余慧華
虛擬語氣被用來表達(dá)主觀愿望、猜測、建議或與事實相反的情況,以此來表達(dá)說話人的主觀和真實態(tài)度。掌握虛擬語氣的用法和意義將極大地幫助我們理解說話人當(dāng)時的真實情感,對聽力理解、閱讀理解大有助力。在書面表達(dá)中適時、準(zhǔn)確地使用虛擬語氣,也可令文章句式更加豐富,語氣更加委婉,為書面表達(dá)增添光彩。
由于漢語中沒有虛擬語氣這個語法概念,同學(xué)們往往不容易把握其用法。本文結(jié)合經(jīng)典例句,幫助大家進(jìn)一步理解虛擬語氣的用法。
一、虛擬語氣在狀語從句中的用法
1.條件句中的虛擬語氣
(1)含有if條件狀語從句的虛擬語氣
這是虛擬語氣最普遍的表達(dá)形式,虛擬語氣中主句和條件狀語從句的謂語動詞構(gòu)成的具體情形見表1:
例1.If Sam were here, he would be so excited about meeting a famous scholar in the flesh.(人教版Book6 Unit1 Discovering useful structure)如果Sam在這里,他可以見到這位著名學(xué)者本人準(zhǔn)會非常激動。
例 2.If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures.(人教版Book6 Unit1 Reading)如果沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)透視法,人們就不可能畫出如此逼真的畫。
例3.If it were to rain tomorrow, they would not go out.(人教版Appendices)萬一明天下雨,他們就不出去了。
(2)if虛擬條件句的省略與倒裝
在具體語境中,為了句子結(jié)構(gòu)的簡潔,if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句常常省略if,并將從句中的were, had, should 提前。
例4.Were Sam here, he would be so excited about meeting a famous scholar in the flesh.(例1改編)如果Sam在這里,他可以見到這位著名學(xué)者本人準(zhǔn)會非常激動。
例5.Had the rules of perspective not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures.(例2改編)如果沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)透視法,人們就不可能畫出如此逼真的畫。
例6.Were it to rain tomorrow, they would not go out.(例3改編)萬一明天下雨,他們就不出去了。
(3)混合虛擬語氣
在具體的表達(dá)情境中,還會出現(xiàn)虛擬條件狀語從句表示的動作與主句表示的動作發(fā)生的時間不一致的情況。這時,我們要根據(jù)它們所表示的時間做出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。
例7.If I had listened to her suggestion yesterday(過去), the accident would not happen(現(xiàn)在).如果昨天我聽從了她的建議,就不會發(fā)生這次事故了。
例8.If I didnt get injured in the accident (現(xiàn)在), I could take part in the marathon next week(將來). 如果我沒有在事故中受傷,我就能參加下周的馬拉松。
(4)含蓄虛擬語氣
虛擬條件有時不直接用if從句表達(dá)出來,而是通過一些介詞短語或連詞(如without, but for,otherwise, or 等)來暗示或上下文來表示,有時還可以用分詞短語或獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來體現(xiàn)。
例9.He would have played but for (要不是)a knee injury.他要不是膝部有傷的話,就上場了。
例10.The workers were not better organized, otherwise (要不然,相當(dāng)于if the workers had been organized better)they would have accomplished the task in half the time.(2019年天津卷改編)這些工人們沒有組織好,要不然他們只需一半的時間就能完成任務(wù)。
例11.Meeting him somewhere else (相當(dāng)于if I had met him somewhere), I wouldnt have recognized him.要是在別處遇到,我肯定認(rèn)不出他來。
例12.Everything taken into consideration (相當(dāng)于if everything had been taken into consideration), the accident wouldnt have happened.如果把一切考慮周全,事故就不會發(fā)生。
2.其他狀語從句中的虛擬語氣
(1)as if引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中,從句的謂語動詞存在三種情況:與現(xiàn)在事實相反,用一般過去時;與過去事實相反,用過去完成時;與將來事實相反,用過去將來時。
例13.They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long.他們開始熱聊了起來,一見如故。
例14.He treats me well as if I were his daughter.他把我當(dāng)他女兒一樣善待。
【注意】有時候as if從句中并沒有表示虛擬,而是表示一種判斷,那么就不必使用虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)了。例如:
