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姜黃素藥理作用及機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展

2020-08-27 12:59宋莉平王宇
中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào) 2020年20期
關(guān)鍵詞:姜黃素藥理作用機(jī)制

宋莉平 王宇

[摘要] 姜黃素是從中藥姜黃中提取的一種植物多酚,也是姜黃發(fā)揮藥理作用最重要的活性成分。現(xiàn)代藥理學(xué)研究顯示,姜黃素有抗腫瘤、抗炎、抗氧化、抗纖維化及心肌保護(hù)等藥理作用。本文綜合近些年文獻(xiàn),闡述姜黃素的抗腫瘤機(jī)制(包括抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞血管生成、抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、阻遏細(xì)胞周期、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡、抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲等)及姜黃素發(fā)揮抗炎、抗氧化、抗纖維化、心肌保護(hù)等作用治療多種腫瘤、非腫瘤疾病,以期為姜黃素開發(fā)利用研究提供參考。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 姜黃素;藥理作用;機(jī)制;腫瘤

[中圖分類號] R285.5 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)07(b)-0029-05

[Abstract] Curcumin is a plant polyphenol extracted from turmeric of traditional Chinese medicine, and it is also the most important active component of turmeric to play a pharmacological role. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that curcumin has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-fibrosis and myocardial protection and other pharmacological effects. This paper synthesizes the literature of recent years to elaborate the anti-tumor mechanism of curcumin (including inhibiting tumor cell angiogenesis, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, repressing cell cycle, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting tumor cell migration and invasion, etc.) and the treatment of various tumor, non-tumor diseases by curcumin by exerting its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-fibrotic, myocardial protection, etc., in order to provide reference for the development and utilization of curcumin.

[Key words] Curcumin; Pharmacological action; Mechanism; Tumor

中藥姜黃最早記載于《唐本草》,其性辛味苦溫,歸肝脾經(jīng),有破血行氣、通經(jīng)止痛之效。而姜黃素(curcumin)是從姜黃根莖中提取出來的一種脂溶性多酚類化合物,是姜黃發(fā)揮藥理作用的主要活性成分,為橙黃色結(jié)晶粉末,味稍苦,耐光耐熱性差,毒性極小。同時(shí)也是一種容易滲透細(xì)胞膜的親脂性分子,可溶于乙醇等有機(jī)溶劑,不溶于水,分子式為C21H20O6,相對分子質(zhì)量368.38。本文擬就姜黃素的藥理作用及其抗腫瘤、抗炎、抗氧化、抗纖維化及心肌保護(hù)作用機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,旨在為姜黃素基礎(chǔ)研究和臨床應(yīng)用提供思路。

1 抗腫瘤作用及機(jī)制

姜黃素是中藥姜黃的主要活性成分,以往研究顯示[1],其對多種腫瘤細(xì)胞有毒性作用。姜黃素的抗腫瘤機(jī)制包括抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長增殖、血管生成、侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移、阻遏細(xì)胞周期、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡、提高化療敏感性等,提示姜黃素可通過多種分子機(jī)制來達(dá)到抗腫瘤的作用,具有很強(qiáng)的治療潛力[2]。

1.1 抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞血管生成

血管生成是一個(gè)由原有血管網(wǎng)絡(luò)形成新血管的過程,通常發(fā)生在許多生理過程中,如傷口愈合和胚胎發(fā)育,也發(fā)生在病理過程,包括關(guān)節(jié)炎、糖尿病、癌癥等。惡性膠質(zhì)瘤是人類腫瘤中血管化程度較高的腫瘤之一,其生長和存活依賴于足夠的血液供應(yīng)[3]。抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞血管生成是治療膠質(zhì)瘤的有效策略,而姜黃素具有抗血管生成活性[4]。Perry等[5]研究顯示,姜黃素有抑制無胸腺小鼠膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞生長的作用,作用機(jī)制與其抑制神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤誘導(dǎo)的血管生成有關(guān)。姜黃素能阻斷體內(nèi)外血管生成,提示姜黃素在腦癌化學(xué)預(yù)防和治療方面具有潛在的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。Zhang等[6]以0.01 mg/L姜黃素處理神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤U87細(xì)胞系模型小鼠發(fā)現(xiàn),姜黃素處理組腫瘤重量明顯小于對照組(P < 0.05)。姜黃素顯著抑制U87細(xì)胞血管密度、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)及血管生成素-2(Ang-2)的表達(dá),上調(diào)血小板反應(yīng)蛋白1(TSP-1)表達(dá),提示姜黃素可能通過抑制異種移植膠質(zhì)瘤小鼠模型中VEGF/Ang-2/TSP-1介導(dǎo)的血管生成來發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用。

