周東旭
一
曲藝是中國(guó)一門(mén)古老的說(shuō)唱藝術(shù)。許多人分不清楚戲曲與曲藝,其實(shí)兩者是傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)中一枝樹(shù)上的兩朵奇葩,有點(diǎn)“近親”關(guān)系。曲藝是說(shuō)唱藝術(shù),而戲曲是扮演藝術(shù),戲曲的許多聲腔來(lái)源于曲藝,比如寧波甬劇的許多調(diào)腔,就吸收了四明南詞的音樂(lè);當(dāng)年嵊縣的落地唱書(shū)藝人涂脂抹粉,在4個(gè)翻過(guò)來(lái)的稻桶上鋪上木板當(dāng)作舞臺(tái),開(kāi)始扮演人物,演出簡(jiǎn)單的小戲,從此誕生了一個(gè)名叫越劇的新劇種。
曲藝歷史悠久。曾經(jīng)出土過(guò)兩漢時(shí)期的說(shuō)唱俑,說(shuō)唱俑一手抱著鼓,一手拿著槌,表情生動(dòng)而滑稽。中國(guó)文學(xué)里的唐傳奇、宋話本,與曲藝關(guān)系密切。“列位看官”“欲知后事如何,且聽(tīng)下回分解”,話本小說(shuō)就是說(shuō)書(shū)人的底本。《說(shuō)唐》《說(shuō)岳》均來(lái)自古代的說(shuō)唱藝術(shù),說(shuō)書(shū)人根據(jù)這個(gè)底本加以發(fā)揮。
清代文學(xué)家、戲劇家李笠翁說(shuō),書(shū)是寫(xiě)給識(shí)字人看的,而戲則是演給識(shí)字和不識(shí)字的人看的。在舊時(shí)代,文化藝術(shù)、人文教養(yǎng)的提高,戲曲與曲藝起著非常重要的作用,以前教育普及率低,加之勞作辛苦,娛樂(lè)項(xiàng)目極少,而且曲藝比起戲曲,更不講究場(chǎng)地和排場(chǎng),幾乎隨時(shí)隨地都可以演出,所以曲藝深受百姓歡迎。
明末文學(xué)家張岱描述過(guò)同時(shí)代著名評(píng)話藝術(shù)家柳敬亭說(shuō)書(shū)的盛況,“一日說(shuō)書(shū)一回,定價(jià)一兩。十日前先送書(shū)帕下定,常不得空?!边@里有當(dāng)時(shí)最有名的說(shuō)書(shū)藝人演出時(shí)的行情價(jià)格。同樣是說(shuō)景陽(yáng)岡打虎,“與本傳大異。其描寫(xiě)刻畫(huà),微入毫發(fā)”,說(shuō)武松到了店門(mén)口大吼一聲,店中的酒甕都嗡嗡有聲,“閑中著色,細(xì)微至此”?!捌浼残燧p重,吞吐抑揚(yáng),入情入理,入筋入骨”,描繪了柳敬亭說(shuō)書(shū)的高超藝術(shù),同時(shí)記錄了當(dāng)時(shí)的說(shuō)書(shū)盛況。
晚清的劉鶚在《老殘游記》里有一段“明湖居聽(tīng)書(shū)”,也十分經(jīng)典?!俺耸?dāng)?shù)句之后,漸漸的越唱越高,忽然拔了一個(gè)尖兒,像一線鋼絲拋入天際,不禁暗暗叫絕。那知他于那極高的地方,尚能回環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)折。幾囀之后,又高一層,接連有三四疊,節(jié)節(jié)高起?;腥缬砂羴?lái)峰西面攀登泰山的景象:初看傲來(lái)峰削壁千仞,以為上與天通;及至翻到傲來(lái)峰頂,才見(jiàn)扇子崖更在傲來(lái)峰上;及至翻到扇子崖,又見(jiàn)南天門(mén)更在扇子崖上:愈翻愈險(xiǎn),愈險(xiǎn)愈奇?!眲Ⅸ樣昧送ǜ惺址?,描寫(xiě)了唱書(shū)藝人的高超。
