韓寧 陳瑩瑩 趙娜 趙紅陽(yáng) 胡亞琪 魏團(tuán)君
【摘要】 目的:評(píng)估孕婦血清易栓三項(xiàng)[蛋白C(protein C,PC)、蛋白S(protein S,PS)、抗凝血酶Ⅲ(antithrombin-Ⅲ,AT-Ⅲ)]聯(lián)合同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)對(duì)存在高危因素的孕婦發(fā)生胎兒生長(zhǎng)受限(fetal growth restriction,F(xiàn)GR)的臨床預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,為FGR早期診治提供參考。方法:選擇2018年
9月-2020年3月于本院產(chǎn)科進(jìn)行圍產(chǎn)保健的存在FGR高危因素的孕婦120例為研究對(duì)象,所有孕婦于孕11~20周抽取靜脈血檢測(cè)PS、PC、AT-Ⅲ活性及Hcy水平,并隨訪至胎兒娩出,其中3例脫落,39例發(fā)生FGR者作為病例組,78例胎兒發(fā)育正常者為對(duì)照組。比較兩組孕11~20周血清PC、PS、AT-Ⅲ及Hcy水平。采用多因素logistic回歸分析確定FGR發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,繪制受試者工作曲線(xiàn)(ROC),記錄曲線(xiàn)下面積(AUC),分析PC、PS、AT-Ⅲ及Hcy預(yù)測(cè)FGR發(fā)生的臨床價(jià)值。結(jié)果:病例組Hcy水平高于對(duì)照組,PC與AT-Ⅲ活性均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,血清Hcy及AT-Ⅲ是FGR發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。ROC曲線(xiàn)分析表明,Hcy及AT-Ⅲ單獨(dú)檢測(cè)預(yù)測(cè)FGR的AUC分別為0.761、0.811,聯(lián)合檢測(cè)預(yù)測(cè)FGR的AUC為0.892。結(jié)論:血清Hcy及AT-Ⅲ是發(fā)生FGR的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,兩者聯(lián)合檢測(cè)對(duì)FGR預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值較高。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 胎兒生長(zhǎng)受限 蛋白C 抗凝血酶Ⅲ 同型半胱氨酸
Predictive Value of Homocysteine Combined with Three Indicators of Thrombophilia for Fetal Growth Restriction/HAN Ning, CHEN Yingying, ZHAO Na, ZHAO Hongyang, HU Yaqi, WEI Tuanjun. //Medical Innovation of China, 2021, 18(13): 00-010
[Abstract] Objective: To evaluate the clinical predictive value of maternal serum three indicators of thrombophilia [protein C (PC), protein S (PS), antithrombin-Ⅲ (AT-Ⅲ)] combined with homocysteine (Hcy) in the occurrence of fetal growth restriction (FGR) in pregnant women with high risk factors, so as to provide reference for the early diagnosis and treatment of FGR. Method: A total of 120 pregnant women with high risk factors for FGR who received perinatal health care in the obstetrics department of our hospital from September 2018 to March 2020 were selected as the research subjects. All pregnant women were sampled from 11 to 20 weeks of pregnancy to detect the activity of PS, PC, AT-Ⅲ and Hcy level, and followed up until the delivery of the fetus, of which 3 cases fell out, and 39 cases with FGR were taken as the case group. 78 cases of normal fetal development were the control group. The serum levels of PC, PS, AT-Ⅲ and Hcy were compared between the two groups at 11 to 20 weeks of gestation. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent risk factors for the occurrence of FGR. Receiver operating curve (ROC) was drawn and the area under the curve (AUC) was recorded. The clinical value of PC, PS, AT-Ⅲ and Hcy in predicting the occurrence of FGR was analyzed. Result: The level of Hcy in the case group was higher than that in the control group, and the activities of PC and AT-Ⅲ in the case group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that serum Hcy and AT-Ⅲ were independent risk factors for FGR (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC of FGR predicted by Hcy and AT-Ⅲ alone detection was 0.761 and 0.811, respectively, and the AUC of FGR predicted by combined detection was 0.892. Conclusion: Serum Hcy and AT-Ⅲ are independent risk factors for the occurrence of FGR, and their combined detection is of high predictive value for FGR.