1.2 抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡

細(xì)胞凋亡是一種基因調(diào)控過程,在細(xì)胞死亡中起重要作用。研究顯示[7],姜黃素可直接或間接調(diào)節(jié)凋亡過程的不同節(jié)點(diǎn),引起細(xì)胞周期阻滯和癌細(xì)胞凋亡。Guo等[8]報(bào)道姜黃素(0~20 mg/L)呈時(shí)間和濃度依賴性明顯抑制人大腸癌LoVo細(xì)胞的生長增殖,并將細(xì)胞阻滯于S期,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,作用機(jī)制可能與其激活Bax表達(dá),抑制Bcl-2和Bcl-xL表達(dá),從而激活半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)信號通路有關(guān)。Yang等[9]以姜黃素處理人前列腺癌細(xì)胞PC-3裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)姜黃素組腫瘤體積和重量均明顯低于對照組(P < 0.05),抑瘤率呈劑量依賴性。與對照組比較,姜黃素組Bcl-2表達(dá)降低,Bax蛋白表達(dá)增加(P < 0.05),細(xì)胞凋亡率明顯升高(P < 0.05),提示姜黃素可能通過上調(diào)Bax和下調(diào)Bcl-2表達(dá),抑制PC-3細(xì)胞生長,減少腫瘤體積和重量,誘導(dǎo)裸鼠皮下細(xì)胞凋亡。有研究證實(shí)PI3K是胃癌的癌基因[10],P53是胃癌的抑癌基因[11],姜黃素能激活P53信號通路并抑制PI3K信號通路,進(jìn)而抑制胃癌細(xì)胞增殖并誘導(dǎo)自噬和凋亡[12]。脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)在除肝臟和脂肪以外的多數(shù)人體組織中低表達(dá),但在多種癌細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)明顯高于正常組織細(xì)胞[13-16]。姜黃素通過抑制人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞內(nèi)FAS活性,下調(diào)FAS表達(dá)和mRNA水平,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[17]。

1.3 抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲

腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移是指腫瘤細(xì)胞離開原發(fā)病灶,經(jīng)淋巴道、血管、組織等,入侵鄰近免疫功能相對較弱的正常組織,在多次分裂增殖后,遷移入侵更遠(yuǎn)處組織,形成繼發(fā)腫瘤的過程。腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移過程受多種基因產(chǎn)物調(diào)控,上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)換(EMT)參與胚胎發(fā)育和癌癥進(jìn)展過程,上皮細(xì)胞獲得間充質(zhì)表型,減少細(xì)胞間黏附,失去細(xì)胞極性,增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲能力[18-19]。有研究報(bào)道[20],姜黃素能降低人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞中EMT的表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞發(fā)生形態(tài)學(xué)變化,進(jìn)而抑制該細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲。β-catenin在膀胱癌組織中的表達(dá)較癌周組織顯著上調(diào)。Shi等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)姜黃素(10~30 μmol/L)可通過調(diào)節(jié)β-catenin的表達(dá)和逆轉(zhuǎn)EMT,降低人膀胱癌T24和5637細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲能力。方園等[22]研究顯示,姜黃素(5~40 μmol/L)干預(yù)人膠質(zhì)瘤SHG44細(xì)胞后,其遷移距離、遷移率、侵襲能力明顯降低(P < 0.05),SHG44細(xì)胞中的基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)和MMP-9表達(dá)水平顯著下降(P < 0.05)。提示姜黃素可抑制人膠質(zhì)瘤SHG44細(xì)胞遷移及侵襲,且呈時(shí)間及濃度依賴性,其機(jī)制可能與下調(diào)MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白表達(dá)有關(guān)。另外,姜黃素還可通過抑制人骨肉瘤MG-63細(xì)胞中P-JAK2/-STAT3通路,抗MG-63細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲,提示姜黃素下調(diào)JAK/STAT信號通路可能是骨肉瘤治療的新策略[23]。

