易觀容 周宇
【摘要】長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA(lncRNA)TNF-α和異質(zhì)性胞核核糖核蛋白L(hnRNPL)相關(guān)的免疫調(diào)節(jié)lncRNA(THRIL)與hnRNPL結(jié)合形成功能性THRIL-hnRNPL復(fù)合物,結(jié)合在TNF-α的啟動(dòng)子上進(jìn)而調(diào)節(jié)TNF-α的表達(dá)。研究表明THRIL可能通過調(diào)節(jié)TNF-α的表達(dá)參與多種炎癥性疾病、腫瘤和其他疾病的發(fā)生與進(jìn)展,THRIL可能成為疾病藥物治療的新靶點(diǎn)。該文主要綜述THRIL在多種疾病中的表達(dá)水平和可能的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制。
【關(guān)鍵詞】長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼核糖核酸;免疫反應(yīng);炎癥性疾病;TNF-α和異源性核核糖核蛋白L相關(guān)的免疫調(diào)節(jié)長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼核糖核酸
Research progress on the relationship between LncRNA THRIL and diseases Yi Guanrong, Zhou Yu. Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
Corresponding author, Zhou Yu, E-mail: ahdg2005@ 126. com
【Abstract】 The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) TNF-α and heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNPL)-related immunoregulatory long noncoding RNA (THRIL) bind with hnRNPL to form functional THRIL-hnRNPL complex at the TNF-α promoter, which can regulate the expression of TNF-α. Studies have demonstrated that THRIL participates in the incidence and progression of inflammatory diseases, tumors and other diseases probably by regulating the expression of TNF-α. Therefore, THRIL may become a novel target for drug treatment of diseases. In this article, the expression level and potential regulatory mechanism of THRIL in multiple diseases were reviewed.
【Key words】 Long noncoding RNA;Immune response;Inflammatory disease;TNF-α and heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-related immunoregulatory long?noncoding RNA
長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA(lncRNA)是一組不編碼蛋白質(zhì)的RNA分子,其具有表觀遺傳調(diào)控、免疫信號(hào)傳遞、印跡基因的異常甲基化和細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控等多種生物學(xué)作用,且與多種人類疾病有關(guān)。本文對(duì)lncRNA TNF-α和異質(zhì)性胞核核糖核蛋白L(hnRNPL)相關(guān)的免疫調(diào)節(jié)lncRNA(THRIL)與疾病關(guān)系研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
一、lncRNA THRIL的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能
