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“龍騰方巖”震撼上演

2020-12-08 02:07徐洪
文化交流 2020年11期
關鍵詞:永康廟會茶樹

徐洪

開殿門祭叉,沉寂半個多世紀后重新恢復

山巒疊翠,秋意正濃。踏入位于浙江永康的方巖景區(qū),一下子被成片的柿林和樹上掛滿的紅紅的柿子所吸引。導游告訴我,這就是永康方巖秋天的一大景色?!坝揽涤揽担辣0部?。柿林柿子,事事吉祥。”每年農(nóng)歷八月初至九月重陽節(jié)前后,方巖廟會都會如期舉行,其中八月十三前后和九月重陽前后為兩個高潮,共歷時50余天,參與人數(shù)達20余萬。

在我的記憶中,方巖廟會已傳承千年,長盛不衰,生生不息。如今,方巖廟會不僅是永康民間的最盛大節(jié)日,而且毗鄰金華及浙南的各地民眾也爭相參與,形成了以永康為中心,覆蓋浙南、浙東及上海、蘇州、福建等地的民俗活動,其規(guī)模之大、地域之廣、持續(xù)時間之長、人數(shù)之多為各地廟會所少見,堪稱江南廟會之最。緣何?方巖此行解開了我心中的謎底。

千秧八陌,勿如手藝伴身

永康地處浙江省中部,古稱麗州,有春秋鑄劍、漢造弩機、唐鑄銅銃的傳承,享有“府府縣縣不離康、離康不是好地方”的美譽。相傳吳大帝孫權的母親吳太夫人因病四處求醫(yī),未見效果。而后得知烏傷縣上浦鄉(xiāng)有座神廟,吳太夫人便偕其妹來上浦鄉(xiāng),在名為清泉的廟里進香,祈禱永保安康。鄉(xiāng)民得知太夫人駕臨,特地獻上清泉之水。太夫人飲后,頓時神清氣爽,不久病體痊愈。太夫人感念至深,臨終時囑咐兒子孫權要為她還愿。

幾十年后,孫權登基稱帝,遵照母親遺囑,劃出烏傷縣南界之上浦鄉(xiāng)單獨置縣,按“永保安康”之意命名“永康”。其間,曾一度擢升為麗州,但4年之后即恢復,后一直沿用至今。

方巖山是鑲嵌在永康境內(nèi)的一顆耀眼明珠,為國家級丹霞地貌風景名勝區(qū)。明嘉靖《永康縣志》記載:“方巖山,縣東五十里,高二百余丈,周六里許。其山四面如削,駕飛橋石梯而登,將至絕頂,在兩巖相峙為關。一夫守之,萬夫莫開……”

郁達夫曾赴方巖游覽,在他的《方巖紀靜》中有這樣一段關于方巖山的感悟:“從前看中國畫里的奇巖絕壁,皴法皺疊,蒼勁雄偉到不可思議的地步,現(xiàn)在到了方巖,才知道南宗北派的畫山點石,都還有未到之處?!庇纱丝梢?,方巖山的雄偉壯觀可不一般。

永康境內(nèi)多山,屬低山丘陵地貌,赤彤丹霞的仙霞嶺和蒼翠挺拔的括蒼山余脈在這里交錯匯合,使永康多奇峰幽谷,碧澗清流。因為山多田少水更少,“七山一水二分田”的丘陵地貌,使得百姓生活比較困苦,于是,“千秧八陌,勿如手藝伴身”成為世世代代永康人的祖訓。

非遺項目“中華第一秤”第五代傳人朱海浪說,從他記事時起,他就看到村里大部分村民都在從事秤的制作,制秤業(yè)成為村里家家戶戶的主要收入,以至于永康后來成為中國的制秤中心,全國90%的秤出自永康。

宋代以來,受永康狀元陳亮(1143~1194年)“農(nóng)商并重”“通商惠工”事功哲學的影響,永康形成了“以工補農(nóng)”的獨特社會經(jīng)濟模式。清道光《永康縣志》載:“土石竹木,金銀銅鐵錫,皆有匠,然樸拙不能為精巧……多鬻技于他鄉(xiāng)?!?/p>