從現(xiàn)代的角度來(lái)看,曲藝已經(jīng)式微,但細(xì)心一想,曲藝并不曾離開(kāi)你的生活,在熱播電視劇《都挺好》里蘇大強(qiáng)就喜歡聽(tīng)蘇州評(píng)彈,在喜馬拉雅平臺(tái)上的說(shuō)書(shū)欄目,是許多人睡前的必修課。近來(lái)走紅的“脫口秀”節(jié)目,類似單口相聲,其實(shí)也有曲藝的影子在,只是脫口秀門(mén)檻要求低,無(wú)需說(shuō)學(xué)逗唱的基本功訓(xùn)練,但一個(gè)一個(gè)的段子一如相聲的“抖包袱”,這一點(diǎn)是舞臺(tái)藝術(shù)的共通點(diǎn)。
二
寧波有許多曲藝品種列入國(guó)家級(jí)非遺項(xiàng)目,如四明南詞、寧波評(píng)話、寧波走書(shū)、唱新聞等。
寧波有一句老話叫“南詞唱華堂,走書(shū)下農(nóng)莊,評(píng)話進(jìn)茶坊”,這里就包含了寧波的三種曲藝:四明南詞、寧波走書(shū)、寧波評(píng)話。從他們各自演出場(chǎng)所的不同,我們也可以看出四明南詞相對(duì)比較文雅,出入于大戶人家的廳堂;走書(shū)通俗易懂,是農(nóng)民兄弟喜歡的節(jié)目;評(píng)話講的都是歷史故事,適合在茶坊里喝茶的男人們聽(tīng),他們最關(guān)心歷史政治故事。不同的演出形式,有不同的觀眾群,這是一種藝術(shù)形式繁榮的現(xiàn)象。
四明南詞是唱、奏、念、白、表相間的表演形式。主唱人要有“一白、二唱、三弦”的硬功夫。南詞常用曲調(diào)有詞調(diào)、賦調(diào)、正賦、平湖、緊平湖,俗稱“五柱頭”。調(diào)和調(diào)式轉(zhuǎn)換較多,也有板腔變化,曲調(diào)文靜優(yōu)美。唱腔大多是七字句,有的間隔襯字流暢動(dòng)聽(tīng)。還有大段起板、間奏、尾奏等器樂(lè)段。在開(kāi)演之前或休息之后必奏一曲,以顯示該班社的藝術(shù)水平,并起到靜場(chǎng)的作用。所用曲子多為江南絲竹樂(lè)曲,如《四合如意》《得勝令》《三六》等,最具特色的是四明南詞獨(dú)有的《將軍令》(也稱《文將軍》)。主要樂(lè)器有:小三弦、揚(yáng)琴、二胡、琵琶、簫、笙等。演奏時(shí),演奏員們各顯身手,配合默契,十分優(yōu)雅。
四明南詞的主要書(shū)目有:《珍珠塔》《玉蜻蜓》《白蛇傳》《雙珠球》《十美圖》《盤(pán)龍鐲》《雪雨亭》《果報(bào)錄》《雙珠鳳》《西廂記》等。
我先前曾在寧波海曙區(qū)文化館工作過(guò)一段時(shí)間,海曙區(qū)文化館是四明南詞的傳承基地。當(dāng)時(shí)的一位副館長(zhǎng)陳祥源先生即是四明南詞的傳承人,他學(xué)的是揚(yáng)琴,他的妻子陳雅蕓彈唱。文化館組織群文綜藝演出時(shí),也常常能聽(tīng)到四明南詞,但大都是開(kāi)篇,唱上一段,如《阿拉寧波歡迎你》《悠悠青蒿》(說(shuō)的是屠呦呦的故事),至于長(zhǎng)篇的書(shū)目,則少有人演唱了。今年疫情期區(qū),我在小區(qū)門(mén)口參加抗疫值班,碰上陳先生,和他聊了許多關(guān)于南詞傳承的問(wèn)題。南詞雖然文辭優(yōu)雅,曲調(diào)優(yōu)美,但現(xiàn)今的傳承人幾乎就是新中國(guó)成立后藝校專業(yè)培養(yǎng)的一批,現(xiàn)在文化部門(mén)雖然也舉辦一些公益類的培訓(xùn),但十年樹(shù)木,百年樹(shù)人,速成也難。要培養(yǎng)人才,須投入大量人力物力和資金,而且希望藝校專業(yè)培養(yǎng),不然終成廣陵散。目前看來(lái)不如蘇州評(píng)彈發(fā)展得好。
三
