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蔬菜中硝酸鹽對(duì)心血管健康的改善作用

2020-09-10 07:22韓悅范志紅朱瑞欣
關(guān)鍵詞:硝酸鹽心血管疾病

韓悅 范志紅 朱瑞欣

摘 要:綜述了硝酸鹽對(duì)心血管健康相關(guān)功效的研究進(jìn)展,并對(duì)硝酸鹽的食物來(lái)源和安全性進(jìn)行了論述。

關(guān)鍵詞:綠葉蔬菜;硝酸鹽;心血管疾病

綠葉蔬菜富含多種植物化學(xué)物,其中的類黃酮、類胡蘿卜素、葉酸等成分有利于心血管健康,對(duì)預(yù)防癌癥、心腦血管疾病和糖尿病等慢性疾病均有重要意義[1-4]。然而,綠葉蔬菜中所富含的硝酸鹽對(duì)人體健康的益處尚未引起足夠的關(guān)注。近年來(lái),膳食硝酸鹽對(duì)控制血壓[5]、改善心血管健康[6]、提高運(yùn)動(dòng)能力[7]方面的作用得到了認(rèn)可,而且已經(jīng)被接納為一類新的植物化學(xué)物,即含氮物,成為深綠色葉菜健康作用的重要化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)[4]。研究表明,食物中大部分NO3-在口腔細(xì)菌的幫助下被緩慢轉(zhuǎn)化成NO2-,未被還原的部分NO3-進(jìn)入腸道、血液和其他組織,逐漸轉(zhuǎn)化為NO2-,在一氧化氮合成酶和多種還原性物質(zhì)的作用下,最終轉(zhuǎn)化為具有擴(kuò)展血管、改善血管內(nèi)皮功能等生理作用的一氧化氮(NO)[8-9]。通過(guò)膳食硝酸鹽-亞硝酸鹽-NO途徑緩慢釋放NO所帶來(lái)的持續(xù)血管擴(kuò)張作用,在低氧分壓狀態(tài)下尤其具有重要意義。

本文綜述了硝酸鹽的功效、作用機(jī)理及來(lái)源的研究進(jìn)展,特別是綠葉蔬菜中的硝酸鹽對(duì)心血管健康的作用,希望為更充分發(fā)揮綠葉蔬菜的防病功效提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

1 硝酸鹽對(duì)心血管健康的作用

1.1 降低血壓

Larsen等[10]在2006年對(duì)17名健康受試者進(jìn)行了雙盲交叉研究。受試者分別攝入NaNO3(0.1mmol/kg·d)和安慰劑NaCl,以3d為1個(gè)試驗(yàn)周期,試驗(yàn)間洗脫期為10d,結(jié)果表明,與安慰劑相比,在攝入NO3-后,受試者的舒張壓(DBP)平均減少3.7mmHg,平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)也降低了約3.2mmHg,但收縮壓(SBP)保持不變,該研究首次證明口服NO3-可能在體內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)化成強(qiáng)力血管擴(kuò)張劑NO,從而降低血壓。Webb等[11]讓14名健康受試者分別飲用500 mL甜菜根汁(含富NO3-)和等量水,結(jié)果顯示,飲甜菜根汁后3h后血壓顯著降低,與血漿中亞硝酸鹽濃度達(dá)到最大峰值的時(shí)間相吻合。阻斷硝酸鹽在體內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)化成亞硝酸鹽的過(guò)程,則會(huì)使服用硝酸鹽后的降血壓作用消失。該研究有力地證明了硝酸鹽降血壓的作用機(jī)制。Wylie等[12]用雙盲隨機(jī)交叉研究方法探究14名參加團(tuán)體運(yùn)動(dòng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)員的血壓反應(yīng)與硝酸鹽劑量的關(guān)系,分別給予各組70、140、280 mL濃縮甜菜根汁(分別含4.2、8.4、16.8 mmol NO3-)或?qū)φ?,證實(shí)血壓峰值的降低與血漿中NO2-的濃度峰值成正比,存在劑量反應(yīng)關(guān)系。Kapil等[13]進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)雙盲安慰劑人體隨機(jī)對(duì)照交叉實(shí)驗(yàn),將68名高血壓患者分為兩組,一組服用含250 mL硝酸鹽的甜菜根汁,一組服用不含硝酸鹽的甜菜根汁,實(shí)驗(yàn)期和洗脫期各2周,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),患者的門診血壓、動(dòng)態(tài)血壓和家居血壓值均有顯著下降。一篇對(duì)17項(xiàng)相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行的系統(tǒng)綜述和Meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn),硝酸鹽的攝入劑量與靜息收縮壓的降低程度顯著相關(guān),在每日攝入650mg硝酸鹽時(shí)可獲得最大的收縮壓下降效果(10.45mmHg),但130~259mg/d即可得到顯著的下降(4.45mmHg)。舒張壓的變化則未發(fā)現(xiàn)與劑量有顯著關(guān)聯(lián)[14]。綜合流行病學(xué)研究、動(dòng)物研究、19項(xiàng)在健康受試者中的研究和8項(xiàng)在高血壓患者中進(jìn)行的研究,可確認(rèn)從膳食中攝入硝酸鹽是一種有效、經(jīng)濟(jì)和安全的控血壓方式[15]。

