李海濤 曲波 楊事達(dá)
[摘要] 目的 探討添加膳食纖維對(duì)大鼠腦缺血后炎性反應(yīng)的影響。 方法 按照隨機(jī)分配的原則,將34只成年雄性大鼠分為假手術(shù)組(n = 10),缺血組(n = 12),缺血+膳食纖維組(n = 12)。缺血組和缺血+膳食纖維組顱內(nèi)注射內(nèi)皮素制作腦缺血模型,有4只大鼠死亡;假手術(shù)組顱內(nèi)注射等體積的生理鹽水,所有大鼠均存活;最終假手術(shù)組10只、缺血組10只、缺血+膳食纖維組10只。假手術(shù)組與缺血組正常飲食,缺血+膳食纖維組添加膳食纖維。測(cè)量梗死體積,免疫熒光染色觀測(cè)各組大鼠梗死周邊皮層Iba-1/BrdU與GFAP/BrdU雙染陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)量。 結(jié)果 缺血組與缺血+膳食纖維組梗死體積比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。缺血組Iba-1/BrdU雙染陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)、GFAP/BrdU雙染陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)多于假手術(shù)組,缺血+膳食纖維組Iba-1/BrdU雙染陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)、GFAP/BrdU雙染陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)少于缺血組,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.01)。 結(jié)論 腦梗死恢復(fù)期給予膳食纖維可抑制梗死周邊新生的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞與星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞激活,從而抑制腦梗死后的炎性反應(yīng)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 腦梗死;膳食纖維;炎性反應(yīng);腸道菌群
[中圖分類號(hào)] R743.31 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)07(b)-0010-03
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of dietary fiber on inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia in rats. Methods Thirty-four adult male rats were divided into sham group (n = 10), ischemic group (n = 12), ischemic+dietary fiber group (n = 12) according to the principle of random distribution. Endothelin was injected into the brain of the ischemia group and ischemic+dietary fiber group to make the cerebral ischemia model, 4 rats died; while sham operation group was injected with isovolume normal saline, all the rats survived. Finally, 10 rats in sham operation group, 10 rats in ischemia group, and 10 rats in ischemia+dietary fiber group. Normal diet was added to the sham group and ischemia group, dietary fiber was added to the ischemia+dietary fiber group. The infarct volume was measured and the number of Iba-1/BrdU and GFAP/BrdU double staining positive cells in the infarct peripheral cortex of each group was observed by immunofluorescence staining. Results There was no significant difference in infarct volume between ischemia group and ischemia+dietary fiber group (P > 0.05). The number of Iba-1/BrdU double staining positive cells, GFAP/BrdU double staining positive cells in ischemia group were more than those in sham operation group, while the number of Iba-1/BrdU double staining positive cells, GFAP/BrdU double staining positive cells in ischemia+dietary fiber group were less than those in ischemia group, and the differences were all highly statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Conclusion Dietary fiber can inhibit the activation of new microglia and astrocytes around the infarct in the recovery period of cerebral infarction, and thus inhibit the inflammatory response after cerebral infarction.
