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欲試魚生未忍嘗

2020-12-08 02:07陳漢莉
文化交流 2020年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:溫州人溫州

陳漢莉

“拜賜莼鱸鄉(xiāng)味長,雁山甌海土生香。眼前點點思親淚,欲試魚生未忍嘗。”這是20世紀(jì)80年代,一位客居臺灣的溫州人收到一份來自故鄉(xiāng)的魚生時,睹物思鄉(xiāng),于百感交集中地寫下的一首詩。一罐土特產(chǎn),勾起了在外游子惆悵思鄉(xiāng)情,潸然一掬思鄉(xiāng)淚。

這首詩的作者是馬星野先生;贈他魚生的則是南懷瑾先生,他們都是著名的溫州學(xué)人,一位祖籍平陽,一位祖籍樂清。

原來,一位香港朋友將一壇用龍泉青瓷罐精裝的“五味和”魚生送給了南懷瑾,這份來自家鄉(xiāng)的禮物又被他轉(zhuǎn)贈給了身在臺灣的同鄉(xiāng)馬星野。

故鄉(xiāng),不僅僅意味著最熟悉的人、最牽掛的家園,童年的味覺習(xí)慣,也是故鄉(xiāng)重要組成部分。這首《呈南懷瑾先生謝贈鄉(xiāng)味》的魚生詩,后來便成了溫州風(fēng)土的代言。

細(xì)長條的小魚

溫州人行事膽大,溫州模式名揚海內(nèi)外,溫州小吃也別具特色。溫州物產(chǎn)豐富,原料新鮮;在烹飪方式上,溫州人致力于追求食材的原汁原味,不僅尋求刺激舌尖的味蕾,也探尋能長久保存食材的方法,于是各種腌制品便應(yīng)運而生。這些生腌的食物,被溫州人統(tǒng)稱為咸貨,魚生就是溫州咸貨中最具代表性的一種。

魚生是一種用酒糟和鹽腌制的細(xì)長條的小魚,溫州方言稱之為白鱣(zhān)生,或白帶生、白大生。而地處溫州東南部的蒼南、平陽一帶的閩南語則稱之為帶柳、咸帶柳或帶柳絲,意為其原材料為小帶魚,猶如柳絲一般細(xì)長。

現(xiàn)在的年輕人說起溫州,都不會想到這里曾經(jīng)也貧窮。但如果你是五六十歲的中年人,一定都還記得魚生,它幾乎是溫州沿海漁村人家飯桌上的必備菜,是舊時溫州百姓下飯的恩物。

舊時的浙南,人稠地少,多山多臺風(fēng),生產(chǎn)條件不算太好,所以這里的人們對于土地江海上的出產(chǎn)不敢有一絲一毫的浪費。比如,家庭主婦們總是以自己一雙巧手,竭盡所能地應(yīng)對那時飯桌上的捉襟見肘:山貨、海味皆可咸,青菜、魚蝦皆能腌。不僅有腌制的菜頭生、菜頭蕻,這些看上去重口但吃起來風(fēng)雅的咸菜,還有江蟹生,醉蝦、醉蟶、蝦蟣,那些看上去雷人吃起來鮮美的海產(chǎn)品。盡管有的賣相不佳,有的氣味難聞,且都不走尋常的加工路線——或生腌,或醉藏,或糟鹵,皆活剝生吞,令外地人或驚悚萬狀,或捏鼻嫌棄,或望而生畏,年輕人甚至稱之為“黑暗料理”,而溫州人卻沉醉不已,視為美味佳肴。

在20世紀(jì)六七十年代之前,溫州沿海一帶漁村幾乎家家戶戶都有腌制魚生的習(xí)俗。魚生的原材料,為定置張網(wǎng)小花罾(zēng)作業(yè)的特產(chǎn)。漁民們通常認(rèn)為,農(nóng)歷三月“頭汛”捕撈的小帶魚條子太細(xì),五月上旬的“遲汛”捕撈的條子太粗、魚骨太硬,只有在四月上中旬前后那十來天的“中汛”捕撈上來的小帶魚,條子細(xì)而均勻、肉肥而骨軟,才最適宜用來腌制魚生。

腌制時,要先將魚洗凈,放鹽拌勻,裝在容器內(nèi)腌幾天。然后瀝掉水分,再加少許鹽,拌入糖、姜、糯米酒糟、紅粬等調(diào)味品,攪拌均勻,在小缸中密封后置于陰涼處靜態(tài)發(fā)酵2個月左右,過三伏天后即可食用。

