鄭慧穎 宗文凱
[摘要]尋常性痤瘡是臨床上最常見的皮膚病之一。通常無需輔助檢查可根據(jù)臨床表現(xiàn)做出診斷。但是,臨床上存在某些表現(xiàn)為痤瘡樣皮疹或以痤瘡為表現(xiàn)之一的其他疾病,常與痤瘡混淆而引起診斷錯誤。痤瘡樣皮疹可由服用藥物導(dǎo)致,也可作為一些罕見疾病的皮膚受累表現(xiàn)而出現(xiàn),此類疾病診斷通常較為困難。為了對此類疾病有更深入的了解,本文對表現(xiàn)為痤瘡樣皮疹的非痤瘡皮膚病進(jìn)行綜述如下。
[關(guān)鍵詞]痤瘡;痤瘡樣皮疹;診斷;鑒別診斷;皮膚病
[中圖分類號]R758.73+3 ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A ? ?[文章編號]1008-6455(2020)03-0016-03
Abstract: Acne is one of the most common skin diseases in clinical work. Clinical diagnosis is usually made based on its classical lesions without using extra examinations. However, there are some other disease manifested by acneiform eruptions or acne, which are often confused with acne and result in inaccurate diagnosis. Acneiform eruptions can be caused by drugs, and can also be manifested as skin involvement in some rare diseases. It is often difficult to diagnose these diseases. To have a more comprehensive understanding of these diseases, this article reviews the skin diseases that present with acneiform eruptions.
Key words: acne; acneiform eruption; diagnosis; differential diagnosis; dermatoses
尋常性痤瘡是臨床上最常見的皮膚病之一。它是一種毛囊皮脂腺的慢性炎癥性疾病,其特征性皮疹表現(xiàn)為在富含皮脂的身體區(qū)域(如:面部和軀干)上出現(xiàn)的粉刺、丘疹、膿皰、囊腫及結(jié)節(jié),??砂橛旭:踇1]。通常無需輔助檢查可根據(jù)臨床表現(xiàn)做出診斷。但是,臨床上存在某些表現(xiàn)為痤瘡樣皮疹或以痤瘡為表現(xiàn)之一的其他疾病,??梢鹪\斷錯誤而耽誤病情[2],本文對痤瘡樣皮疹及此類疾病進(jìn)行綜述。
1 ?藥物引起的痤瘡樣皮疹
引起痤瘡樣皮疹的藥物種類較多,包括皮質(zhì)類固醇類、神經(jīng)精神類、抗結(jié)核類及免疫調(diào)節(jié)類等誘導(dǎo)痤瘡樣皮疹的經(jīng)典藥物。近年來,新型靶向治療藥物廣泛使用,其引起的痤瘡樣皮疹發(fā)生率有所升高。藥物導(dǎo)致痤瘡樣皮疹的機(jī)制尚不完全清楚,鋰劑可能通過對毛囊直接產(chǎn)生毒性作用而引起痤瘡樣皮疹;雄激素類藥物可能通過提高皮膚表面脂質(zhì)量、痤瘡丙酸桿菌量等因素導(dǎo)致痤瘡樣皮疹發(fā)生[3];靶向藥物,如:英夫利昔單抗和阿達(dá)木單抗可能通過直接阻斷TNF-α(腫瘤壞死因子-α)引起免疫級聯(lián)反應(yīng)而導(dǎo)致痤瘡樣皮疹,但同時(shí)抗TNF制劑又可用于治療SAPHO綜合征皮膚受累而出現(xiàn)的痤瘡樣皮疹[4];BRAF(鼠類肉瘤濾過性毒菌致癌同源體B)抑制劑類藥物可能通過激活MAPK(受絲裂原激活的蛋白激酶)通路使毛囊角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞增殖,從而誘導(dǎo)患者粉刺形成增多[5]。
1.1 皮質(zhì)類固醇類藥物:糖皮質(zhì)激素可在局部外用、口服、靜脈滴注或吸入后引起痤瘡樣皮疹[6-7],通常在攝入藥物數(shù)周至數(shù)月后出現(xiàn)皮疹。臨床上表現(xiàn)為形態(tài)單一的皮色或淡紅色-紅色圓頂狀炎性小丘疹和小膿皰,皮疹常出現(xiàn)在皮脂腺豐富的區(qū)域,也有可能延伸到上肢[8]。
1.2 神經(jīng)精神類藥物:Francesco RICCI等于2014年首次報(bào)道1例乙琥胺治療年輕女性癲癇患者而引發(fā)痤瘡樣皮疹的病例,經(jīng)過服用抗組胺藥及外用林可霉素后皮疹及瘙癢消退[9]。鋰劑[10]、阿利哌嗪[11]等治療神經(jīng)精神藥物均被報(bào)道引起痤瘡樣皮疹。
1.3 靶向藥物:表皮生長因子受體抑制劑(EGFRI)包括EGFR單克隆抗體(mAbs)和酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(TKIs)[12]。EGFRI的皮膚副作用很常見,最常見的即是痤瘡樣皮疹。80%的患者在用藥1~3周后出現(xiàn)皮疹,主要集中在鼻部或者臉頰、軀干,也可擴(kuò)散至四肢[13]。EGFR mAbs如西妥昔單抗[14],TKIs如伊馬替尼、尼洛替尼、達(dá)沙替尼等均可引起痤瘡樣皮疹[15];TNF-α單克隆抗體,如阿達(dá)木單抗[4]、英夫利昔單抗等[16];可溶性TNF-α受體融合蛋白,如依那西普等[17],均有報(bào)道可引起痤瘡樣皮疹。目前靶向藥物在臨床上使用愈發(fā)廣泛,它所引起的痤瘡樣皮疹發(fā)生率也有所上升。目前用于治療黑素瘤的靶向藥物MEK(絲裂原細(xì)胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶)抑制劑曲美替尼[18]、BRAF(鼠類肉瘤濾過性毒菌致癌同源體B)抑制劑維羅非尼[5,19]均有新近報(bào)道。
1.4 除此之外,既往曾有學(xué)者總結(jié)已報(bào)道的病例[8]包括維生素B1、B6[8]、B12[20]、免疫抑制劑如西羅莫司[21]、環(huán)孢素、他克莫司,抗結(jié)核藥物如:異煙肼、利福平、乙硫異酰胺、鹵素如碘化物、溴化物、含氯鹽的藥物及抗病毒藥物利巴韋林[22]等也可引起痤瘡樣皮疹。
2 ?其他疾病引起的痤瘡樣皮疹
許多疾病可出現(xiàn)面部類似痤瘡的皮疹或者以痤瘡為表現(xiàn)之一,此時(shí)“痤瘡樣皮疹”是發(fā)現(xiàn)真正疾病的“窗口”,臨床工作中應(yīng)當(dāng)注意這類疾病。
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[收稿日期]2019-10-26
本文引用格式: 鄭慧穎,宗文凱.表現(xiàn)為痤瘡樣皮疹的非痤瘡皮膚病[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2020,29(3):16-19.