據(jù)傳,明清以來,永康每年都有數(shù)以萬計的五金工匠肩挑手扛,走南闖北,游走他鄉(xiāng),足跡遍及浙江各地及毗鄰省份。所以,永康盛行“翻九樓”“懺蘭盆”“水陸道場”等風俗,更盛行朝拜“胡公”,以祈求風調(diào)雨順,五谷豐登,消災納福,家道安康??梢哉f,是永康人的勤勞和堅守,讓“千秧八陌,勿如手藝伴身”的祖訓傳承賡續(xù),也由此成就了永康“五金之鄉(xiāng)”的美譽。

十歲上方巖,勵志敬胡公

胡公,姓胡名則,字子正,宋乾德元年(963年)農(nóng)歷八月十三日生于方巖胡庫村。據(jù)考證,胡則之父胡承師家居上胡。北宋政治家、文學家范仲淹《兵部侍郎致仕胡公墓志銘》記載,胡則祖宗三代在鄉(xiāng)閭間以積善稱道。胡則自少勤苦潛學,精通五經(jīng)六藝。宋太宗端拱二年(989年)登進士,開八婺科第之先河。就是說,胡則是當時金華地區(qū)第一個考取進士的人。

胡則入仕后,一生浮沉宦海47年,后人稱其“逮事三朝,十握州符,六持使節(jié),選曹計省,歷踐要途?!狈吨傺妥珜懙哪怪俱懼校瑢鷦t予以高度贊頌:“進以功,退以壽,義可書,石不朽,百年之為兮千載后。”

永康當?shù)氐睦习傩諏鷦t世代崇拜,綿延不息?!笆畾q上方巖,勵志敬胡公”之說在浙江金華一帶家喻戶曉,家有讀書娃,都會以敬“胡公”為榮。浙江師范大學二級教授陳華文至今還清晰地記得他小時候父母親對他講的“胡公”故事。到現(xiàn)在,凡入學考試等重要節(jié)點,許多家長都會登方巖,拜胡公,祈福孩子能夠如意中榜。除此之外,“為官一任,造福一方”在永康也是口口相傳,清風蕩漾。

“為官一任,造福一方”這八個字是毛澤東對胡公的贊評。1959年8月,毛澤東視察浙江金華時曾對當時的永康縣委書記說:“永康有個方巖,方巖有個胡公大帝。胡公大帝不是神,而是人。他姓胡名則,是北宋的一個清官,為人民做了很多好事,人民紀念他,所以香火長盛不衰。我們共產(chǎn)黨的干部也應該多做好事,為官一任,造福一方嘛!”

直到今天,永康一帶百姓一直把胡則視為惠澤一方、清正廉明,關心百姓、為民造福的神靈,敬仰他、崇拜他、奉祀他,歷經(jīng)千年,香火不衰。

史料記載,胡公與杭州西湖龍井茶還有著不解之緣。景佑元年(公元1034年)四月,年逾七旬的胡則獲準致仕,朝廷按例加封兵部侍郎的榮銜,囑其定居杭州。據(jù)說,胡則從小喜歡喝茶。定居杭州后他讓家人帶了一些茶籽在龍井試種,但沒有成功。后來有家鄉(xiāng)人給他出主意:用野茶樹嫁接移植。胡則把獅峰山上的野茶樹移植到茶圃,不久就成活。但只長個兒不長葉,胡則一氣之下,揮刀砍了十八棵茶樹,沒想到過了大半年,被砍的茶樹不僅沒死,還長出子新葉,變成了十八個灌木叢,一看就是自己種的茶樹。臨終前,他反復叮嚀子孫,一定要把自己安葬在茶圃里,永遠與十八棵茶樹做伴。這十八棵茶樹一茬接著一茬,循環(huán)往復,生生不息。乾隆第三次下江南游龍井時,把這十八棵茶樹封為“御茶”。如今,這十八棵茶樹不僅成為杭州著名的景點和品牌,還成為杭州與永康情緣相惜的見證。

為弘揚“為官一任、造福一方”的胡公精神,當下,永康正在建設赫靈方巖小鎮(zhèn),保護提升胡公故里形象;成立胡公文化研究會、胡公書院,開展“尋訪胡公路、助力新騰飛”“十歲上方巖、勵志敬胡公”“胡公故事大講壇”等系列活動;出版長篇歷史小說《胡公傳奇》、專題影集《胡公足跡》,創(chuàng)作婺劇《清正胡公》《胡公謠》《胡公之歌》等。

