周星 陳雪 崔磊 孫吉瑞 李藝萱 張金庫(kù)
[摘要]目的 探討p16/Ki-67雙染對(duì)細(xì)胞學(xué)異常孕婦產(chǎn)后組織學(xué)結(jié)果的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。方法 選取本院宮頸脫落細(xì)胞異常的孕早期婦女53例,行p16/Ki-67雙染,并隨訪其產(chǎn)后組織學(xué)結(jié)果,對(duì)p16/Ki-67雙染與細(xì)胞學(xué)、組織學(xué)診斷的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。結(jié)果 由于孕期相關(guān)改變,有10例細(xì)胞學(xué)診斷為不典型鱗狀細(xì)胞-傾向高度鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(ASC-H)或高度鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(HSIL),隨訪其組織學(xué)診斷為低度上皮內(nèi)病變或?qū)m頸炎,過(guò)診斷比例高達(dá)48%。過(guò)診斷10例孕婦其p16/Ki-67雙染結(jié)果除2例因技術(shù)問(wèn)題不能明確外,其余8例雙染結(jié)果均為陰性;30例雙染陽(yáng)性者產(chǎn)后隨訪除1例組織學(xué)診斷為低度鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(LSIL)外,其余均為HSIL。產(chǎn)后組織學(xué)和p16/Ki-67雙染結(jié)果呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系(r=0.530,P<0.001),p16/Ki-67雙染診斷的靈敏度和特異度分別為69.2%和90.0%。結(jié)論 p16/Ki-67雙染可通過(guò)排除細(xì)胞學(xué)異常孕婦中非HSIL的病例,提高孕期細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查的特異性,從而有效提高產(chǎn)前宮頸細(xì)胞學(xué)篩查效率。
[關(guān)鍵詞]周期素依賴激酶抑制劑p16;Ki-67抗原;染色與標(biāo)記;宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤樣病變;孕婦;預(yù)測(cè)
[中圖分類號(hào)]R737.33
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A
[文章編號(hào)]2096-5532(2021)02-0290-04
[ABSTRACT]Objective To investigate the value of p16/Ki-67 dual-staining in predicting the postpartum outcome of pregnant women with abnormal cytology.?Methods A total of 53 women in early pregnancy who had abnormal cervical exfoliated cells in our hospital were enrolled, and p16/Ki-67 dual-staining was performed for all women. The women were followed up to obtain postpartum histological results, and a statistical analysis was performed to investigate the correlation of p16/Ki-67 dual-staining with cytological and histological diagnoses.?Results Due to related changes during pregnancy, 10 women had a cytological diagnosis of atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), and follow-up examination showed a histological diagnosis of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) or cervicitis, with an overdiagnosis rate of 48%. Among the 10 pregnant women with overdiagnosis, 2 had unclear results of p16/Ki-67 dual-staining due to technical issues and 8 had negative results of p16/Ki-67 dual-staining; among the 30 women with positive results of p16/Ki-67 dual-staining, 1 had a histological diagnosis of LSIL and 29 had HSIL. There was a positive correlation between postpartum histology and p16/Ki-67 dual-staining (r=0.530,P<0.001), and p16/Ki-67 dual-staining had a sensitivity of 69.2% and a specificity of 90.0% in diagnosis.?Conclusion The p16/Ki-67 dual-staining can improve the specificity of cytological examination during pregnancy and effectively improve the efficiency of prenatal cervical cytological screening by excluding non-HSIL cases from the pregnant women with abnormal prenatal cytology.