2 抗炎作用

姜黃素有抗炎活性,能誘導(dǎo)多種炎性細(xì)胞因子、干擾素和某些趨化因子下調(diào)。蔣兵等[24]以致炎藥完全弗氏佐劑(CFA)建立類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎(RA)大鼠模型,致炎后第7~28天分別連續(xù)給予姜黃素高(80 mg/kg)、中(40 mg/kg)、低(20 mg/kg)劑量灌胃,發(fā)現(xiàn)姜黃素處理可顯著緩解RA大鼠炎癥癥狀(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),高劑量組癥狀改善更明顯,提示姜黃素呈劑量依賴方式改善RA大鼠的炎性癥狀。Wang等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn)姜黃素對牛Ⅱ型膠原誘導(dǎo)的關(guān)節(jié)炎大鼠有治療作用,且在減少巨噬細(xì)胞炎性反應(yīng)方面具有強(qiáng)烈的藥理活性,其機(jī)制可能與抑制核因子(NF)-κB信號通路和促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞凋亡有關(guān)。多囊卵巢綜合征(PCOS)患者體內(nèi)炎癥相關(guān)因子C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)[26]、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)[27]、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)[28]水平顯著升高。Mohammadi等[29]給Wistar大鼠注射戊酸雌二醇(2 mg/kg)誘導(dǎo)建立PCOS大鼠模型,并連續(xù)兩周腹腔注射姜黃素(100、200、300、400 mg/kg),檢測顯示大鼠體內(nèi)IL-6、CRP、TNF-α等炎癥指標(biāo)明顯下降,提示姜黃素對PCOS的抗炎作用可能是通過其抑制IL-6、CRP、TNF-α的表達(dá)水平來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。促炎細(xì)胞因子IL-6與許多妊娠疾?。òㄔ绠a(chǎn))有關(guān),而子宮蛻膜細(xì)胞是IL-6的主要來源。研究姜黃素對子宮蛻膜細(xì)胞HuF和UⅢ的作用發(fā)現(xiàn)[30],姜黃素處理降低了這兩種細(xì)胞中IL-1β誘導(dǎo)的IL-6的表達(dá),還明顯抑制IL-6信號中的關(guān)鍵分子gp130的表達(dá)及IL-6信號的下游介質(zhì)STAT3的磷酸化和核定位。而IL-6R和sIL-6R的表達(dá)不受影響,提示姜黃素對炎癥介導(dǎo)的早產(chǎn)及其他妊娠疾病有治療潛力。

3 抗氧化作用

ROS產(chǎn)生過多并超過內(nèi)源性抗氧化防御系統(tǒng)對其消除能力時(shí),會(huì)形成氧化生物大分子,誘發(fā)基因突變,蛋白質(zhì)變性以及脂質(zhì)過氧化,損傷溶酶體、線粒體等,最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞損傷。姜黃素是一種自由基清除劑、還原劑和DNA損傷抑制劑,可與鐵、錳、銅離子結(jié)合,調(diào)節(jié)其抗氧化性能和自由基清除效應(yīng)[31-32]。Lin等[33]報(bào)道姜黃素(5、10 μmol/L)可通過提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、過氧化氫酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性,或提高Nrf2蛋白水平,協(xié)助Nrf2向細(xì)胞核遷移,調(diào)控血紅素加氧酶-1(HO-1)和谷氨酸-半胱氨酸連接酶(GCLC)的表達(dá),從而消除ROS,增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞對氧化應(yīng)激的抵抗,減少細(xì)胞凋亡,提高存活率。適量的H2O2能夠促進(jìn)胰腺癌細(xì)胞侵襲,Cao等[34]將人胰腺癌BxPC-3和PANc-1細(xì)胞暴露于含有姜黃素的H2O2中,經(jīng)Transwell基質(zhì)凝膠侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)、qRT-PCR等對其檢測分析發(fā)現(xiàn)姜黃素能抑制H2O2誘導(dǎo)的ROS產(chǎn)生,減少細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲,降低MMP-2和MMP-9在胰腺癌細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)。此外,姜黃素還抑制BxPC-3和PANc-1細(xì)胞中p-ERK和p-NF-κB的升高,提示姜黃素通過抑制ROS/ERK/NF-κB信號通路抑制胰腺癌細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲。