開埕(chéng)后的魚生,色澤鮮艷,滿嘴咸香。食用時,一般還要加菜頭絲干(蘿卜絲干),加少許醋及白糖來調(diào)味。

“咸”字號看家一絕

據(jù)說,品質(zhì)最好的魚生,由俗稱“白頭鮒(fù)”的小帶魚腌制。這種魚僅東海南麂島附近有出產(chǎn),夏季才有。白頭鮒與帶魚、帶柳魚極為相似,它的外皮裹著一層銀光閃閃的細(xì)鱗,頭部圓形,骨頭柔軟。腌制而成的魚生,待秋風(fēng)起始開缸,最為甘醇美味。

20世紀(jì)40年代,溫州平陽錢庫西堡村(今屬蒼南)有許多村民從事“網(wǎng)艚”作業(yè),每年夏至前后,他們往往要帶上大木桶和食鹽,駐留在南麂、北麂一帶的海島上捕撈白頭鮒,并就地腌制大量魚生。秋后回到陸上,遂將腌制好的魚生銷售到溫州、瑞安、鰲江水產(chǎn)商行。其中,溫州五馬街的五味和,就是他們的大主顧。

五味和,為寧波慈溪商人楊正裕于清光緒八年(公元1882年)在溫創(chuàng)建,原址位于溫州市區(qū)饅頭巷(今鼓樓街),最早為“五和”蜜餞店,后邀清末名家梅調(diào)鼎書店招。

關(guān)于梅調(diào)鼎其人,坊間認(rèn)為他的書法作品“提挈頓挫之間勁力內(nèi)含,品調(diào)高雅”,大書法家沙孟海曾這樣點評他:“梅調(diào)鼎不很著名,只有上海寧波一方面的人知道他。他是個山林隱士,脾氣古怪,不肯隨便替人家寫字,尤其是達(dá)官貴人……”可見其人風(fēng)骨。

那么當(dāng)年,五味和不僅獲得這位脾氣古怪的梅先生的首肯、親筆手書店招,并且還聽從了他的建議,在“五和”兩字間增一個“味”字,意寓:酸、甜、苦、辣、咸五味調(diào)和。

五味和商號從此叫響,以經(jīng)營蜜餞、海味、各種藥酒、南北果品罐頭茶食而著稱 ,后更以注重經(jīng)營特色,品質(zhì)優(yōu)良,飲譽遐邇。

魚生,為五味和南北貨號的五味之一,以色鮮、條勻、不糊、味美、耐貯五大特點,成為該號“咸”字中的看家傳統(tǒng)一絕,除供應(yīng)本市市場外,曾用龍泉青瓷罐精裝而遠(yuǎn)銷香港。直到如今,魚生仍然仍是該商號特色商品之一。

巖石般頑固的口味

溫籍作家林斤瀾先生在《溫州小吃》中說:“溫州生食較多,有略加處理的也不經(jīng)火不加熱。凡屬這種吃法的,生字需放在后邊,如豆腐生、港蟹生、盤菜生……”魚生就是。魚生被端上飯桌時,人們通常以料酒、白糖、醋來調(diào)和其本色的咸腥味,用筷子輕輕攪拌,即成一道美食。方便,快捷,不僅省卻烹飪,還耐儲藏。

這種需生吃的腌制品——魚生因湯料里加了紅粬,經(jīng)腌制發(fā)酵后的成品呈艷紅色。這紅彤彤的顏色,加之?dāng)?shù)不清的細(xì)小魚兒全須全尾密密麻麻糾纏一起,以及那濃烈嗆人的魚腥味,這些都讓外地人覺得極為怪異,驚悚,甚至感覺崩潰,就連一向以“啥都能吃”而出名的廣東人也舉箸(zhù)猶疑,望而生畏……

記得美食紀(jì)錄片《風(fēng)味人間》里有句旁白是這樣說的:“人的口味就是這樣,有時像巖石一般頑固,有時又像流水一般豁達(dá)?!边@種頑固,以及外鄉(xiāng)人眼里的詭異,溫州人卻偏偏覺得是人間美味。尤其是喝粥的時候,夾一點點魚生,滿口咸鮮,很是享受。這種巖石般的頑固,經(jīng)時間發(fā)酵,最終都催化成像馬星野老先生那種熱切的、抑制不住的游子思憶。