lncRNA THRIL位于12q24.31,位于順式基因Bri3bp的反向鏈中,長(zhǎng)1981 bp,其中約450 bp與BRI3結(jié)合蛋白(BRI3BP)信使 RNA(mRNA) 3非翻譯區(qū)重疊[1]。hnRNPL是在核仁內(nèi)部和外部發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種RNA結(jié)合蛋白,在mRNA的形成、包裝和加工中起重要作用,同時(shí)其還參與哺乳動(dòng)物的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),并在細(xì)胞核和細(xì)胞質(zhì)中起雙重作用。THRIL可與hnRNPL結(jié)合形成功能性THRIL-hnRNPL復(fù)合物,該復(fù)合物與TNF-α的啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域結(jié)合啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)錄,從而提高TNF-α的表達(dá)水平,進(jìn)而影響病理炎癥免疫反應(yīng),另一方面,TNF-α的過表達(dá)也可通過負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制下調(diào)THRIL的表達(dá),從而減少TNF-α的表達(dá)[1]。THRIL是許多免疫反應(yīng)基因表達(dá)所必需的,包括TNF-α表達(dá)的轉(zhuǎn)錄和轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)節(jié)因子和其他細(xì)胞因子,且敲除THRIL會(huì)導(dǎo)致這些免疫相關(guān)基因在THP1巨噬細(xì)胞的先天激活過程中失調(diào),這提示THRIL可能在先天免疫反應(yīng)和炎癥性疾病中發(fā)揮作用[1]。
二、THRIL與炎癥性疾病的關(guān)系
THRIL參與TNF-α的調(diào)節(jié),而TNF-α是單核-巨噬細(xì)胞衍生的促炎細(xì)胞因子,具有促進(jìn)炎癥、刺激血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增生、協(xié)調(diào)免疫細(xì)胞組織再生等多種生物學(xué)功能。因此,THRIL有可能參與調(diào)節(jié)多種免疫反應(yīng)和炎癥性疾病。
1. THRIL表達(dá)上調(diào)與炎癥性疾病的關(guān)系
THRIL與免疫相關(guān)性炎癥有關(guān)。在體外SLE模型中,THRIL高度表達(dá),THRIL可能通過吸附微RNA(miR)-34a,避免單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1(MCP-1)被降解,進(jìn)而加重SLE模型細(xì)胞損傷,表現(xiàn)為細(xì)胞活力下降、細(xì)胞凋亡增多、促炎因子(IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α)釋放增多[2]。在SLE中,THRIL上調(diào)TNF-α的表達(dá)發(fā)揮促炎作用。
在類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(RA)患者的T淋巴細(xì)胞中,THRIL的表達(dá)顯著上調(diào),提示THRIL可能是RA的重要調(diào)控因子[3]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),THRIL可通過激活PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)成纖維細(xì)胞-類滑膜細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)和炎癥反應(yīng),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)RA的發(fā)生和發(fā)展[4]。在用脂多糖誘導(dǎo)ATDC5細(xì)胞建立的骨關(guān)節(jié)炎細(xì)胞損傷模型中,THRIL表達(dá)上調(diào)且發(fā)揮促炎作用。THRIL的過表達(dá)通過下調(diào)miR-125b進(jìn)而激活JAK1/STAT3和NF-κB信號(hào)通路,促進(jìn)脂多糖誘導(dǎo)的ATDC5細(xì)胞炎癥損傷[5]。
THRIL與化膿性炎癥有關(guān)。THRIL在膿毒血癥中表達(dá)上調(diào),并通過吸附miR-19a上調(diào)TNF-α的表達(dá),促進(jìn)支氣管上皮細(xì)胞凋亡[6]。在膿毒血癥患者中,發(fā)生ARDS患者的血漿中THRIL表達(dá)上調(diào),且THRIL的表達(dá)水平與炎癥因子(CRP、降鈣素原、TNF-α和IL-1β)水平、疾病嚴(yán)重程度和死亡率呈正相關(guān)。這說明THRIL表達(dá)上調(diào)可能誘導(dǎo)TNF-α釋放和血液炎癥介質(zhì)增多,提高肺微循環(huán)中自由基的水平,損傷肺泡上皮細(xì)胞,從而使膿毒血癥患者發(fā)生ARDS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[7]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中,THRIL在膿毒血癥小鼠模型肺中高表達(dá),抑制THRIL可減少膿毒血癥小鼠模型炎癥細(xì)胞的數(shù)量和促炎因子的產(chǎn)生,THRIL可通過吸附miR-424上調(diào)ROCK2表達(dá)水平。此外,ROCK2過表達(dá)逆轉(zhuǎn)了THRIL基因敲除對(duì)脂多糖誘導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)和凋亡的抑制作用。表明THRIL通過調(diào)節(jié)miR-424/ROCK2軸加重膿毒癥所致急性肺損傷[8]。THRIL在上述炎癥狀態(tài)中表達(dá)上調(diào),能促進(jìn)細(xì)胞炎癥損傷和功能障礙。然而,在某些炎癥狀態(tài)下THRIL表達(dá)下調(diào),其下調(diào)可能受不同調(diào)控機(jī)制影響。