4 抗纖維化作用

纖維化可發(fā)生于多種器官,主要病理改變?yōu)槠鞴俳M織內(nèi)纖維結(jié)締組織增多,實(shí)質(zhì)細(xì)胞減少,持續(xù)進(jìn)展可致器官結(jié)構(gòu)破壞及功能衰退乃至衰竭,是許多疾病致殘致死的主因。腹膜纖維化(PF)是長期腹膜透析(PD)引起的腹膜形態(tài)和功能的改變,PF可導(dǎo)致腹膜超濾能力的喪失。Zhao等[35]發(fā)現(xiàn)姜黃素對與PD相關(guān)的PF有明顯的保護(hù)作用,姜黃素可減輕炎性反應(yīng)和轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β1(TGF-β1)的表達(dá),保護(hù)間皮細(xì)胞單層,改善腹膜功能,提示姜黃素對PF有潛在的治療作用。Chen等[36]報(bào)道姜黃素上調(diào)APPL1蛋白表達(dá),抑制Akt磷酸化,進(jìn)而降低細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)蛋白表達(dá)水平,在缺血再灌注誘導(dǎo)的遲發(fā)性纖維化疾病中發(fā)揮作用。Xiao等[37]研究顯示,姜黃素通過調(diào)節(jié)膠原沉積、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)降解和心臟成纖維細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移,減輕心梗后的心肌纖維化。Huang等[38]經(jīng)腹腔注射四氯化碳(CCl4)誘導(dǎo)建立肝硬化小鼠模型,并給予姜黃素治療發(fā)現(xiàn)Gr1hi單核細(xì)胞的肝內(nèi)浸潤減弱,TNF-α和TGF-β1的表達(dá)顯著降低,這與肝內(nèi)Gr1hi單核細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少相符。由此姜黃素的抗炎和抗纖維化作用可能是通過抑制單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1(MCP-1)來減弱Gr1hi單核細(xì)胞募集,使肝臟免受CCl4誘導(dǎo)的纖維化。鼻內(nèi)給予姜黃素可顯著抑制氣道炎癥和肺纖維化,其機(jī)制可能是通過降低MMP-9活性和α-平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白(α-SMA)、MMP-9、金屬蛋白酶組織抑制因子-1(TIMP-1)及嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞趨化因子的表達(dá)[39]。

5 心肌保護(hù)作用

大量心血管疾病研究顯示,姜黃素有抗心肌損傷作用。冠狀動(dòng)脈微栓塞(CME)誘導(dǎo)的局部心肌炎和心肌細(xì)胞凋亡是進(jìn)行性心臟功能障礙的主要原因。Liu等[40]報(bào)道姜黃素可抗CME誘導(dǎo)的心肌損傷,作用機(jī)制可能與TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信號通路介導(dǎo)的心肌細(xì)胞凋亡減少和心肌炎性反應(yīng)抑制有關(guān),這為姜黃素預(yù)防和治療CME所致心肌損傷提供了理論依據(jù)。姜黃素對心肌缺血再灌注大鼠的心功能有保護(hù)作用。給予SD大鼠姜黃素[10、20、30 mg/(kg·d)]灌胃20 d后,結(jié)扎左前降支冠狀動(dòng)脈1 h使大鼠心肌損傷,后釋放結(jié)扎重新灌注心臟3 h。評估脂質(zhì)譜,脂質(zhì)過氧化產(chǎn)物,抗氧化酶和基因表達(dá)發(fā)現(xiàn)姜黃素可能通過減少氧化損傷和抑制心肌細(xì)胞凋亡來改善心肌功能,減輕心臟損傷,其機(jī)制可能是通過刺激JAK2/STAT3信號通路,上調(diào)心肌Bcl-2/Bax表達(dá),使Caspase-3失活[41]。Li等[42]發(fā)現(xiàn)姜黃素能有效改善機(jī)械創(chuàng)傷(MT)誘導(dǎo)的大鼠繼發(fā)性心功能障礙,并顯著降低創(chuàng)傷心肌細(xì)胞的凋亡指數(shù)。此外,姜黃素還可抑制單核細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生TNF-α并降低循環(huán)TNF-α水平。經(jīng)姜黃素預(yù)處理,當(dāng)該細(xì)胞與創(chuàng)傷性血漿共孵育時(shí),心肌細(xì)胞H9c2中ROS產(chǎn)生和Ca2+超載減弱,提示姜黃素可通過抑制全身炎性反應(yīng)和減弱心肌細(xì)胞中的氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)及Ca2+超載來有效改善MT誘導(dǎo)的心功能障礙。

6 小結(jié)

姜黃素是從中藥姜黃根莖中提取出來的重要的多酚類化合物,具有抗腫瘤、抗炎、抗氧化、抗纖維化、抗心肌損傷等多種藥理作用,臨床用于治療骨關(guān)節(jié)炎、腫瘤、心血管疾病、脊髓損傷等效果明顯,表現(xiàn)出良好的應(yīng)用和開發(fā)前景。另外,針對姜黃素口服吸收率差,生物利用度低等缺點(diǎn),醫(yī)學(xué)研究工作者研制出多種給藥系統(tǒng)來解決該問題,如納米粒、脂質(zhì)體、膠束、固體分散體、磷脂體等,但這些成果多停留在細(xì)胞和動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)水平,在人體內(nèi)的過程有待進(jìn)一步研究。本文在分子水平上對姜黃素的藥理機(jī)制進(jìn)行總結(jié),以期為基礎(chǔ)研究和臨床提供有益參考。

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(收稿日期:2020-01-09)

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