人在童年時代養(yǎng)成的味覺習(xí)慣,每個人消化系統(tǒng)中的菌群,猶若自己的指紋一般,有著獨特的組織方式。若長時間吃慣了一種食物,腸道的菌群就會相對固定下來,只要遇到類似的食物,就能熟練地進(jìn)行各種分解……因此,面對自己兒提時代最為熟悉的食物,那種令人感到親切并滿懷欣喜地接受的,其實就是媽媽的味道。

在我們的心中,之所以還保留著那些溫暖的愛與親情,全靠那些平常日子里一絲一縷細(xì)節(jié)的織就,以及日常生活中一餐一飯美食的蘊藉。就如魚生,這種舊日農(nóng)家飯桌上極為尋常的菜品,過去僅僅為果腹下飯,因為單調(diào)和常見,也許吃得有些抱怨;而現(xiàn)在,它成了人們對家鄉(xiāng)和親人的記憶,并通過這種熟悉的味道來抵達(dá)、回歸,或者說固守盤踞在心底深處的最后一點鄉(xiāng)愁,吃起來總是甘美,充滿感激。

Soul-healing Yu Sheng

By Chen Hanli

Wenzhounese are known worldwide for their bravery in breaking new grounds. The entrepreneurship of Wenzhou people is the drive behind what is called the "Wenzhou mode". Another fascinating part about Wenzhou is the enduring charm of Wenzhou cuisine, characteristic of retaining the original, natural flavor of seafood and well-kept secret recipes of curing food.

Wenzhounese never get tired of this salted category, and people living in southeastern Wenzhou are known as the best makers of the homey delicacy.

In the old times, housewives living in Cangnan and Pingyang, where the local dialect and culture mingles with the neighboring Fujian Province, had to rack their wits to make the best of the hard-to-get "Ocean's Bounty" by turning perishable seafood and vegetables into an assortment of tasty, homely dishes that keep well. Wenzhou ?may not be pleasing to the eye, but captivates the taste buds of the most hypercritical gourmets amongst us. The result of the culinary innovation blossomed into a unique feature in the local food culture, forever loved by the traveling sons of Wenzhou.

The Wenzhounese's preference for cured seafood in the time before the 1960s featured the use of hairtails. The catches in early and mid-April are regarded as the best materials for the recipe. The well-rinsed fish is salted for days before it is taken out for further seasoning and marinating with sugar, ginger, and distilled grain. The fermentation normally takes about two months. The best time to enjoy a perfect ?comes at the end of mid-summer.

A kind of baby hairtail colloquially ?is considered by locals as a superb material for making , and the only place to find this rare species is the waters near Nanji Island. In the 1940s, people living in the fishing village in Qianku eked out a living by making ?from the freshest catches of the season and selling the finished products to dealers in downtown Wenzhou, Rui'an and Aojiang. One of their biggest buyers is "Wu Wei He", a trade name that has a history dating back to the Guangxu years (1875-1908) of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911).

Launched in Wenzhou by Ningbo-born Yang Zhengyu in 1882, "Wu Wei He" (meaning "the balance of five flavors") rose to fame after the shop sign bearing the calligraphy of Qing Dynasty master Mei Diaoding was unveiled, and is known for its preserved seafood and fruits, medicinal liquor and all kinds of canned tea snacks, with ?being its long-time best-seller enjoying loyal followers among locals and in Hong Kong.

One man's meat is another's poison. In Wenzhou, ?is served routinely with rice wine, sugar and vinegar so that the fishy smell can be reduced. For Wenzhounese, the queer flavor is the perfect mate of a bowl of steaming hot porridge and the quintessence of the flavor from the deep, deep sea. For outsiders, however, the piercing smell alone is frightening enough to make even Cantonese, known for their insatiable curiosity for food, slack-jawed.

The recipe that used to be something to fill up an empty stomach is now the catalyst of nostalgia, bringing one back where the soul belongs. In a sense, ?is the dietary illustration of the stubbornness of Wenzhounese. It is the "fingerprint" of Wenzhou people - burned into the blood of all Wenzhounese and indelible from the Wenzhou culture. And in the eye of Wenzhou's traveling sons and daughters, ?is the synonym of "grandma's recipes" and all the good about the soul-healing home.

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