1.2 對(duì)血管功能和血小板凝集性的影響

硝酸鈉溶液的一次性劑量可在健康受試者中顯著增加血流引起的血管擴(kuò)張,且這種作用存在劑量-效應(yīng)關(guān)系,低至1mg/kg劑量的硝酸鈉可引起FMD增加0.75%,3mg/kg增加1.1%,而10mg/kg增加2.0%[16]。食用菠菜(硝酸鹽劑量180mg/d)[17]或甜菜根汁(370mg/d)[18]均可使FMD水平顯著改善。生的甜菜根汁比熟甜菜根汁效果更好[19]。Kapil等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),僅服用250mL含硝酸鹽的甜菜汁即可帶來(lái)內(nèi)皮功能和血管僵硬度的明顯改善,而去除硝酸鹽的甜菜汁則沒(méi)有效果。一項(xiàng)持續(xù)28d攝入實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)無(wú)論是健康人還是高血壓患者,每天攝入約含400mg硝酸鹽的甜菜根汁均可改善FMD[20]。還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),服用含500mg的甜菜根汁能夠減輕攝入60g脂肪所引起的內(nèi)皮功能降低[21]。關(guān)于硝酸鹽對(duì)動(dòng)脈僵硬度的影響,研究結(jié)果不一致。部分研究表明,服用硝酸鹽可使動(dòng)脈硬度指標(biāo)脈搏波傳導(dǎo)速度(PWV)增加,動(dòng)脈硬度下降,其中甜菜汁的效果明顯優(yōu)于直接攝入硝酸鹽,在心血管病患者中的效果大于在健康人當(dāng)中的效果。有4項(xiàng)相關(guān)干預(yù)研究表明,攝入硝酸鉀或甜菜根汁可使血小板凝集反應(yīng)性顯著下降。匯總分析表明,硝酸鹽的攝入使血小板受體激動(dòng)劑引起的血小板聚集降低了18.9%[14]。