[Key words] Cerebral infarction; Dietary fiber; Inflammatory response; Gut flora
近年來(lái)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腦與胃腸道可以通過(guò)由中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸以及腸神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等結(jié)構(gòu)組成的神經(jīng)-免疫-內(nèi)分泌網(wǎng)絡(luò)相互作用[1-3]。此外,有研究[4]顯示,腸道菌群與腦血管疾病密切相關(guān)。長(zhǎng)期的腸道營(yíng)養(yǎng)可以短暫或永久地改變宿主腸道菌群的穩(wěn)態(tài)[5]。高膳食纖維飲食可以被腸道菌群代謝發(fā)酵產(chǎn)生短鏈脂肪酸,主要包括乙酸、丙酸和丁酸[6]。本研究探討添加膳食纖維對(duì)腦梗死后大鼠腦內(nèi)炎癥細(xì)胞的影響,旨在為腦梗死的臨床康復(fù)提供新的理論基礎(chǔ)及治療靶點(diǎn)。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物
34只成年雄性Wistar大鼠,體重200~250 g,由中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供,實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物合格證號(hào):211002300052024,動(dòng)物許可證號(hào):SCXK[遼]2015-0001。所有動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)操作程序符合中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)管理?xiàng)l例要求。動(dòng)物分組按隨機(jī)分配的原則,將其隨機(jī)分為三組:假手術(shù)組(n = 10),缺血組(n = 12),缺血+膳食纖維組(n = 12)。
1.2 儀器與試劑
BrdU(生產(chǎn)批號(hào):B3023)、ET-1(生產(chǎn)批號(hào):E6877)均購(gòu)于美國(guó)Sigma-Aldrich公司;Rabbit anti-Iba-1(生產(chǎn)批號(hào):ab178846)、Rabbit anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)(生產(chǎn)批號(hào):ab7260)均購(gòu)于美國(guó)Abcam公司;Alexa fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG(生產(chǎn)批號(hào):A-11034)、Alexa fluor 594 donkey anti-sheep IgG(生產(chǎn)批號(hào):A-11016)均購(gòu)于美國(guó)Invitrogen公司。微量注射器(型號(hào):87943)購(gòu)于美國(guó) Hamilton 公司;微量注藥系統(tǒng)(型號(hào):62000)購(gòu)于深圳瑞沃德生命科技有限公司;共聚焦顯微鏡購(gòu)(型號(hào):Leica TCS SP2)購(gòu)于德國(guó)Leica SP2公司;搖床(型號(hào):6173000)購(gòu)于德國(guó)Heidolph公司。膳食纖維飼料來(lái)源于廣州市賽柏諾生物科技有限公司。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 顱內(nèi)注射內(nèi)皮素(ET-1)制作腦缺血模型 ?將ET-1用生理鹽水稀釋成0.500 μg/μL,根據(jù)大鼠腦解剖圖譜注射到以下3點(diǎn)(AP示以前囟為中心向前,ML示以前囟為中心向側(cè)方,DV示以前囟為中心向下方[7-8]):①AP+0.700 mm,ML+2.200 mm,DV-2.000 mm;②AP+2.300 mm,ML+2.500 mm,DV-2.300 mm;③AP+0.700 mm,ML+3.800 mm,DV-5.800 mm。ET-1用微量注射器以0.500 μL/min注射。注射ET-1后約3 h(此時(shí)大鼠麻醉已清醒)若大鼠出現(xiàn)提尾倒懸時(shí)右上肢向胸前屈曲或行走時(shí)向右側(cè)傾倒或者向右側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)圈,且癥狀持續(xù)超過(guò)24 h,可判定為缺血模型制作成功。
缺血組與缺血+膳食纖維組大鼠制作腦缺血模型,有4只大鼠死亡。10只大鼠顱內(nèi)注射等體積的生理鹽水,所有的假手術(shù)組大鼠均存活。最終分組為假手術(shù)組(n = 10)、缺血組(n = 10)和缺血+膳食纖維組(n = 10)。
1.3.2 膳食纖維的添加 ?在大鼠大群飼養(yǎng)中,假手術(shù)組與缺血組正常飲食,缺血+膳食纖維組在7~35 d添加膳食纖維,經(jīng)口喂入。大鼠富含膳食纖維的飼料成分配比見(jiàn)表1。
1.3.3 梗死體積的測(cè)量 ?第40天時(shí),使用尼氏染色測(cè)量缺血組、缺血+膳食纖維組腦梗死的體積。腦片對(duì)側(cè)及同側(cè)半球區(qū)域使用NIH Image J 進(jìn)行測(cè)量,每張切片完整半球區(qū)域減去梗死半球區(qū)域再乘以間隔得到總梗死體積。
