謝冬芹 潘宇博 桂衍超 趙妍妍 白夢茹 李李
摘 要:肥胖影響母體和子代維生素D水平可能的機制尚無定論,本文綜述肥胖對母體和子代維生素D代謝以及胎盤轉(zhuǎn)運影響的研究進展,旨在為孕期維生素D營養(yǎng)及補充提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞:肥胖;維生素D;代謝;胎盤轉(zhuǎn)運
母體孕期良好的營養(yǎng)狀況對于胎兒的生長和發(fā)育以及后代的長期健康非常重要[1],但是超重和肥胖問題在育齡婦女中日益突出,已成為一個世界性的公共衛(wèi)生問題。2011—2012年中國居民營養(yǎng)與健康狀況監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)顯示,我國婦女孕中晚期增重過多率分別為53.6%、46.5%[2]。流行病學(xué)研究和實驗研究均證實,肥胖和維生素D水平不足有關(guān)。孕期維生素D的狀態(tài)對于后代的生長發(fā)育很重要,不僅在新生兒期,而且還延伸到嬰兒早期[3]。孕婦維生素D不足可導(dǎo)致母嬰不良妊娠結(jié)局,與孕婦妊娠期糖尿病、高血壓、先兆子癇等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險增加有關(guān)[4],對胎兒的負面影響包括生長發(fā)育不良、低出生體重[5-6]、早產(chǎn)風(fēng)險增加[4,7]等。
1 母體和胎兒維生素D缺乏現(xiàn)狀
孕期母體維生素D的增加有助于腸道鈣吸收,以滿足胎兒對骨骼礦化的需求[8]。由于新生兒維生素D狀態(tài)是通過母體循環(huán)25(OH)D濃度來確定的,因此在懷孕期間預(yù)防母體維生素D缺乏對于避免新生兒缺乏至關(guān)重要。很多流行病學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)表明,孕婦和新生兒的維生素D水平不足。美國國家健康和營養(yǎng)檢查調(diào)查(NHANES)的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,33%的孕婦25(OH)D濃度低于50 nmol/L,7%低于25 nmol/L[9]。中國國家營養(yǎng)與健康調(diào)查(CNNHS)指出,中國孕婦有一半以上是維生素D缺乏癥[25(OH)D<20 ng/mL][10]。加拿大的兩個懷孕隊列測量了嬰兒的維生素D狀態(tài),表明大約24.4%的嬰兒出生時血清25(OH)D濃度低于50 nmol/L[11],80%的嬰兒出生時有25(OH)D濃度低于75 nmol/L[12]。在土耳其,24.2%的母親和10%的嬰兒中觀察到嚴重的維生素D缺乏(≤5 ng/mL)[13]。對125名母嬰雙胞胎研究得出,56%的新生兒患有維生素D缺乏癥[14]。綜上,母體和胎兒維生素D缺乏現(xiàn)狀在全球較普遍。更進一步的研究指出,孕婦和新生兒維生素D水平之間存在正相關(guān)性[15],與其他的研究結(jié)果一致[1,16]。也有研究指出,母親25(OH)D水平在孕中期和分娩時與新生兒25(OH)D水平顯著正相關(guān)[17]。對土耳其97名孕婦和90名嬰兒研究得出,母親和嬰兒的維生素D水平之間存在強烈的正相關(guān),因此母親維生素D水平低可能是嬰兒缺乏的重要危險因素[18]。
2 孕婦肥胖與孕婦和胎兒維生素D缺乏可能有關(guān)
研究表明,孕婦肥胖與孕婦和胎兒維生素D缺乏有關(guān)。據(jù)報道,由于脂肪組織中維生素D的螯合,肥胖是維生素D水平不足的另一個危險因素[19]。在懷孕期間,體重增加較多的女性在妊娠早期25(OH)D濃度較低,有維生素D不足的風(fēng)險[20-21]。Bodnar等[22]研究了妊娠隊列中血清25(OH)D與妊娠前BMI之間的關(guān)系指出,妊娠期BMI和臍帶血25(OH)D濃度之間呈負相關(guān)。另一項妊娠隊列研究表明,孕前BMI≥35 kg/m2的女性血清25(OH)D比孕婦BMI<25 kg/m2低2.5 nmol/L[11]。也有研究指出,新生兒維生素D缺乏癥與分娩時母體的體重指數(shù)關(guān)聯(lián)[14],同樣,在妊娠28周時母親-新生兒對的多中心研究中,妊娠期較高的BMI與較低的母體25(OH)D濃度相關(guān)。然而,結(jié)果并未顯示新生兒血清25(OH)D濃度與母體BMI之間存在顯著相關(guān)性[23]。因此,孕婦肥胖與孕婦和胎兒維生素D缺乏的關(guān)系還有待進一步研究確定。