[KEY WORDS]cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16; Ki-67 antigen; staining and labeling; cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; pregnant women; forecasting
宮頸液基細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查是產(chǎn)前體檢中的一項(xiàng)常規(guī)檢測(cè),細(xì)胞學(xué)涂片檢查異常在妊娠期間常被診斷,但診斷的準(zhǔn)確性可能會(huì)因妊娠相關(guān)改變而降低[1]。診斷的不確定性和是否需要進(jìn)一步的臨床干預(yù)常困擾著產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生,并增加了孕婦的心理壓力。目前,宮頸癌篩查正由細(xì)胞形態(tài)篩查轉(zhuǎn)向以高危型人乳頭瘤病毒(HR-HPV)為基礎(chǔ)的分子學(xué)篩查[2-3],其中重要的進(jìn)展之一是應(yīng)用免疫組織化學(xué)方法同時(shí)定性檢測(cè)P16和Ki-67[4-7]。到目前為止,還沒(méi)有關(guān)于這一方法用于產(chǎn)前檢查方面的報(bào)道。本研究通過(guò)分析雙染結(jié)果與產(chǎn)后組織學(xué)診斷的一致性,來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)p16/Ki-67雙染對(duì)細(xì)胞學(xué)異常孕婦產(chǎn)后組織學(xué)結(jié)果的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值?,F(xiàn)將結(jié)果報(bào)告如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
2018年5月—2019年2月,選取在我院行宮頸脫落細(xì)胞涂片檢查結(jié)果異常的孕早期(孕17周前)婦女53例,年齡21~34歲,中位年齡26歲。本組孕婦均作進(jìn)一步的臨床評(píng)估,進(jìn)行陰道鏡檢查并取樣脫落細(xì)胞,每月重復(fù)一次陰道鏡檢查,排除進(jìn)展和侵襲。產(chǎn)后6周行陰道鏡檢查,行宮頸活檢并送病理檢查。
1.2 細(xì)胞學(xué)和組織學(xué)診斷
所有細(xì)胞學(xué)玻片均由兩名高年資細(xì)胞病理醫(yī)師進(jìn)行重復(fù)檢查,其診斷分為低度鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(LSIL)、高度鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(HSIL)、不典型鱗狀細(xì)胞-傾向高度鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(ASC-H)和不典型鱗狀細(xì)胞(ASC-US)?;顧z標(biāo)本由兩名高年資病理醫(yī)師在不知原細(xì)胞學(xué)診斷的情況下進(jìn)行病理診斷,分為無(wú)宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤變(無(wú)CIN)、宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤變Ⅰ級(jí)(CIN1)、宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤變Ⅱ級(jí)(CIN2)和宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤變Ⅲ級(jí)(CIN3)。
1.3 p16/Ki-67雙染
對(duì)原液基細(xì)胞學(xué)玻片進(jìn)行褪色處理并行免疫組織化學(xué)染色。使用CINtec plus細(xì)胞學(xué)試劑盒(羅氏公司,p16(克隆系E6H4)和Ki-67(克隆系274-11 AC3)混合后的雞尾酒抗體),根據(jù)制造商的說(shuō)明使用自動(dòng)染色機(jī)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。免疫組織化學(xué)染色結(jié)果判斷參考文獻(xiàn)方法[8]:細(xì)胞質(zhì)和(或)細(xì)胞核棕色染色表示p16過(guò)表達(dá),細(xì)胞核紅色染色表示Ki-67過(guò)表達(dá)。在同一個(gè)細(xì)胞中同時(shí)存在特異性棕色胞質(zhì)染色和特異性紅色胞核染色,結(jié)果為陽(yáng)性;若無(wú)細(xì)胞內(nèi)染色,或同一細(xì)胞內(nèi)僅有一種標(biāo)記物有免疫反應(yīng)性(僅棕色胞漿染色或僅紅色胞核染色),結(jié)果為陰性[9]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 13.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,計(jì)數(shù)資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),產(chǎn)后組織學(xué)和p16/Ki-67雙染結(jié)果相關(guān)性分析采用Spearman秩相關(guān)分析,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) 果
所有孕婦產(chǎn)前陰道鏡檢查結(jié)果滿意,無(wú)宮頸侵犯及進(jìn)展跡象,均生產(chǎn)一名健康的嬰兒。
2.1 產(chǎn)前p16/Ki-67雙染與產(chǎn)后組織學(xué)結(jié)果關(guān)系
由于技術(shù)問(wèn)題,10例p16/Ki-67雙染無(wú)法評(píng)價(jià)(染色過(guò)程中蓋玻片滑落和細(xì)胞褪色可能會(huì)影響染色的質(zhì)量,導(dǎo)致染色不充分和不確定)。其余43例中,p16/Ki-67雙染陽(yáng)性30例,陰性13例。30例雙染陽(yáng)性者產(chǎn)后組織學(xué)診斷為CIN1者3例(10.0%),CIN2者7例(23.3%),CIN3者20例(66.7%);13例雙染陰性者產(chǎn)后組織學(xué)診斷為無(wú)CIN者9例(69.2%),CIN1者4例(30.8%)。4組不同組織學(xué)級(jí)別病人雙染陽(yáng)性率比較差異具有顯著性(χ2=44.174,P<0.001),產(chǎn)后組織學(xué)和p16/Ki-67雙染結(jié)果間的列聯(lián)系數(shù)為0.669,二者之間存在顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系(r=0.530,P<0.001)。p16/Ki-67雙染診斷CIN2+CIN3的靈敏度和特異度分別為69.2%(27/32)和90.0%(27/30)。見表1。