2. THRIL表達(dá)下調(diào)與炎癥性疾病的關(guān)系
Toll樣受體(TLR)是參與非特異性免疫的一類重要蛋白質(zhì)分子,也是連接非特異性免疫和特異性免疫的橋梁。內(nèi)毒素耐受是一種重要的穩(wěn)態(tài)機(jī)制,它可防止在持續(xù)的TLR刺激下天然免疫反應(yīng)的過度激活。TLR2激活過程中,THRIL表達(dá)下調(diào),并對(duì)TLR信號(hào)產(chǎn)生負(fù)調(diào)控作用,進(jìn)而限制過度的炎癥反應(yīng),提示抑制THRIL可能是一個(gè)控制TNF-α水平并促進(jìn)交叉耐受的保護(hù)性反饋回路[9]。THRIL的表達(dá)下調(diào)也見于川崎病,THRIL的表達(dá)與川崎病癥狀的嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān),急性期時(shí),THRIL表達(dá)下調(diào),而TNF-α表達(dá)增加;同樣在2型糖尿病患者外周血單個(gè)核細(xì)胞中,THRIL的表達(dá)顯著下調(diào),而促炎標(biāo)志物TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和MCP-1等的表達(dá)卻顯著增多;以上結(jié)果均提示,TNF-α可能通過負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制下調(diào)THRIL的表達(dá)[1, 10]。
三、THRIL與腫瘤的關(guān)系
lncRNA在多種細(xì)胞功能中起重要作用,包括細(xì)胞增殖、分化、遷移、凋亡以及疾病的發(fā)病機(jī)制等。THRIL可能通過調(diào)節(jié)TNF-α的表達(dá)參與腫瘤的發(fā)生與發(fā)展。
在呼吸系統(tǒng)腫瘤中,與相應(yīng)的鄰近非癌組織相比,男性非小細(xì)胞肺癌中THRIL的表達(dá)顯著下調(diào),說明THRIL可能參與非小細(xì)胞肺癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程[11]。THRIL與胃癌也有關(guān),THRIL可通過抑制NF-κB易位調(diào)節(jié)幽門螺桿菌CagA誘導(dǎo)的胃癌細(xì)胞炎癥反應(yīng)[12]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),胃癌組織中THRIL表達(dá)明顯下調(diào),且THRIL的相對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)錄量與原發(fā)腫瘤的部位有關(guān)[13]。在骨腫瘤方面,骨肉瘤組織和骨肉瘤血清標(biāo)本的THRIL表達(dá)升高且與TNF-α水平升高有關(guān)。THRIL的高表達(dá)與腫瘤大小、晚期腫瘤分期和肺轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān),而高組織學(xué)分級(jí)患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)TNF-α高表達(dá)。THRIL和TNF-α同時(shí)高表達(dá)患者總體生存率和無轉(zhuǎn)移生存率最低。敲除THRIL可抑制TNF-α表達(dá),導(dǎo)致骨肉瘤細(xì)胞活力受損,細(xì)胞凋亡增加,上皮向間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化表型及侵襲能力下調(diào),但這些過程都隨著TNF-α治療恢復(fù)[14]。腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程,上述研究結(jié)果表明THRIL可能參與腫瘤的發(fā)病,但具體的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制還需進(jìn)一步研究。
四、THRIL與心血管疾病的關(guān)系
THRIL與心血管某些疾病有關(guān)。冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(冠心?。┗颊哐獦又校琓HRIL表達(dá)上調(diào)并抑制內(nèi)皮干細(xì)胞增殖,過表達(dá)THRIL導(dǎo)致AKT信號(hào)通路失活和自噬增加。另外THRIL與FUS蛋白直接相互作用,敲低FUS可逆轉(zhuǎn)THRIL過表達(dá)對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖、自噬和AKT通路的影響,說明THRIL通過AKT途徑和FUS抑制內(nèi)皮祖細(xì)胞的增殖并介導(dǎo)其自噬[15]。