3 維生素D代謝
維生素D能夠促進鈣的吸收、代謝和骨骼健康以及其他一些功能[24]。孕期母體維生素D水平低可能使胎兒在發(fā)育的關(guān)鍵階段處于欠佳營養(yǎng)環(huán)境,并可能會對后代健康產(chǎn)生長期影響,由于孕期胎兒所需的維生素D完全由母體供應(yīng),且通過胎盤轉(zhuǎn)運受體吸收,所以母體需要足夠的維生素D來滿足胎兒生長發(fā)育需求[24]。母體內(nèi)的維生素D主要在皮膚合成,少量從食物中攝取。維生素D2和D3在血漿中與維生素D結(jié)合蛋白(DBP)結(jié)合轉(zhuǎn)移至肝臟,經(jīng)25-羥化酶(CYP2R1)的催化轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)?5(OH)D3。但這種無活性形式的維生素D需要在腎臟中經(jīng)1-α羥化酶(CYP27B1)再次羥基化轉(zhuǎn)化為維生素D的活性形式1,25(OH)2D3。胎兒完全依賴于母體25(OH)D3的供給,胎盤是妊娠期維生素D代謝的主要部位,胎兒通過胎盤上的LRP2-CUBN受體吸收DBP結(jié)合的25(OH)D3。25(OH)D3通過胎盤中CYP27B1被激活為1,25(OH)2D3,以維持胎兒的生長發(fā)育。25(OH)D3穿過胎盤,而1,25(OH)2D3不穿過胎盤[25]。胎盤本身含有1-α羥化酶,除了胎兒腎臟外,還可能有助于胎兒1,25(OH)2D3的產(chǎn)生?;钚跃S生素D的作用是通過其同源核受體維生素D受體(VDR)介導(dǎo)的,維生素D受體是一種高親和力配體激活的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。一旦與其配體結(jié)合,被占據(jù)的VDR與類視黃醇X受體(RXR)形成異二聚體。該復(fù)合物識別維生素D靶基因啟動子區(qū)域中的維生素D反應(yīng)元件(VDRE),并募集共激活因子或共抑制因子以誘導(dǎo)或抑制基礎(chǔ)轉(zhuǎn)錄機制,從而調(diào)節(jié)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄[26]。胎盤和腎臟中的24-羥化酶(CYP24A1)可滅活25(OH)D3和1,25(OH)2D3降解為水溶性和活性較低的代謝物的酶[27]。1,25(OH)2D3通過與VDR形成復(fù)合物來抑制CYP27B1的表達[28]并刺激CYP24A1的表達[29]以自我調(diào)節(jié)濃度。
4 肥胖影響維生素D水平可能的機制
4.1 體積稀釋模型
由于維生素D的親脂性質(zhì),Drincic等[30]提出了維生素D在血清和脂肪組織之間雙向擴散的體積稀釋模型,所以在脂肪組織中維生素D的稀釋有助于解釋血清25(OH)D與體重指數(shù)之間的反比關(guān)系[19]。Gangloff等[31]對103名肥胖男性減肥計劃1年后得出伴隨著內(nèi)臟脂肪量減少,25(OH)D循環(huán)水平增加了26%,進一步驗證了體積稀釋模型。
4.2 維生素D合成代謝酶水平異常
維生素D的合成代謝過程主要在肝臟和腎臟中完成,肝臟和腎臟中維生素D的合成代謝酶表達異??捎绊懢S生素D水平。Zhu等[32]觀察到與野生型小鼠相比,敲除小鼠CYP2R1基因后血清25(OH)D水平降低50%。Jeffrey等[33]通過高脂喂養(yǎng)誘導(dǎo)的肥胖發(fā)現(xiàn)了相比于對照組,肥胖組CYP2R1mRNA顯著下調(diào)且CYP2R1mRNA水平與血清25(OH)D濃度之間存在顯著正相關(guān)。有研究在5周齡雄性C57BL/6J小鼠喂養(yǎng)16周后,高脂組小鼠腎臟中CYP27B1/VDRmRNA和蛋白質(zhì)水平均顯著降低,CYP24A1mRNA和蛋白質(zhì)水平上調(diào)。較低的維生素D狀態(tài)與母體腎臟維生素D轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白CUBN和CYP27B1的表達降低相關(guān)[34]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),通過改變小鼠的低脂飲食,可以恢復(fù)高脂肪飲食誘導(dǎo)的肥胖中的失調(diào)的1,25(OH)2D3水平[35],這表明肥胖影響小鼠肝臟和腎臟中CYP2R1、CYP27B1和CYP24A1表達異常導(dǎo)致維生素D水平有差異。