在2016年“東亞文化之都”評(píng)選活動(dòng)中,中國(guó)的寧波、日本的奈良、韓國(guó)的濟(jì)州三城入選。為了祝賀,在寧波天一閣狀元廳演出了寧波走書(shū)《牡丹燈》,演出時(shí)間僅半小時(shí),讓許多觀眾感覺(jué)意猶未盡。我由此認(rèn)識(shí)了走書(shū)藝人聞海平先生。
《牡丹燈》是元末明初錢(qián)塘才子瞿佑在《剪燈新話》里的一篇小說(shuō),是一個(gè)類似倩女幽魂的故事,發(fā)生在寧波月湖。雖然這個(gè)故事在本地已鮮為人知,但流傳至日本、朝鮮后,影響深遠(yuǎn)。在日本,通過(guò)各種藝術(shù)的傳播和改編,幾乎人人知曉,成為日本的“三大怪談”之一。因?yàn)檫@一層緣故,所以選擇這個(gè)故事,改編成演出樣式相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單、又有地方特色的寧波走書(shū)來(lái)演出。把劇本和故事梗概給了聞海平先生之后,聞先生又根據(jù)走書(shū)特色進(jìn)行了編排。從這之后,《牡丹燈》也成了聞海平先生的一個(gè)保留曲目。2020年10月,聞先生也參加了“融入現(xiàn)代生活,弘揚(yáng)時(shí)代價(jià)值——2020全國(guó)非遺曲藝周四進(jìn)演出”,在故事發(fā)生地寧波的月湖街道講述了這個(gè)寧波故事。
從事寧波走書(shū)的藝人,是3種曲藝?yán)镒疃嗟?。相比南詞,走書(shū)更通俗,說(shuō)唱形式簡(jiǎn)單;相比評(píng)話,走書(shū)則多了一把胡琴伴奏,有唱腔有音樂(lè),更能讓人感受音樂(lè)唱腔的魅力。
寧波走書(shū),又名蓮花文書(shū)(犁鏵文書(shū)),流傳于寧波、舟山、臺(tái)州一帶。走書(shū)的表演形式比較靈活,常常是一演員一伴奏,后來(lái)也有雙檔分角色說(shuō)唱。走書(shū)的曲調(diào),常用的有四平調(diào)、馬頭調(diào)、賦調(diào)三種,俗稱“老三門(mén)”。有時(shí)也用還魂調(diào)、詞調(diào)、二簧、三頓、三五七等?!八钠秸{(diào)”一般作為一部書(shū)的開(kāi)頭,末句常由樂(lè)隊(duì)和唱,有點(diǎn)類似幫腔。賦調(diào)隨內(nèi)容情節(jié)、人物性格有緊、中、慢之分。如慢賦調(diào)節(jié)奏緩慢,曲調(diào)下行為主,多用于哀訴之類的敘述或回憶。
寧波走書(shū)的代表書(shū)目有:《白鶴圖》《黃金印》《十美圖》《玉連環(huán)》《雙珠球》《包公案》《狄青平西》《薛剛反唐》《綠牡丹》等。
四
我小時(shí)候在書(shū)店買(mǎi)過(guò)一本《盧俊義演義》的書(shū),這本書(shū)比《水滸》里盧俊義的故事要豐富得多,后來(lái)才知道,這是根據(jù)寧波著名評(píng)話藝人張少策先生的評(píng)話整理的。張少策先生在寧波評(píng)話界紅極一時(shí),上了年紀(jì)的一些人小時(shí)候都癡迷過(guò)張少策先生的評(píng)話,像《王瑞伯大鬧天妃宮》之類的本地故事,也是由于張少策先生的評(píng)話藝術(shù)而廣為人知。
評(píng)話,寧波稱之為武書(shū),以示與四明文書(shū)(南詞)區(qū)別。寧波人形容一個(gè)人說(shuō)話繪聲繪色,就說(shuō)像“講武書(shū)”一樣。除正式專業(yè)評(píng)話藝人之外,也有南詞和走書(shū)藝人兼講評(píng)話的,藝人中稱為“單拍”。
評(píng)話演出時(shí),演員僅用醒木和扇子作道具,不配音樂(lè),不帶伴奏。說(shuō)書(shū)的單憑一張嘴,要靠真功夫。一個(gè)人分飾幾個(gè)至十余個(gè)角色,要把生旦凈末丑、三教九流、星相醫(yī)卜及故事中人物的形態(tài)、個(gè)性和口吻描述得維妙維肖,栩栩如生。手中一把扇子,可以作刀槍,可擬做筆紙,一塊醒木,既要用作靜場(chǎng),又可用于烘托書(shū)中情節(jié)氣氛。