在心肌梗死模型中,THRIL表達(dá)上調(diào),敲除THRIL可通過上調(diào)miR-99a的表達(dá)對(duì)心肌梗死模型細(xì)胞損傷起到保護(hù)作用[16]。另外,梔子苷可能通過下調(diào)THRIL的表達(dá)減輕大鼠心肌細(xì)胞損傷和心功能障礙。并且梔子苷可能通過下調(diào)THRIL的過表達(dá)激活PI3K/AKT和JAK1/STAT3信號(hào)通路[17]。綜上研究表明,THRIL參與冠心病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程。
五、THRIL與精神神經(jīng)疾病的關(guān)系
精神分裂癥患者外周血中THRIL表達(dá)上調(diào),推測(cè)THRIL參與精神分裂癥的發(fā)病過程可能與TNF-α途徑的表觀遺傳調(diào)控有關(guān)[18]。與精神分裂癥相反,自閉癥兒童患者血液中THRIL的表達(dá)明顯下調(diào),而細(xì)胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-17的濃度明顯增高,且只有TNF-α的濃度與自閉癥兒童患者癥狀的嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān),并可預(yù)測(cè)自閉癥的表型[19]。自閉癥患兒血液中THRIL的表達(dá)下調(diào)可能是TNF-α負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié)的結(jié)果。難治性和非難治性癲癇患者中THRIL的表達(dá)均顯著降低,而非難治性癲癇患者THRIL的表達(dá)比難治性的更低。難治性和非難治性癲癇患者THRIL的表達(dá)在男性或女性中均無顯著差異[20]。以上研究說明,THRIL可能調(diào)控精神神經(jīng)疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。
六、小 結(jié)
THRIL與hnRNPL特異性結(jié)合,并形成功能性的THRIL-hnRNPL復(fù)合物,該復(fù)合物通過與TNF-α啟動(dòng)子結(jié)合調(diào)節(jié)TNF-α的轉(zhuǎn)錄,參與炎癥性疾病、腫瘤等多種疾病的發(fā)病過程。充分認(rèn)識(shí)THRIL的功能及作用機(jī)制不僅為分子水平上的診斷、預(yù)測(cè)疾病嚴(yán)重程度及評(píng)估預(yù)后的標(biāo)志提供依據(jù),還可為疾病治療提供新的策略與途徑。然而,目前對(duì)THRIL研究尚未完善,還需進(jìn)一步探索。
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(收稿日期:2021-03-05)
(本文編輯:楊江瑜)
通信作者簡(jiǎn)介:周宇,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,教授,主任醫(yī)師,博士研究生導(dǎo)師,博士后合作導(dǎo)師,廣東醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科學(xué)科帶頭人?,F(xiàn)任廣東醫(yī)科大學(xué)內(nèi)科學(xué)和診斷學(xué)教研室主任、廣東醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院大內(nèi)科、消化內(nèi)科和消化內(nèi)鏡中心主任。任廣東省消化病學(xué)會(huì)常委和消化內(nèi)鏡學(xué)會(huì)委員、湛江市消化內(nèi)鏡學(xué)會(huì)主任委員和消化病學(xué)會(huì)副主任委員;廣東省醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)消化內(nèi)科、消化內(nèi)鏡和內(nèi)科學(xué)等分會(huì)常委;廣東省抗癌協(xié)會(huì)腫瘤內(nèi)鏡學(xué)專業(yè)常委。從事消化系統(tǒng)疾病臨床診治30 余年,擅長(zhǎng)消化系統(tǒng)常見病、危重病和疑難病的診治。近年來開展了諸如內(nèi)鏡下黏膜切除術(shù)、內(nèi)鏡下黏膜下剝離術(shù)、經(jīng)口內(nèi)鏡肌切開術(shù)、內(nèi)鏡黏膜下遂道腫物剝除術(shù)、內(nèi)鏡下全層切除術(shù)、內(nèi)鏡下放射狀切開術(shù)等一系列內(nèi)鏡治療技術(shù)。近年來主要從事非編碼RNA(微RNA 與長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA)與炎癥性腸病和大腸癌的關(guān)系的研究工作。主持國家、省級(jí)科研課題共7 項(xiàng)、廳(市)級(jí)課題5 項(xiàng),其中國家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目2 項(xiàng),第二負(fù)責(zé)人參與國家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目1 項(xiàng);在各類學(xué)術(shù)期刊上發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)論文50多篇,其中SCI 收錄18篇。