5 cm提高至10 cm,其余類似。

Note: ‘5→10’ indicates that the drainage outlet increases from 5 cm to 10 cm, other similar.

3 討 論

田面水對地表有保護作用,可使土壤表層免受雨水直接沖擊,5 cm的排水口高度較低,田面水少,受雨水沖擊后淺層土壤被剝離,釋放出細顆粒態(tài)氮;硝態(tài)氮在土壤中形態(tài)較為穩(wěn)定,與土壤顆粒之間的作用力較弱,在雨水的沖刷下極易流失[22-24]。因此,本研究中排水口高度為5 cm的處理組在降雨初期產流中硝態(tài)氮和顆粒態(tài)氮濃度先上升,后隨著降雨時間增加,雨水積累,田面水上升,土壤緊實度增加,不易被剝離,硝態(tài)氮和顆粒態(tài)氮濃度開始下降。

試驗中氮磷主要的流失形式是溶解態(tài),溶解態(tài)總氮流失量占總氮流失量的52.37%~83.64%,溶解態(tài)總磷占總磷流失量的67.83%~92.29%;銨態(tài)氮流失總量顯著大于硝態(tài)氮,其中銨態(tài)氮流失量占總氮流失量的47.85%~80.80%,硝態(tài)氮流失量僅占2.15%~11.80%,說明總氮流失的主要形式是銨態(tài)氮。這一結果與前人研究結論一致[25-27],原因是化肥中的氮磷主要以無機態(tài)形式存在,遇水極易轉化為溶解態(tài)氮磷,直接撒施固體復合肥可使田面水中溶解態(tài)氮磷濃度迅速升高,極易隨徑流損失;另一方面,隨著雨水的不斷積累,田面水上升,表層土免受雨水直接沖擊,因此顆粒態(tài)氮、磷流失程度較低。

由于洱海流域水稻種植季正處該流域年內降雨高峰月份(5-10月),降雨量占全年的75.26%~91.40%(1989-2019年),多年最大月降雨量達到356.0 mm(1999年8月),雨季月均降雨量為147.9 mm,24 h降雨量超過50 mm的強降雨情況時有發(fā)生[12],結合不同高度農田排水口對氮磷流失的削減效果,將排水口從5 cm提高至15 cm削減效果突出,總氮流失量降低85.60%,總磷流失量降低86.75%;在15 cm基礎上繼續(xù)提高排水口高度對氮磷流失削減效果影響很小。因此,在距離土壤表面15 cm高度處設置農田排水口最合適。段四喜等[28]通過生態(tài)攔截系統(tǒng)對洱海流域農田尾水進行凈化,研究結果顯示生態(tài)溝渠+表流庫塘系統(tǒng)對污染物總氮、總磷削減效果最好,削減率為59.70%、55.90%。姜海斌等[29]通過探究洱海流域水稻種植的合理施肥模式減少農田徑流氮磷流失,結果顯示有機無機配施總氮流失量降低31.60%~40.40%,但會引起籽粒產量下降11.80%~42.90%。楊世琦等[30]通過模擬試驗探究了植物籬埂壟向區(qū)田技術對農田徑流氮磷流失的控制作用,結果表明植物籬埂處理農田氮流失平均降低了19.70%。姚金玲等[31]則是通過探究合理的輪作與施肥方式對農田土壤徑流氮磷損失進行控制,結果表明施用相應作物專用緩釋摻混肥能夠有效降低土壤徑流氮磷損失,削減率達到10.70%~28.80%和17.10%~47.90%。對比以上氮磷減排措施,本研究中通過提高農田排水高度,氮磷流失削減率可達到85%以上,是一種較為有效的氮磷減排措施,對農業(yè)面源污染防治有一定價值。

4 結 論

1)農田排水口較低會造成產流初期硝態(tài)氮和顆粒態(tài)氮濃度升高,將排水口高度提高到15 cm以上可有效降低徑流中各形態(tài)氮磷濃度,并穩(wěn)定在較低水平。

2)提高農田排水口高度,徑流中各形態(tài)氮磷流失量明顯下降。將農田排水口高度從5 cm提高至15~25 cm產流中總氮、總磷流失量分別降低了85.60%~93.13%、86.75%~92.66%。且農田排水口設置在15 cm高度處氮磷減排效果突出,在15 cm基礎上繼續(xù)提高排水口則不會對氮磷流失量產生明顯影響。

3)水田養(yǎng)分流失的主要形態(tài)是溶解態(tài),溶解態(tài)總氮、磷流失量占總氮、磷流失量的52.37%~83.64%和67.83%~92.29%,氮素流失以銨態(tài)氮為主,占總氮流失量47.85%~80.80%。