節(jié)日到,九獅跳

胡則“為官一任,造福一方”,百姓感恩,敬之若神,形成了絢麗多姿的胡公文化。永康方巖神奇秀美的自然風光和悠久深厚的人文底蘊,以及獨具地域特色的民情風俗,造就了千年傳承、長盛不衰的方巖廟會,創(chuàng)造了源自生活、豐彩多姿的民間文化。

節(jié)日到,九獅跳。在永康,被稱為“東方一絕”的九獅圖是由一個高4米、長6.5米的獅籠和9只大小不等的獅子以及38條20米長的纖繩組成。十幾個人牽動、操縱著纖繩,令九獅騰挪跳躍,妙趣橫生。十八蝴蝶舞則由18個年輕女子扮成蝴蝶,與花神一起翩翩起舞。村民們腳蹬黃燈籠褲,腰扎白單包,精神颯爽,表演拳、棍、釵、疊羅漢等藝術……這些源自生活又豐富多彩的文藝形式,賦予了方巖廟會濃郁的民族風格和強烈的地域特色,其歷史、文化、藝術和審美價值伴隨著時代的腳步,豐盈著群眾的文化生活。

方巖廟會俗稱胡公廟會,是人們?yōu)榧漓牒蟮鄱e辦的大型廟會民俗。它初始于宋,成熟于明,鼎盛于清末至民國時期,規(guī)模盛大,影響深遠,千年傳承,長盛不衰,至今發(fā)展成為了薈萃永康民間表演藝術、交流民間武術、展示民間手工技藝,融商貿(mào)旅游為一體的民間傳統(tǒng)盛會。

方巖廟會期間,各地的羅漢班和歌舞隊,不僅上方巖朝拜,而且要在山下的村莊巡游表演,稱“游案”,還要在方巖返回的沿途巡演,稱“打回頭案”。巡游隊伍前有儀仗,中有胡公神龕,后有羅漢班和歌舞隊跟隨,鼓樂齊鳴,浩浩蕩蕩。游案隊伍每到一地,都會受到熱情歡迎,引來村民爭相觀看。

史料記載,明清以來,永康各地有“胡公會”72個,各村落都各自組織羅漢班,上方巖朝拜胡公,或在當?shù)卮迩f巡游,寓意接受胡公檢閱,保佑平安。其時民眾參與熱情高漲,廟會趨于成熟,并形成了統(tǒng)一的程式。每個“胡公會”都要進行開殿門、祭叉、游案、換香火、歸殿門等程序,相沿成習。

明嘉靖年間,東南沿海一帶倭患嚴重。1559年,戚繼光在金華一帶以殺賊保民為號召,招募抗倭新軍,去臺州抗擊倭寇,九戰(zhàn)九捷,倭患告平,繼而組織民團,習武自衛(wèi)。于是永康一帶農(nóng)村逐漸形成習武風俗,將這種風俗與朝拜胡公活動有機地結合起來。

文脈是一座城市的根與魂。如今,隨著方巖鎮(zhèn)先盆村、東城街道高鎮(zhèn)村等37個重點歌舞節(jié)目和西溪鎮(zhèn)柏巖村、舟山鎮(zhèn)山塢村等8個羅漢班重點傳承村(基地)的建立,十字蓮花、三十六行、十八狐貍、十八羅漢、大面姑娘等近30個重點廟會表演形式、演出質量得到了提升,精心打磨的十八蝴蝶、九獅圖、拱瑞手獅、滾叉舞等一批非遺表演節(jié)目,除了在方巖廟會期間精彩展現(xiàn)外,還登上了上海世博會等國家級、省市級重大文化活動的舞臺。九獅圖還通過2019年湖南衛(wèi)視《四海同春》節(jié)目享譽海內(nèi)外。

方巖廟會已成為影響浙江省乃至周邊省市的民俗節(jié)慶品牌。而永康市更是通過資源普查、基地建設、資金投入、改革創(chuàng)新等,大力推動方巖廟會的搶救、保護、傳承與發(fā)展。2010年5月,方巖風景區(qū)(方巖廟會)入選浙江省非物質文化遺產(chǎn)旅游景點;2011年,方巖廟會被列入第三批國家級非遺代表性項目名錄;2019年7月,方巖被浙江省文化和旅游廳公布為“浙江省民間文化藝術之鄉(xiāng)”。