4.3 胎盤維生素D合成代謝和轉(zhuǎn)運效率改變
胎兒完全取決于母體25(OH)D的供應(yīng),25(OH)D容易穿過胎盤,并被胎兒腎臟和胎盤合成為1,25(OH)2D3。懷孕期間,胎盤不僅作為母親和胎兒之間營養(yǎng)和廢物運輸?shù)慕缑?,而且該器官還在妊娠期間承擔(dān)關(guān)鍵的內(nèi)分泌作用。胎盤表達CYP27B1和CYP24A1參與維生素D代謝途徑[36]。Eugenia等[34]對狒狒進行了一項研究得出肥胖會降低維生素D的狀態(tài),母體肥胖還誘導(dǎo)胎盤轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白巨蛋白LRP2、CYP27B1、CYP2R1和VDR的下調(diào)。對人群的一項研究[17]中胎盤CYP27B1蛋白表達與母體在孕中期和分娩時25(OH)D顯著正相關(guān)。也有學(xué)者指出,胎盤中維生素D轉(zhuǎn)運受體LRP2-CUBN表達異常導(dǎo)致維生素D缺乏或不足[37]。對白人婦女進行研究表明,母體肥胖導(dǎo)致25(OH)D3的胎盤轉(zhuǎn)移減少,這提示我們孕期肥胖導(dǎo)致胎兒維生素D營養(yǎng)水平低可能與母體和胎兒維生素D合成代謝酶以及胎盤轉(zhuǎn)運受體表達異常有關(guān)[23]。
5 結(jié)論
孕期維生素D的狀態(tài)對于自身的健康以及后代的生長發(fā)育至關(guān)重要。人群和動物研究證實,孕婦肥胖與子代維生素D缺乏或不足有關(guān),部分機制研究中指出母體肥胖導(dǎo)致維生素D的母體合成和(或)轉(zhuǎn)運不足,胎盤合成代謝紊亂導(dǎo)致子代維生素D水平較低。因此,在今后的研究中應(yīng)建立大樣本人群隊列以探索孕婦肥胖對母體和子代維生素D營養(yǎng)水平長期的影響機制從而對母體進行有效干預(yù)以維持生命早期正常的生長發(fā)育。
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The Association Between Obesity and Vitamin D Level of Mother and Offspring
XIE Dong-qin,PAN Yu-bo,GUI Yan-chao,ZHAO Yan-yan,BAI Meng-ru,LI Li
(School of Public Health,Anhui Medical University,Hefei 230032,China)
Abstract:The possible mechanism by which obesity affects maternal and neonatal vitamin D levels is still uncertain.The metabolism of vitamin D and placenta transport under the condition of obesity were reviewed to provide scientific reference for vitamin D nutrition and supplement during pregnancy.
Keywords:obesity;vitamin D;metabolism;placenta transport
基金項目:安徽省自然科學(xué)基金項目(項目編號:148085 MH160);專業(yè)教學(xué)(項目編號:0306015103)。
作者簡介:謝冬芹(1993— ),女,碩士研究生,研究方向:婦幼營養(yǎng)。
通信作者:李 李(1964— ),女,副教授,研究方向:婦幼營養(yǎng)。