[Key words] Fetal growth restriction Protein C Autoprothrombin-Ⅲ Homocysteine
First-authors address: The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.13.002
胎兒生長(zhǎng)受限(fetal growth restriction,F(xiàn)GR)指胎兒應(yīng)有的生長(zhǎng)潛力受損,估測(cè)的胎兒體重小于同孕齡的第十百分位的小于孕齡兒,是胎兒宮內(nèi)死亡和腦癱的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,并可能增加胎兒遠(yuǎn)期患心血管、內(nèi)分泌等相關(guān)疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[1-3]。近年來(lái),妊娠期血栓前狀態(tài)與子癇前期、胎盤(pán)早剝、FGR和死產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的關(guān)系已成為許多研究的主題[4]。但目前關(guān)于Hcy聯(lián)合AT-Ⅲ預(yù)測(cè)FGR方面的研究尚未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。抗凝血酶缺陷、PC、PS缺乏及血清Hcy濃度高都是妊娠相關(guān)易栓癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素[5-9]。本研究旨在探究妊娠早期PC、PS、AT-Ⅲ及Hcy與FGR的相關(guān)性并分析其臨床預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,以提高FGR的檢出率,并可以及時(shí)給予相關(guān)的干預(yù)措施,以降低圍產(chǎn)兒不良妊娠結(jié)局的發(fā)生。現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2018年9月-2020年3月于本院產(chǎn)科進(jìn)行圍產(chǎn)保健的存在FGR高危因素的孕婦120例為研究對(duì)象。FGR診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):根據(jù)第九版人衛(wèi)版《婦產(chǎn)科學(xué)》診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)即胎兒出生體重小于同胎齡體重第10百分位數(shù)的新生兒。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):?jiǎn)翁?,胎兒無(wú)重大畸形及染色體異常;末次月經(jīng)明確或通過(guò)早期超聲核準(zhǔn)實(shí)際孕周;具有FGR發(fā)病的危險(xiǎn)因素,年齡≥35歲、低出生體重或小于胎齡兒分娩史、輔助生殖技術(shù)受孕史、胎盤(pán)早剝病史、孕早期保胎史、死胎死產(chǎn)史及不良孕產(chǎn)史等[1];無(wú)長(zhǎng)期抽煙及嗜酒史。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):孕期未規(guī)律補(bǔ)充葉酸;有嚴(yán)重內(nèi)外科相關(guān)合并癥。所有孕婦及家屬均知情同意并簽署知情同意書(shū),本次研究經(jīng)鄭州大學(xué)第三附屬醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 方法 所有孕婦于孕11~20周抽取空腹靜脈血檢測(cè)易栓三項(xiàng)及Hcy水平。PS、PC、AT-Ⅲ活性檢測(cè):血樣通過(guò)德國(guó)Eppendorf Centrifuge 5415R低溫高速離心機(jī)以3 000 r/min的速度離心10 min,分離上清液,經(jīng)日本Sysmex CA-7000型全自動(dòng)血凝儀及相應(yīng)試劑盒,按照試劑盒及儀器說(shuō)明操作檢測(cè)血漿PS(凝固法)、PC、AT-Ⅲ(發(fā)色底物法)的活性。Hcy測(cè)定:血樣通過(guò)德國(guó)Eppendorf Centrifuge 5415R低溫高速離心機(jī)以3 000 r/min的速度離心10 min,分離上清液在-20 ℃下保存,使用酶轉(zhuǎn)換法測(cè)量Hcy濃度。所有孕婦隨訪至胎兒娩出,其中隨訪丟失2例,臨床資料不全者1例,39例發(fā)生FGR者作為病例組,78例胎兒發(fā)育正常者為對(duì)照組。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 21.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)。獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素采用logistic回歸分析,用比值比(OR)及其95%可信區(qū)間(CI)表示相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)度,并繪制受試者作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲線(xiàn),計(jì)算曲線(xiàn)下面積(area under the curve,AUC),分析指標(biāo)對(duì)發(fā)生FGR的預(yù)測(cè)能力。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較 兩組年齡、相關(guān)指標(biāo)檢測(cè)時(shí)孕周及孕前BMI比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 兩組孕11~20周易栓三項(xiàng)及Hcy水平比較 病例組Hcy高于對(duì)照組,PC與AT-Ⅲ活性均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組PS活性比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 FGR多因素logistic回歸分析 以單因素分析中有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的變量為自變量,以是否發(fā)生FGR為因變量(是=1,否=0),將Hcy、PC及AT-Ⅲ作為自變量進(jìn)行多因素logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示,Hcy及AT-Ⅲ為FGR的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表3。
2.4 Hcy及AT-Ⅲ預(yù)測(cè)發(fā)生FGR的效能分析 用ROC曲線(xiàn)得到孕婦血清Hcy預(yù)測(cè)FGR的AUC為0.761[95%CI(0.673,0.835),P<0.05],Hcy最大Youden指數(shù)所對(duì)應(yīng)的截?cái)嘀禐?.5 mmol/L,其預(yù)測(cè)FGR的敏感度為48.7%,特異度為92.3%;AT-Ⅲ的AUC為0.811[95%CI(0.728,0.878),P<0.05],最大Youden指數(shù)所對(duì)應(yīng)的截?cái)嘀?6.6%,敏感度為84.6%、特異度73.0%。建立logistic回歸模型,將Hcy與AT-Ⅲ聯(lián)合通過(guò)ROC曲線(xiàn)分析得出聯(lián)合指標(biāo)預(yù)測(cè)FGR的AUC為0.892[95%CI(0.821,0.941),P<0.05],敏感度為97.4%,特異度為64.1%。見(jiàn)圖1。
3 討論
FGR可導(dǎo)致胎兒宮內(nèi)窘迫、突發(fā)胎兒宮內(nèi)死亡、甚至造成胎兒肺、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等發(fā)育不健全,并與兒童及成年期遠(yuǎn)期并發(fā)癥密切相關(guān)。因此,臨床上需要有效預(yù)測(cè)FGR的發(fā)生,從而找到相應(yīng)的干預(yù)措施,降低圍產(chǎn)期患兒的不良結(jié)局。研究表明,妊娠期婦女本身處于高凝狀態(tài),若凝血和抗凝系統(tǒng)處于失衡狀態(tài),使機(jī)體處于血栓前狀態(tài),導(dǎo)致血流緩慢,胎盤(pán)內(nèi)可能形成微血栓,造成胎盤(pán)出現(xiàn)梗死灶,進(jìn)而影響部分胎盤(pán)功能,導(dǎo)致FGR的發(fā)生[10]。
PC、PS和AT-Ⅲ是體液的抗凝系統(tǒng)中的重要因子。當(dāng)血液被激活時(shí),血栓調(diào)節(jié)蛋白(TM)在微循環(huán)中捕獲循環(huán)凝血酶的痕跡,通過(guò)其將PC活化為活化的蛋白C(APC)的能力使凝血酶成為抗凝血?jiǎng)miral等[11]的研究提示PS不僅可作為APC的輔助因子,還可作為組織因子途徑抑制劑的輔助因子。此外,它通過(guò)與C4b-BP的結(jié)合在補(bǔ)體途徑中發(fā)揮作用。AT可以抑制已活化的凝血因子Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ、Ⅻ等,占體內(nèi)抗凝活性的70%左右[12]。Li等[13]的研究提示PC、PS和AT-Ⅲ的變化直接影響凝血-抗凝血機(jī)制的平衡,一旦該平衡被打破,抗凝功能減弱,機(jī)體處于血栓前狀態(tài)。機(jī)體血栓前狀態(tài)可導(dǎo)致胎盤(pán)灌注不良,從而發(fā)生FGR。