(感謝永康市文化廣電旅游和體育局提供圖片)

Fangyan: Temple Fair Celebrates Local Culture and History

By Xu Hong

Yongkang in central Zhejiang is famed for many things. Its history: It was called Yongkang 1,700 years ago. The name was given by Sun Quan, the king of the Wu Kingdom in the Three Kingdoms (220-280) period in Chinese history. Its tourism attraction: Fangyan, a 384-meter-tall fortress-like rocky mountain 25 kilometers out of the county capital, features grand rock formations. The Fangyan Scenic Zone covers an area of 92 square kilometers and includes many picturesque attractions. Its folk religion: Hu the Great, a local deity is worshiped widely by residents of Yongkang. Its metalwork industry: the county produced metalworkers during the Three Kingdoms period. In particular, local craftsmen made crossbows. In the Ming (1368-1644) and the Qing (1644-1911), local farmers traveled and worked as metalworkers making and selling household and farming hardware. Today, Yongkang is a world-class powerhouse of metalwork and hardware production.

Hu was a native of Yongkang. He came out as ?in 989DC and worked as a government official for 40 plus years in the reigns of three emperors of the Northern Song. He was a capable and honest official. After his death, people of Yongkang honored him by building memorial temples across the county. There is a temple in Dragon Well Village in Hangzhou where he was buried. The local culture turned the native son and government official into a deity. Hu the Great is worshipped in Yongkang.

A grand temple fair is held regularly in Fangyan, Yongkang in honor of Hu the Great.

It starts two days before the Moon Festival which falls on the 15th day of the eighth month on lunar calendar and goes on to the Double Ninth Festival which falls on the ninth day of the ninth month of the lunar calendar.

The temple fair as a tradition in Yongkang started in the Song Dynasty (960-1279) and became regular in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). The memorial event became highly popular in the Qing (1644-1911) and the Republic of China (1911-1949). The 1,000-year long commemorative event is now a grassroots gala where folk artists, kungfu masters and craftsmen show off their artistries and stunts.

The temple fair is held in the Fangyan mountain area. Many acrobat teams and song & dance teams from villages in Yongkang visit the mountain to pay homage to the man-turned deity. On their way back home, they parade through villages. A parade is spectacular: it is led by a phalanx of honor guard, a shrine of Hu the Great in the middle, followed up by acrobat teams and song & dance teams.

According to historical accounts, Yong Kang held 72 memorial events a year in commemoration of Hu the Great during the centuries of the Ming and the Qing. Gradually, the memorial event became standardized. The celebration follows a step-by-step procedure, including a ceremony to get the shrine out of a temple and get it back to the temple after a grand parade.

The Kungfu tradition started in Yongkang in the Ming Dynasty. In 1559, General Qi Jiguang called local young men to join the military to fight invading Japanese pirates. Local farmers joined the military and won all the nine battles under the leadership of General Qi. Qis army eventually wiped out the pirates. After the war, these soldiers retired and they organized themselves into village militia. The kungfu tradition formed and comes down in history. Thats how a kungfu show is an integral part of a memorial event of Hu the Great.

Nowadays, eight villages in Yongkang receive local governments supportive policies that keep their traditional acrobat troupes in business. About 30 shows by village folk artists add up to a repertoire that is performed regularly at temple fairs across the county. Some shows are now on the list of intangible cultural heritage. The folk artists of Yongkang have staged their best shows on various important occasions: 2020 Shanghai World Expo and some events at the provincial and municipal levels. In 2019, the “Nine Lions Dance” performed folk artists of Yongkang was screened worldwide on Hunan Satellite Television. The Fangyan Tempe Fair has been a key attraction in Zhejiang and neighboring provinces for a long time.

In May 2010, the Fangyan Scenic Zone (Fangyan Temple Fair) was inscribed as a tourism attraction on the list of intangible cultural heritage of Zhejiang Province. In 2011, the temple fair was inscribed on the national list of intangible cultural heritage. In July 2019, Fangyan was honored for its folk culture and art by the provincial government.

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