1.3 對(duì)血管相關(guān)疾病的改善作用

已知NO可以對(duì)血管功能和組織血流量產(chǎn)生影響,由于膳食中的硝酸鹽能夠作為體內(nèi)NO的來(lái)源,并提高NO的生物利用度,因而對(duì)健康人和患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力均有改善作用。一項(xiàng)安慰劑對(duì)照研究中,Kenjale等[22]讓8名(4男、4女)外周動(dòng)脈疾病患者攝入甜菜汁,3h后血漿中的NO2-水平和安慰劑對(duì)照組相比顯著升高(P<0.01),步行時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),疼痛發(fā)作間隔時(shí)間也有延長(zhǎng)。同時(shí),攝入甜菜汁的受試者在恢復(fù)期2min的SBP和心率值也較低。近紅外光譜分析表明,攝入甜菜汁后外周組織血管出現(xiàn)擴(kuò)張,證明缺氧組織的血流量增加,增強(qiáng)了患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)耐受性。Hendgen-Cotta等[23]用NaNO3溶液作為NO3-補(bǔ)充劑,直接證實(shí)NO3-有利于患有慢性缺血的小鼠的血管再生。Berry等[24]以甜菜根汁作為硝酸鹽來(lái)源,研究了硝酸鹽對(duì)慢性阻塞性肺?。–OPD)患者運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的影響。實(shí)驗(yàn)以患者在最大做功能力的75%狀態(tài)下的運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間為主要結(jié)果,并對(duì)血漿NO3-和NO2-水平、血壓、呼吸困難和腿部不適等指標(biāo)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),與安慰劑相比,攝入甜菜根汁使病人的血漿硝酸鹽水平提高了938%,運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間明顯延長(zhǎng),靜息收縮壓明顯下降,說(shuō)明補(bǔ)充硝酸鹽可以改善COPD患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)并且降低患者的血壓。目前,富含硝酸鹽的甜菜汁和菠菜汁已經(jīng)被廣泛用于運(yùn)動(dòng)員的膳食。研究表明,硝酸鹽可通過(guò)擴(kuò)張血管而提高運(yùn)動(dòng)員的最大耗氧量,提高運(yùn)動(dòng)能力[25]。

1.4 對(duì)心血管疾病的預(yù)防作用

NO是一個(gè)重要的信號(hào)分子,通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)血管擴(kuò)張程度維持血管功能的穩(wěn)定[26]。動(dòng)脈硬化性心血管疾?。ˋSVD)患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與血管系統(tǒng)中傳統(tǒng)L-精氨酸-NO途徑功能紊亂而造成NO生物利用度下降有關(guān)[27]。食物中攝入的NO3-能增加NO生物利用度、促進(jìn)血管擴(kuò)張、改善血管內(nèi)皮功能,理論上說(shuō)可降低包括由冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化引起的多種心血管疾病的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),2017年的一項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)了這種關(guān)系。Blekkenhorst等[28]在1 226名年齡在70~85歲之間且無(wú)ASVD或糖尿病的澳大利亞女性進(jìn)行了長(zhǎng)達(dá)15年的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)攝入十字花科蔬菜攝入量與較低的ASVD死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著相關(guān)。每增加10g十字花科蔬菜,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)下降13%。綠葉蔬菜也有降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的趨勢(shì)(P=0.063)。鑒于十字花科蔬菜是膳食中硝酸鹽的重要來(lái)源,計(jì)算來(lái)自蔬菜的硝酸鹽攝入量后發(fā)現(xiàn),來(lái)自蔬菜的硝酸鹽攝入量與ASVD死亡率呈負(fù)相關(guān),與生活方式和心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素?zé)o關(guān),認(rèn)為富含硝酸鹽的飲食可以降低老年女性中的ASVD死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[29]。對(duì)同樣人群的進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn),十字花科蔬菜的攝取量還能降低亞臨床的動(dòng)脈硬化疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指標(biāo),如頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜厚度(CCA-IMT)。每日攝入3份以上蔬菜(每份75g)者CCA-IMT降低5%左右,而每增加10g十字花科蔬菜,平均CCA-IMT降低0.006mm,最大CCA-IMT降低0.007mm[30]。