寧波評(píng)話說(shuō)的大多是長(zhǎng)篇演義書(shū)和公案書(shū),講歷代興衰和傳奇故事,人們稱為講大書(shū),《水滸》《三國(guó)》《隋唐》《岳傳》《包公案》《施公案》都講。其實(shí)評(píng)話藝術(shù)的關(guān)鍵在于“評(píng)”,每講完一段,或者在故事的緊要處,都要有一個(gè)評(píng)論,還會(huì)問(wèn)列位看官怎么看?是非善惡,需要傳遞一種社會(huì)公序良俗正義之聲,所謂“說(shuō)書(shū)看戲勸人方”。同時(shí)也可以插入許多同樣的小故事進(jìn)行評(píng)比,這些書(shū)中書(shū),都是考驗(yàn)一個(gè)評(píng)話藝人的藝術(shù)控場(chǎng)能力。現(xiàn)在,張少策先生雖然年已九旬,仍在不斷地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生,傳承這門(mén)藝術(shù)。
南詞、評(píng)話、走書(shū)都是寧波人的鄉(xiāng)音藝術(shù),因?yàn)楦鞣N歷史原因,現(xiàn)狀不容樂(lè)觀?,F(xiàn)在城市中新移民越來(lái)越多,下一代中會(huì)說(shuō)方言的越來(lái)越少,就導(dǎo)致他們聽(tīng)不懂地方的戲曲、曲藝,聽(tīng)不懂自然沒(méi)有興趣。另外,新創(chuàng)作的曲目,其內(nèi)容也須跟上年輕人思想,貼近現(xiàn)代人的生活??梢越梃b一些發(fā)展得好的兄弟曲種,比如德云社的相聲,演出市場(chǎng)就很好,張?jiān)评住⒐梓胍捕际恰?0后”,他們的演出就很受年輕人的追捧。做好藝術(shù)傳播、搞活藝術(shù)市場(chǎng)是一門(mén)學(xué)問(wèn),須不斷學(xué)習(xí)。
Nanci, Zoushu, Pinghua: Three Treasures of the Folk Musical Arts of Ningbo
By Zhou Dongxu
The evening of October 10, 2020 saw the opening of China Folk Musical Arts Cultural Heritages Week at the Ningbo Cultural Poly Grand Theater. It was an eye-opening feast for all visitors to indulge in the multifaceted charm of ancient Chinese folk musical arts.
Collectively referred to as “”, Chinese folk musical arts are different from traditional Chinese performing arts with its unique features. The vocal parts of Ningbo Opera, for example, come from the music of “”, and the innovation of the story-telling performers in the old times of Shengxian County evolved into the prototype of Yue Opera, one of the cultural pearls of present-day Shaoxing.