例15.It sounds as if it is raining.聽起來像是在下雨。(事實如何并不明確,只是說話人的一種判斷與推測)
(2)在含有even if引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句的句子中,主從句的謂語動詞也存在三種情況,如表2所示:
例16.Even if he were rich, I wouldnt marry him.就算他很有錢,我也不會嫁給他。
(3)in case,for fear that,lest,in order that,so that等引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句時,從句中的謂語動詞要用“should/could/would/might+動詞原形”。
例17.I obeyed her lest she should be angry.我得順著她,免得她生氣。
例18.I gave you a map so that you wouldnt get lost.我給你一張地圖免得你迷路了。
二、虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的用法
虛擬語氣除了在條件狀語從句中頻繁使用,還常常出現(xiàn)在各種名詞性從句中。常見的幾種情形如下:
1.賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
(1)四類動詞后的賓語從句中的謂語動詞需使用should+動詞原形的形式來表示虛擬,should可以省略。這四類動詞主要有:一“堅持”(insist),三“命令”(command, direct, order),四“建議”(advise, propose, recommend, suggest),六“要求”(ask, desire, demand, request, require,urge)。
例19.At that time, my father suggested that I (should) set a clear goal and struggle for it.(2020全國卷I)那時候,父親建議我樹立明確的目標(biāo)并為之努力奮斗。
例20.The teacher insisted that we (should) take an active part in social activities.老師要求我們積極參加社會活動。
【注意】當(dāng)suggest表示“暗示,表明”之意,? insist表示“堅持某種看法或主張”,或者其后賓語從句中的謂語動詞的動作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)發(fā)生或存在時,賓語從句不用虛擬語氣。
例 21.Mike insisted what he saw was a wolf and that we should stay far away from the valley.Mike堅持說他所見到的是一匹狼,堅決要我們遠(yuǎn)離村莊。
例22.Her yawn suggests that she is sleepy.她打哈欠表示她很困了。
(2)wish, if only(=how I wish)后的從句中的謂語動詞形式如表3所示:
表3 wish, if only后從句的虛擬語氣形式
wish, if only后從句謂語動詞形式
表示現(xiàn)在情況 動詞過去式
表示過去情況 had+過去分詞
could have+過去分詞
表示未來情況 would/could/might+動詞原形
例23.I wish she would wake up.She is so naive.(將來)
她實在太幼稚了,我希望她能醒悟過來。
例24.I wish I had told you about it yesterday.(過去)
我希望我昨天告知你了。
例25.I wish the boring lecture were over.(現(xiàn)在)
我希望這無聊的講座結(jié)束。
例26.How I wish I could have been at my sisters wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.(過去) (2015年天津卷改編)我多希望我上周二能夠參加姐姐的婚禮啊!但是我當(dāng)時在紐約出差。
(3)would rather后的賓語從句中的謂語動詞常用過去時表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r,用過去完成時表示過去的情況。
例27.I would rather you hadnt told me the truth.(過去)
我寧愿你們沒有告訴我真相。
例28.We would rather our father stayed at home with us, but he left us last year.(現(xiàn)在)我們但愿我們的父親與我們在一起,可是他去年已經(jīng)去世了。
2.表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬語氣
在表示“堅持、命令、要求、建議”的名詞(如suggest, advice,proposal,recommendation, order,instruction,direction,requirement,request等)后that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句中,或者當(dāng)這些名詞作主語時,其后的表語從句中的謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣,由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成,此處should可以省略。
例29.We accepted his suggestion that the patient (should) be sent to hospital at once.我們接受了他立刻把病人送往醫(yī)院的建議。