2 硝酸鹽的膳食來(lái)源和轉(zhuǎn)化

2.1 蔬菜中的硝酸鹽含量

蔬菜攝入提供了人類膳食中的85%~90%的硝酸鹽,對(duì)飲茶人群來(lái)說(shuō),茶葉也有貢獻(xiàn)[31]。通常情況下蔬菜中的硝酸鹽含量順序?yàn)槿~柄>葉片>主莖>根>花>塊莖>球莖>果實(shí)>種子[32]。一般來(lái)說(shuō),不同類別蔬菜的硝酸鹽平均含量順序?yàn)槿~菜類>根莖類>瓜類、豆類、茄果類。高硝酸鹽含量的蔬菜(>1 000mg/kg)包括十字花科蔬菜如芝麻菜、白菜、蘿卜等,藜科蔬菜如菠菜、甜菜等,菊科蔬菜如綠生菜等,傘形科蔬菜如芹菜等[33]。洋蔥、番茄等蔬菜含量非常低,不足100mg/kg。因此,由于膳食中的蔬菜品種不同,硝酸鹽的攝入量可以有很大的差距。例如,同樣食用500g蔬菜,如果使用低含量蔬菜,每日從蔬菜中得到的硝酸鹽不超過(guò)50mg,而使用高含量蔬菜,可以得到1 000mg以上。我國(guó)研究者對(duì)部分市售蔬菜的測(cè)定發(fā)現(xiàn),深綠色葉菜幾乎都屬于高硝酸鹽含量的蔬菜[34]。由于品種、施肥、氣候、栽培季節(jié)、栽培方式等各種因素的影響,即便是同一類蔬菜,硝酸鹽含量也會(huì)有較大差異。

2.2 膳食硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)镹O的途徑

體內(nèi)的NO有兩個(gè)主要來(lái)源:L-精氨酸-NO合成酶途徑[35]和飲食硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)化途徑[36]。通過(guò)飲食來(lái)攝取硝酸鹽參與體內(nèi)代謝的過(guò)程涉及到NO3--NO2--NO循環(huán)[8]。食物中的部分NO3-在口腔中的細(xì)菌硝酸鹽還原酶的作用下轉(zhuǎn)化成NO2-,隨后進(jìn)入到胃和小腸。NO2-在胃酸及多種還原性物質(zhì)的共同作用下生成NO,未與還原酶作用的部分NO3-進(jìn)入腸道、血液和其他組織,在還原酶作用下被還原,或者隨血漿再循環(huán)[8]。Duncan等[37]認(rèn)為,舌頭表面存在厭氧硝酸鹽還原菌,食物中的絕大部分硝酸鹽在口腔中被還原。身體健康的志愿者在服用了可以抑制細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)的羥氨芐青霉素后,其唾液中的亞硝酸鹽濃度明顯下降,這說(shuō)明口腔菌群在硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)化成亞硝酸鹽的過(guò)程中起到了決定性的作用[38]。Webb等[11]也發(fā)現(xiàn),如果對(duì)口腔進(jìn)行殺菌處理,則會(huì)使硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)化為亞硝酸鹽的變化被阻斷,服用硝酸鹽后的降血壓作用消失。這些研究證明硝酸鹽的作用機(jī)制依賴于口腔細(xì)菌的還原作用。Pinheiro等[39]的動(dòng)物研究表明,當(dāng)胃液的pH值上升時(shí),硝酸鹽通過(guò)口腔中的共生細(xì)菌作用產(chǎn)生的亞硝酸鹽在胃的酸性條件下轉(zhuǎn)化生成的NO減少,從而弱化了硝酸鹽所具有的有益于心血管健康的降壓作用??谇皇鞘澄镏械南跛猁}初步轉(zhuǎn)化的重要場(chǎng)所,位于口腔內(nèi)的菌群對(duì)硝酸鹽的還原作用對(duì)于硝酸鹽發(fā)揮的健康作用至關(guān)重要[38]。