2.2 CIN1和無(wú)CIN孕婦產(chǎn)前p16/Ki-67雙染與細(xì)胞學(xué)診斷的關(guān)系
本組產(chǎn)后組織學(xué)診斷為CIN1和無(wú)CIN孕婦共21例,其中細(xì)胞學(xué)診斷為ASC-H或HSIL者共10例,過(guò)診斷的比例高達(dá)48%。過(guò)診斷10例孕婦其p16/Ki-67雙染結(jié)果除2例因技術(shù)問(wèn)題不能明確外,其余8例雙染結(jié)果均為陰性。見表2。
3 討 論
宮頸細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查是一種敏感性和特異性有限的篩查方法[10],容易造成誤診以及漏診[11-12]。FA-KHRELDIN等[13]研究顯示,細(xì)胞學(xué)診斷ASC-US者,活檢結(jié)果包括宮頸炎、宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤變及宮頸癌。細(xì)胞學(xué)診斷ASC-H是一個(gè)不確定的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)結(jié)果,需要病人做陰道鏡及活檢以進(jìn)一步排查。雖然人乳頭瘤病毒(HPV)檢測(cè)增加了敏感性,但其特異性受到限制[14],難以將單純病毒感染和趨向癌變準(zhǔn)確區(qū)分開。宮頸癌的發(fā)展是一個(gè)由HPV感染到癌變的進(jìn)展性過(guò)程[15],而年輕人群HPV一過(guò)性感染高發(fā),多會(huì)自行消退而不進(jìn)展為宮頸癌[16]。因此,需要一種高特異性的方法來(lái)輔助診斷,提高細(xì)胞學(xué)診斷的準(zhǔn)確性。
在正常生理?xiàng)l件下,增殖標(biāo)記物Ki-67和抗增殖標(biāo)記物p16彼此相互排斥[17]。同一細(xì)胞內(nèi)同時(shí)過(guò)表達(dá)Ki-67和p16與細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控失常有關(guān),提示HPV的轉(zhuǎn)化性感染[18],此時(shí)導(dǎo)致病變的細(xì)胞不斷分裂且具有致癌潛能。故通過(guò)檢測(cè)這兩種標(biāo)志物的共表達(dá),可以獲得高效的、與形態(tài)學(xué)無(wú)關(guān)的標(biāo)記物,檢出存在HSIL高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的婦女[19-20]。多項(xiàng)國(guó)內(nèi)外研究顯示,p16/Ki-67雙染對(duì)HSIL及宮頸癌的診斷具有較高的特異性[21-26]。
在大多數(shù)國(guó)家,妊娠早期的細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查是常規(guī)產(chǎn)前篩查的一部分,而異常的宮頸細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查結(jié)果可導(dǎo)致病人焦慮[27]。HPV感染在妊娠和產(chǎn)后可能消退、持續(xù)或進(jìn)展,大多數(shù)細(xì)胞學(xué)涂片異常與LSIL有關(guān)且多數(shù)可以自行消退[28-30]。妊娠期間細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查疑似HSIL的婦女推薦重復(fù)陰道鏡檢查。然而,由于生理妊娠的改變,細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查的準(zhǔn)確性可能會(huì)受到影響[30]。退變的蛻膜細(xì)胞或成簇的細(xì)胞滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞可與HSIL宮頸細(xì)胞相似,基層醫(yī)院可能將其判讀為ASC-H或HSIL。孕期細(xì)胞形態(tài)學(xué)的多種改變給準(zhǔn)確判讀帶來(lái)挑戰(zhàn),而診斷準(zhǔn)確性降低導(dǎo)致對(duì)疾病嚴(yán)重程度的高估或低估。
宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤變是宮頸癌前病變的總稱[31]。本研究對(duì)產(chǎn)前細(xì)胞學(xué)異常標(biāo)本的回顧性分析顯示,雙染陽(yáng)性與產(chǎn)后宮頸活檢宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤變之間有顯著的相關(guān)性,所有經(jīng)組織學(xué)證實(shí)的產(chǎn)后CIN2或者CIN3病例除少數(shù)雙染不能明確外,其余雙染均為陽(yáng)性。在CIN2以下病變中,有近一半細(xì)胞學(xué)診斷為ASC-H或HSIL,過(guò)診斷比例很高,其雙染結(jié)果除2例不能明確外,其余8例雙染結(jié)果均為陰性。提示通過(guò)雙染排除非HSIL的病例,可提高細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查的特異性,這對(duì)提高宮頸癌篩查的準(zhǔn)確性具有一定的意義[32]。在細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查難以判讀的情況下,雙染可以輔助診斷,改變?cè)衅谝夯?xì)胞學(xué)檢查結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確性不高的現(xiàn)狀。因此,p16/Ki-67雙染可幫助識(shí)別真正存在HSIL的孕婦,讓實(shí)際沒(méi)有病變的孕婦避免做活檢,可能是進(jìn)一步臨床干預(yù)和產(chǎn)后組織學(xué)預(yù)測(cè)的一個(gè)很好的指標(biāo)。樣本量小、染色技術(shù)的問(wèn)題使本研究結(jié)果受到限制,今后將進(jìn)一步完善實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),如進(jìn)行前瞻性研究及技術(shù)改進(jìn)等,更好地研究p16/Ki-67雙染細(xì)胞學(xué)的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
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(本文編輯 馬偉平)
青島大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版)2021年2期