從以上結論能夠看出,農田排水口設置在距離土面15~25 cm高度處對農田徑流氮磷流失控制效果優(yōu)越,結合洱海流域多年降雨資料及建設成本,推薦將農田排水口設置于距土壤表面15 cm高度處,對控制農田養(yǎng)分流失,減少面源污染起到顯著效果。由于模擬試驗存局限性,自然環(huán)境下影響農田徑流氮磷流失的因素更為復雜,將排水口提高到15 cm高度是否對作物產量造成影響仍需探討,后續(xù)會在田間自然環(huán)境下進一步試驗,為洱海流域農田排水口高度的確定提供科學依據。

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Effects of the heights of farmland drainage outlets on nitrogen and phosphorus loss from surface runoff

Ma Yingjun1,2,3, Wan Chen1,3,4, Zhang Keqiang1,3, Jiang Haibin1,3, Wang Feng1,3, Shen Shizhou1,3※

(1.,,300191,; 2.,,150030,; 3.,671004,; 4.,,650201,)

The Erhai Lake is the second second-largest freshwater resource in the Yunnan Plateau (southwest China). The lake is also a national protected area and drinking water source for Dali residents. The water quality of the Erhai Lake is has gradually aggravated eutrophication, even above an acceptable level in the rainy season, due mainly to global natural conditions and intensified human activities in recent years. Specifically, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the main factors causing eutrophication. Furthermore, the rice planting area accounts for about 10% of the total area of Erhai Lake Basin, a typical agricultural basin. The rice planting season is in the peak month of rainfall in the basin, where rainstorm events occur frequently. The loss of nutrients in farmland subjected to rainstorms has been a key environmental factor to determine the water quality of Erhai Lake in the rainy season. Much effort has been dedicated to the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the farmland of the Erhai Lake Basin, particularly on fertilization management and rotation mode. Farmland drainage outlets can serve as the channels for terrestrial pollutants to enter rivers, lakes, and other water bodies. However, only a few studies focused on the farmland drainage outlets for pollution prevention and flood control. Taking the height of the drainage outlet in the Erhai Lake Basin as a research object, this study aims to find an effective way to reduce the nitrogen and phosphorus loss from surface runoff in farmland. An artificial rainfall simulation was also adopted. Five drainage outlets were set with different heights, according to the height of the farmland drainage outlet (5-10 cm from the soil surface), and the height of the rice plant in the peak period of rainfall in the study area. The bottom distances of the drainage outlet were 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 cm from the soil surface. An investigation was finally made to evaluate the control of drainage outlets at different heights on nitrogen and phosphorus losses in farmland runoff. The results showed that: 1) The low drainage outlet of farmland resulted in the increase of nitrate nitrogen and particulate nitrogen concentrations at the early stage of runoff generation. The drainage outlet height of more than 15 cm effectively reduced the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in various forms, all of which be stabilized at a low level. 2) The losses of nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly reduced, with the increase in the height of farmland drainage outlets. A better control was achieved at the height of the farmland drainage outlet increasing from 5 to 15-25 cm. Specifically, the losses of total nitrogen, particulate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen reduced by 85.60%-93.13%, 88.39%-95.77%, 84.59%-91.72%, 63.05%-65.15%, respectively. The losses of total phosphorus and particulate phosphorus decreased by 86.75%-92.66%, 61.64%-94.61%, respectively. Moreover, there was an extremely high reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus losses, when the farmland drainage outlet was set at a height of 15 cm. But there was no significant change over 15 cm. 3) The main form of nutrient loss was the dissolved state in the paddy field. The dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus losses accounted for 52.37%-83.64% and 67.83%-92.29% of the total nitrogen and phosphorus losses, respectively. The inorganic nitrogen loss in runoff was mostly ammonium nitrogen, accounting for 47.85%-80.80% of the total nitrogen loss. Consequently, the drainage outlet at the height of 15-25 cm can be expected to achieve a superior performance for the runoff pollution control in farmland. Anyway, it is strongly recommended to be 15 cm high for the farmland drainage outlet in the Erhai Lake Basin. This finding can provide a significant support to control nutrient loss in farmland, thereby to improve improving the ecological environment.

agriculture; runoff; heights of drainage outlets; simulated rainfall; loss of nitrogen and phosphorus

馬瑛駿,萬辰,張克強,等. 農田排水口高度對地表徑流氮磷流失的影響[J]. 農業(yè)工程學報,2021,37(15):114-120.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.014 http://www.tcsae.org

Ma Yingjun, Wan Cen, Zhang Keqiang, et al. Effects of the heights of farmland drainage outlets on nitrogen and phosphorus loss from surface runoff[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2021, 37(15): 114-120. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.014 http://www.tcsae.org

2021-05-31

2021-07-01

國家重點研發(fā)計劃項目(2017YFD0800103);云南省科技創(chuàng)新開放基金(2017HC015);云南省基礎研究青年基金(2019FD120);中央級公益性科研院所基本科研業(yè)務費專項(Y2021PT01)

馬瑛駿,研究方向為農業(yè)面源污染防治。Email:ma_yingjun@126.com

沈仕洲,博士,助理研究員,研究方向為農業(yè)面源污染治。Email:shenshizhou@126.com

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.15.014

S282

A

1002-6819(2021)-15-0114-07

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