3 硝酸鹽的安全性

由于硝酸鹽代謝可能生成亞硝酸鹽,早在1945年,“藍(lán)嬰病”(嬰幼兒的高鐵血紅蛋白癥)被認(rèn)為與飲用水中的硝酸鹽有關(guān),但后續(xù)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),此病的發(fā)生與硝酸鹽沒(méi)有直接關(guān)系[40-41]。有觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,食物硝酸鹽攝入量與胃癌、膀胱癌等癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)[42-43],但近年來(lái)的流行病學(xué)研究結(jié)果表明,攝入含有較多硝酸鹽的蔬菜并不會(huì)導(dǎo)致胃癌,甚至高硝酸鹽的十字花科蔬菜攝入量還與胃癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈現(xiàn)負(fù)相關(guān)[44]。我國(guó)居民調(diào)查表明,在維生素C攝入充足的情況下,硝酸鹽攝入量與腸癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也無(wú)關(guān)[45]。流行病學(xué)研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),攝入深綠色葉菜和十字花科蔬菜還有利于降低肺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[46]和乳腺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[47],而這些蔬菜都是硝酸鹽的主要食物來(lái)源。素食者攝入的硝酸鹽是雜食者的3倍,而因患癌癥死亡的素食者人數(shù)比雜食者人數(shù)低20%~40%[48]。由于硝酸鹽有害的證據(jù)逐漸被駁,歐洲食品安全局認(rèn)定硝酸鹽對(duì)人體健康并無(wú)危害[49]。

流行病學(xué)研究提示,攝入較大量的硝酸鹽,而攝入的維生素C過(guò)少,可能會(huì)增加胃中亞硝胺類致癌物的生成,不利于預(yù)防腸癌[50]。因此,攝入富含硝酸鹽的蔬菜時(shí),應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)新鮮度,避免不新鮮蔬菜和非規(guī)范腌制的蔬菜。加工肉制品中含有硝酸鹽和亞硝酸鹽,但攝入這類食物不利于預(yù)防癌癥[51]。此外,在硝酸鹽和亞硝酸鹽攝入過(guò)多時(shí),可能增加甲狀腺疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[52],對(duì)孕婦來(lái)說(shuō),應(yīng)慎重使用補(bǔ)充硝酸鹽方式控制血壓[53],推薦使用新鮮綠葉蔬菜作為硝酸鹽來(lái)源。

4 結(jié)論與展望

綜上所述,膳食硝酸鹽已經(jīng)被確認(rèn)具有一系列有益的血管效應(yīng),包括降低血壓、保持或改善內(nèi)皮功能障礙、增強(qiáng)人體的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)等,特別是來(lái)自綠葉蔬菜的硝酸鹽,對(duì)心血管疾病的預(yù)防和治療有輔助作用?!吨袊?guó)居民膳食指南(2016)》中推薦每天食用300~500 g蔬菜,其中1/2應(yīng)為深色蔬菜[54]。該建議能夠保證膳食中攝取足量的硝酸鹽和其他植物化學(xué)物,有利于預(yù)防心血管疾病。高血壓、血脂異常、糖尿病等心血管疾病高危人群應(yīng)還可以適當(dāng)增加綠葉蔬菜攝入量。與直接服用硝酸鹽制劑相比,從綠葉蔬菜中攝入硝酸鹽安全性較高,而且更有優(yōu)勢(shì),能夠同時(shí)攝入類黃酮、類胡蘿卜素、葉酸、維生素K等多種有益心血管健康的成分[4],使多種植物化學(xué)物的協(xié)同作用成為可能。需要注意的是,由于硝酸鹽易溶于水,焯水后的蔬菜中的硝酸鹽會(huì)有較大比例溶水流失。炒、蒸、加少量水油煮連湯吃等方法有利于保存硝酸鹽成分[55]。

鑒于我國(guó)是綠葉蔬菜生產(chǎn)大國(guó),居民有食用綠葉蔬菜的傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣,消除人們對(duì)綠葉蔬菜中硝酸鹽的恐懼心理,鼓勵(lì)人們按照膳食指南的建議充分?jǐn)z入綠葉蔬菜,對(duì)預(yù)防多種慢性疾病、促進(jìn)國(guó)民健康具有重要意義。

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Abstract:This paper reviewed the research advancements on dietary nitrate and cardiovascular health,as well as the food source and safety concerns of nitrate intake.

Keywords:green leafy vegetable;nitrate;cardiovascular disease

(責(zé)任編輯 李婷婷)

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