例 30.His suggestion is that the patient (should) be sent to hospital at once.他的建議是立刻把病人送往醫(yī)院。
3.主語從句中的虛擬語氣
(1)在 It be+suggested/advised/proposed/ordered/demanded/required that...句型中that引導(dǎo)的主語從句中的謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣,由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成,此處should可以省略。
例31.It is proposed that systematic research (should) be done on the wildlife protection. 有人提議要系統(tǒng)地研究一下野生動物保護(hù)的問題。
(2)在It be+adj.(necessary, good, important, essential, urgent, vital, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, appropriate, desirable, funny, strange, surprising, etc.)+that...句型中that引導(dǎo)的主語從句中的謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣,由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成,此處should可以省略。
例32.Most importantly, its vital that you (should) mind the table manners.(2018年課標(biāo)全國卷I)最重要的是,你們要注意餐桌禮儀。
例33.Its strange that he should have taken the books without the owners permission.(2018年江蘇卷)奇怪的是,他竟然沒有得到主人的同意就把書給拿走了。
4.定語從句中的虛擬語氣
在It is (high/about)time that ...句型中,that引導(dǎo)的定語從句的謂語部分要用虛擬語氣,多用動詞的過去式構(gòu)成,也可由should+動詞原形構(gòu)成,此處should不可省略。
例34.Its high time that we should attach importance to exercise/attached importance to exercise.我們應(yīng)該重視鍛煉了。
三、虛擬語氣用來表示祝愿、詛咒、禁止等
例35.Long live world peace!世界和平萬歲!
例36.God bless you!上帝保佑!
例37.May you be happy all your life!祝你永遠(yuǎn)幸福!
四、虛擬語氣解題技巧
1.正確理解句子,把握說話人的語氣
我們在聽或讀句子的時候,一定要準(zhǔn)確把握說話者的語氣,從說話者的角度去考慮問題,結(jié)合具體的語境來分析和判斷說話人想要表達(dá)的真實意思。我們來看一道聽力題:
例38.What does the woman suggest the man do? (2016年新課標(biāo)全國卷I聽力3)
A. Tell Kate to stop.? B. Call Kates friends.? C. Stay away from Kate.
聽力材料如下:
一It really annoys me when Kate calls her friends during office hours.
一If I were you, I would tell her to stop.
一Maybe you are right. I will talk to her sometime.
在這段對話中,說話人利用虛擬語氣來提供建議。如果把這一點理解了,那么就很容易選擇正確答案A了。
2.分析語境,明確時間信息
解題時要認(rèn)真分析語境,確定與虛擬語氣對應(yīng)的真實情況所發(fā)生的時間,然后根據(jù)其規(guī)則來確定應(yīng)該使用的動詞形式。因此,我們還要熟練掌握各類主從句中虛擬語氣的動詞形式。
例39. If the new safety system had been put to use, the accident would never have happened.如果新的安全系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)投入使用,那場事故就不會發(fā)生了。(結(jié)合語境,我們可以分析出主從句都是對過去事實的虛擬)
例40.Maybe if I had studied science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.如果當(dāng)時我學(xué)的是理科而不是文科的話,那么我現(xiàn)在也許可以給你更多的幫助。(從句是對過去事實的虛擬,主句是對現(xiàn)在事實的虛擬)
3.注意特定信息詞,準(zhǔn)確把握隱含意義
有些特定的信息詞或短語往往暗示著虛擬的條件,對于這些信息詞,我們要多加留心,然后根據(jù)時間關(guān)系來確定主從句中謂語動詞的形式。
例41.—Do you have Bettys phone number?你有Betty的電話號碼嗎?
—Yes. Otherwise, I could not have been able to reach her yesterday.有。要不然我昨天就聯(lián)系不上她了。
結(jié)合句意可知此處它隱含著虛擬條件if I hadnt had her phone number,表示對過去事實的虛擬。
虛擬語氣的學(xué)習(xí)需要理解性記憶。同學(xué)們對于虛擬語氣在具體語境中的表達(dá)要深入理解和領(lǐng)會,對于規(guī)律性的知識需要在理解的基礎(chǔ)上準(zhǔn)確記憶,并在日常的讀寫過程中適時加以應(yīng)用。