本研究結(jié)果示病例組PC及AT-Ⅲ顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。FGR孕婦PC及AT-Ⅲ減少可能與患者體內(nèi)凝血因子活性增強(qiáng)導(dǎo)致凝血酶大量生成,消耗了AT-Ⅲ,且大量的PC被內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞釋放的TM活化為APC。當(dāng)消耗了大量的AT-Ⅲ和PC,機(jī)體血栓前狀態(tài),抗凝功能明顯減退,凝血與抗凝系統(tǒng)失衡,從而加重其血栓形成傾向,導(dǎo)致血流緩慢,在母體-胎盤(pán)交界處形成血栓,子宮胎盤(pán)血流量減少,進(jìn)而影響胎兒宮內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育[14]。本研究病例組PS較對(duì)照組無(wú)明顯差異(P>0.05),因此,PS對(duì)FGR的影響機(jī)制還有待于進(jìn)一步探討。
育齡期的婦女是葉酸缺乏的高危人群,葉酸缺乏可能與早產(chǎn)、新生兒出生低體重、出生缺陷以及遠(yuǎn)期智力發(fā)育障礙等相關(guān)[15-16]。Marco[17]研究表明高同型半胱氨酸血癥與靜脈血栓形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高相關(guān)。孕婦妊娠早期Hcy水平升高會(huì)影響胎兒的宮內(nèi)生長(zhǎng),使FGR的發(fā)生率增高[18]。Hcy可導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮損傷,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷導(dǎo)致PC活化降低,并抑制TM的表達(dá),促進(jìn)高凝狀態(tài),也降低了纖維蛋白溶解活性,白細(xì)胞遷移和血小板黏附導(dǎo)致微血栓形成和組織缺氧,胎盤(pán)灌注受損和氧化應(yīng)激,從而導(dǎo)致胎兒循環(huán)衰竭,氧、營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)等胎兒宮內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)的供應(yīng)受到影響,從而導(dǎo)致FGR[19-20]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,病例組血漿Hcy、PC及AT-Ⅲ與對(duì)照組比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),通過(guò)logistic回歸分析得出Hcy及AT-Ⅲ為FGR發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。病例組Hcy水平高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),Hcy預(yù)測(cè)效能敏感度48.7%、特異度92.3%。病例組AT-Ⅲ水平低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),預(yù)測(cè)效能敏感度84.6%、特異度73.0%。血清Hcy聯(lián)合AT-Ⅲ水平預(yù)測(cè)FGR的AUC為0.892,敏感度97.4%,特異度64.1%。聯(lián)合預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值高于任一單項(xiàng)預(yù)測(cè)。
綜上所述,孕婦妊娠早期血漿Hcy及AT-Ⅲ與FGR的發(fā)生相關(guān),并且Hcy聯(lián)合AT-Ⅲ對(duì)FGR的發(fā)生預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值較高。本研究納入研究對(duì)象較少,小樣本以及地區(qū)的差異可能導(dǎo)致結(jié)果存在一定的偏差,孕婦血漿Hcy及易栓三項(xiàng)對(duì)FGR發(fā)生的相關(guān)機(jī)制,有待更大樣本多中心試驗(yàn)探討。本研究首次結(jié)合同型半胱氨酸及臨床血栓前狀態(tài)相關(guān)指標(biāo)評(píng)估預(yù)測(cè)的效果,具有一定創(chuàng)新性和先進(jìn)性。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]謝幸,孔北華.婦產(chǎn)科學(xué)[M].9版.北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,2018:135.
[2]趙建林,漆洪波.美國(guó)婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)“胎兒生長(zhǎng)受限指南(2019)”解讀[J].中國(guó)實(shí)用婦科與產(chǎn)科雜志,2019,35(10):1123-1125.