The story-telling tomb figures carbon-dated as from the Han times (202BC-220AD) of China offer some solid clues about the origin of Chinese “”. “” contributed greatly to folk literature of the Song (960-1279)and Yuan (1279-1268). About the difference between the art of writing and traditional drama, the dramatist and writer Li Yu (1611-1680) of the Qing (1644-1911) went straight to the heart of the matter. Books were written for the literate; whilst dramas could be enjoyed by the illiterate, Li Yu pointed out. Folk operas played an extremely important role in the cultural life of ordinary people in the old times when formal education was a luxury for the privileged. Performers did not need a special venue for their stunts, making this art form easily accessible.
The peak days of the popularity of Yangzhou-style story-telling artist Liu Jingting (1587-1670) were described by late-Ming writer Zhang Dai (1597-1689) as “one tael of silver for one session and written reservation at least 10 days prior to the show day is needed”. Zhang Dai also made the conclusion that the artists interpretation of ?“is way above the original literature”. In Liu Jingtings show, “Wu Songs arrival makes the wine bottles in the tavern shiver”.
The virtuosity of story-tellers of the late Ming (1368-1644) is masterfully recorded by Liu E (1857-1909) in his masterpiece, .
In the eye of many modern people, “” is for old-timers. The more observant, however, may find the story-telling and singing in local dialects never truly has phased out in the life of people today. Strictly speaking, the shadows of traditional Chinese “” are still “haunting” the cultural life of us. A good example is the popularity of talk shows sweeping social media today.
Ningbo is home to a variety of folk musical arts represented by “”, “” and “”. Targeting different audiences, the three “” genres rank side by side in Chinas national cultural heritage legion, with “” being considered the most cultured.
“” features beautiful, exquisite melodies with a large section of instrumental performances serving as the opening, interlude and epilogue. The instrumental episodes are also designed to pacify the audience and, more importantly, to show off the artistic level of the troupe. The most performed piece in the “” repertoire is ?(Generals Command), using many instruments such as Chinese dulcimer, , pipa, vertical bamboo flute, and “” (a reed pipe wind instrument). Many stories are drawn from ancient classics including .
For a taste of the unique features of Ningbo “”, the Culture Center of Haishu District in Ningbo is an ideal place to visit. The Culture Centers deputy director Chen Xiangyuan and his wife Chen Yayun are two of the inheritors of Ningbo “”. According to the director, the financial and educational investments are far from enough to keep this endangered art form alive. “Comparably, Suzhou ?(ballad singing in Suzhou dialect) is luckier,” said Chen.
The beauty of “” was fully displayed in a 30-minute show staged at Tianyige Library in celebration of Ningbo being ranked together with Nara (in Japan) and Cheju (South Korea) as one of the “Cultural Capitals of Eastern Asia” in 2016. The show ushered me into the fantastic world of , a well-known piece in the classic syllabus of Ningbo “zoushu”.
The story, taken from one of the pieces in a book by Qu You, is set in the Moon Lake in Ningbo. Interestingly, the story known by very few in its birthplace has a startling impact on the Korean and Japanese audiences. The original storyline, similar to Hong Kong filmmaker Tsui Harks , went through repeated adaptation by different people for varying purposes, evolved to eventually become one of the “top three ghost stories in Japan”. The 2016 show was adapted by “” artist Wen Haiping, who recently shared his thoughts about “” and the artistic beauty of the folk art form in the 2020 China Cultural Heritages Week.
Compared with “” and “”, “” is easier to understand and much more musical, and thusly has the largest number of practitioners. Performers and instrumentalists are allowed to have more flexibility on the stage, with the narrative featuring a noticeable melancholy tone.
My first encounter with Ningbo “ “was from a storybook I bought when I was a little child. It turned out to be much more interesting than I expected it to be, and later found out that the text was from the adaptation by famous “” artist Zhang Shaoce.
The most striking feature of “”, as its name suggests, is the shows “commentary” sessions alternating with the story-telling chapters. The “comment” comes where the performer feels necessary, used as something like a brief “question and answer” session for some sort of interaction with the audience.
It is a sad reality that all the three folk musical arts are struggling for survival in the tech-savvy modern world today. With local dialects phasing out of the daily life of the younger generations, there is urgent need to find ways in order to bring these art forms closer to the life of young people.