1.3.4 免疫熒光染色 ?免疫熒光染色觀測(cè)大鼠梗死區(qū)域周邊GFAP/BrdU及Iba-1/BrdU陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞及GFAP/BrdU、Iba-1/BrdU染色情況:腦片漂洗,血清孵育后,在rabbit anti-Iba-1(1∶500)或GFAP(1∶1000)中4℃孵育過(guò)夜,漂洗,在二抗Alexa fluor 488 goat anti-guinea pig IgG或Alexa fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG(1:500)中室溫避光孵育2 h,漂洗;然后在2N HCl 37℃水浴箱中孵育45 min,漂洗,血清孵育;隨后在抗BrdU抗體(1:500)中4℃孵育過(guò)夜,PBS漂洗后,在二抗Alexa fluor 594 donkey anti-sheep IgG(1∶500)中室溫避光孵育2 h,漂洗后貼片、封片。其中Iba-1為小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物,GFAP為星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物,通過(guò)Iba-1和GFAP的數(shù)量觀察膳食纖維對(duì)腦缺血后小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞及星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的影響。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 缺血組與缺血+膳食纖維組梗死體積比較
缺血組梗死體積為(132.823±10.571)mm3,缺血+膳食纖維組梗死體積為(128.214±11.283)mm3,兩組梗死體積比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。
2.2 三組炎性反應(yīng)情況比較
缺血組Iba-1/BrdU雙染陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)、GFAP/BrdU雙染陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)多于假手術(shù)組,缺血+膳食纖維組Iba-1/BrdU雙染陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)、GFAP/BrdU雙染陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)少于缺血組,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.01)。見(jiàn)圖1(封四),表2。
3 討論
腦缺血后梗死區(qū)域的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞及星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞會(huì)被激活[9],形成的惡性循環(huán)促進(jìn)繼發(fā)性腦損傷的發(fā)生,更加重神經(jīng)功能的缺失[10]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腦缺血后大鼠梗死區(qū)域GFAP與Iba-1細(xì)胞明顯被激活,與以往研究一致[11]。在大鼠腦缺血后的早期,小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞及星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞就被激活,過(guò)早的形成膠質(zhì)瘢痕[12]。因此,如果能對(duì)腦梗死后的炎性反應(yīng)加以抑制,有可能有效促進(jìn)神經(jīng)功能的恢復(fù)。
近期有研究[5]顯示,長(zhǎng)期腸道營(yíng)養(yǎng)可以短暫或者永久地改變宿主腸道菌群的穩(wěn)態(tài)。膳食纖維可以被腸道菌群代謝發(fā)酵而產(chǎn)生短鏈脂肪酸。短鏈脂肪酸可以改變腸道菌群的組成[13-15],還可以參與神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的穩(wěn)態(tài)調(diào)節(jié),維持中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定[16-19]。更為重要的是,通過(guò)調(diào)控中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的免疫反應(yīng),短鏈脂肪酸被證實(shí)能夠減輕多發(fā)性硬化動(dòng)物模型中的神經(jīng)元軸突損傷[5]。提示應(yīng)用膳食纖維能夠促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元的恢復(fù)。但其中的確切機(jī)制尚不清楚,值得進(jìn)一步深入探討。本研究首次探討添加膳食纖維對(duì)大鼠梗死周邊炎癥的影響。結(jié)果顯示,腦梗死后應(yīng)用膳食纖維并不能夠減小梗死體積,但能夠抑制梗死周邊的炎性反應(yīng),促進(jìn)腦梗死后的神經(jīng)功能修復(fù)。
綜上所述,本研究推測(cè)在腦梗死恢復(fù)期給予膳食纖維,可能通過(guò)抑制梗死周邊新生的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞與星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞激活,從而抑制腦梗死后的炎性反應(yīng)??梢愿玫亓私馍攀忱w維發(fā)揮作用的可能機(jī)制并為腦梗死的臨床康復(fù)提供了新的理論基礎(chǔ)及治療靶點(diǎn)。
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(收稿日期:2020-01-06)