[3] Nardozza L M,Caetano A C,Zamarian A C,et al.Fetal growth restriction:current knowledge[J].Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics,2017,295(5):1061-1077.
[4] Weiner Z,Beck-Fruchter R,Weiss A,et al.Thrombophilia and stillbirth:possible connection by intrauterine growth restriction[J].BJOG,2004,111(8):780-783.
[5]王楠,王妍,趙揚(yáng)玉.蛋白S缺乏癥與產(chǎn)科并發(fā)癥研究現(xiàn)狀[J].中國(guó)婦產(chǎn)科臨床雜志,2018,19(3):280-281.
[6] Sedano-Balbás S,Lyons M,Cleary B,et al.Acquired activated protein C resistance,thrombophilia and adverse pregnancy outcomes:a study performed in an Irish cohort of pregnant women[J].Journal of Pregnancy,2011(2011):232840.
[7] Uski D D,Mierzyński R,Ek-Czajkowska,E P,et al.Adverse pregnancy outcomes and inherited thrombophilia[J].Journal of Perinatal Medicine,2018,46(4):411-417.
[8] Azzini E,Ruggeri S,Polito A.Homocysteine:Its Possible Emerging Role in At-Risk Population Groups[J].Int J Mol Sci,2020,21(4):1421.
[9] Yeter A,Topcu H O,Guzel A I,et al.Maternal plasma homocysteine levels in intrauterine growth retardation[J].The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine,2015,28(6):709-712.
[10] Ebina Y,Ieko M,Naito S,et al.Low levels of plasma protein S,protein C and coagulation factor XII during early pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcome[J].Thromb Haemost,2015,114(1):65-69.
[11] Amiral J,Seghatchian J.Revisiting the activated protein C-protein S-thrombomodulin ternary pathway:Impact of new understanding on its laboratory investigation[J].Transfusion and Apheresis Science,2019,58(4):538-544.
[12] Chakrabarti R,Das S K.Advances in Antithrombotic Agents[J].Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem,2007,5(3):175-185.
[13] Li Z,Tang L,Xu B,et al.Prethrombotic status and long-time thromboembolic events in primary hypertensive patients with or without elevated homocysteine level[J].Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi,2015,43(4):297-303.
[14]董艷玲,漆洪波.ACOG“妊娠期遺傳性易栓癥指南(2018)”解讀[J].中國(guó)實(shí)用婦科與產(chǎn)科雜志,2019,35(3):46-51.
[15] Jessica G,Vicki C.A Review of the Impact of Dietary Intakes in Human Pregnancy on Infant Birthweight[J].Nutrients,2014,7(1):153-178.
[16] Gomes T S,Lindner U,Tennekoon K H,et al.Homocysteine in small-for-gestational age and appropriate-for-gestational age preterm neonates from mothers receiving folic acid supplementation[J].Clin Chem Lab Med,2010,48(8):1157-1161.
[17] Marco C.Hyperhomocysteinemia,atherosclerosis and thrombosis[J].Thrombosis & Haemostasis,1999,82(2):165-176.
[18]樂(lè)元芬.胎兒生長(zhǎng)受限孕婦妊娠晚期血清同型半胱氨酸表達(dá)水平及意義[J].中國(guó)婦幼保健,2017,32(6):1184-1185.
[19]李雁,劉洪濤,李麗,等.胎兒生長(zhǎng)受限胎盤(pán)及正常足月胎兒胎盤(pán)中激活素受體的表達(dá)水平及其臨床分析[J].中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新,2015,12(17):12-14.
[20]梅耀玲.低分子肝素治療胎兒生長(zhǎng)受限的臨床效果分析[J].中外醫(yī)學(xué)研究,2019,17(2):8-10.
(收稿日期:2020-10-09) (本文編輯:田婧)
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新2021年13期