劉雅嫻 沈晗 杜傳印 管恩森 湯朝起 瞿永生 劉冰 馬興華 徐秀紅
摘 ?要:為探討不同肥料運(yùn)籌模式下適宜的煙葉采收時(shí)間,以NC55為材料,設(shè)置了3種肥料運(yùn)籌模式,分別為:氮磷鉀肥全部作基肥施用(T1),磷肥全部基施,氮肥和鉀肥基追比例為7∶3(T2),磷肥全部基施,氮肥和鉀肥基追比例為5∶5(T3),3個(gè)采收時(shí)間,分別為打頂后30 d(S1)、打頂后35 d(S2)、打頂后40 d(S3),分析了不同處理對葉片SPAD值及烤后煙經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀、化學(xué)成分和質(zhì)量的影響。結(jié)果表明,相同肥料運(yùn)籌模式下,隨采收時(shí)間推遲,葉片SPAD值減小,烤后上等煙比例、上中等煙比例、均價(jià)和單葉重先增加后降低,均以打頂后35 d采收最高,但T3模式下的上中等煙比例、均價(jià)和單葉重打頂后35 d與40 d采收差異較小。隨采收時(shí)間推遲,煙葉煙堿含量顯著降低,還原糖含量顯著提高,糖堿比和兩糖比顯著增加,煙葉總糖含量先增加后降低,打頂后35 d采收最高。不同肥料運(yùn)籌模式下,氮鉀追肥比例越高,SPAD值隨采收時(shí)間下降幅度越小,氮鉀肥基追比例為10∶0、7∶3和5∶5的處理,分別在打頂后30、35和40 d采收感官質(zhì)量總得分最高??梢?,磷肥全部基施條件下增加氮鉀肥追施比例推遲了烤煙的成熟落黃和獲得最佳感官質(zhì)量的采收時(shí)間。
關(guān)鍵詞:肥料運(yùn)籌模式,采收時(shí)間,經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀,煙葉質(zhì)量
Effects of Harvesting Time on Economic Characters and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco Under Different Fertilization Application Regimes
LIU Yaxian1,2, SHEN Han3, DU Chuanyin4, GUAN Ensen4 , TANG Zhaoqi3, QU Yongsheng3,
LIU Bing4, MA Xinghua1, XU Xiuhong1*
(1. Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao 266101, China; 2. Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; 3. R&D Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201315, China; 4.Weifang Tobacco Company of Shandong Province, Weifang, Shandong 261205, China)
Abstract: In order to study the suitable harvest time of tobacco leaf under different fertilization application regimes, NC55 culivar was used and three fertilization application regimes were set up as follows: all nitrogenous, phosphorous and potassic fertilizers were used as basal fertilizer (T1); phosphorous fertilizer for basal application in total, nitrogenous fertilizer and potassic fertilizer were applied with a base and topdressing ratio of 7:3 (T2); phosphorous fertilizer for basal application in total, nitrogenous fertilizer and potassic fertilizer were applied with a base and topdressing ratio of 5:5 (T3). The three harvest time treatments were as follows: 30 days after topping (S1), 35 days after topping (S2) and 40 days after topping (S3). The leaf SPAD value, economic characters, chemical composition, and quality of tobacco after curing were analyzed. The results indicated that for the same regime of fertilization application, the leaf SPAD value decreased with the extension of harvest time after topping.The proportion of high-quality tobacco, high and middle-quality tobacco after curing, the average price and the single leaf weight all increased firstly and then decreased and all of them had the highest value at 35 days after topping. There was smaller differencesof the proportion of high and middle-quality tobacco, the average price and single leaf weight for the T3 regime between treatment of 35 and 40 days after topping. With the extension of harvest time, leaf nicotine content significantly decreased, reducing sugar content, reducing sugar/nicotine, and reducing sugar/total sugar significantly increased, the total sugar content firstly increased and then decreased, and showed the highest at 35 days after topping. At different fertilization application regimes, the reduction of leaf SPAD value decreased following higher ratio of nitrogenous and potassic fertilizers topdressing. When the base and topdressing ratio of nitrogenous and potassic fertilizers were 10:0, 7:3 and 5:5 respectively, the harvest time for the highest sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco were 30 days, 35 days and 40 days after topping, respectively. It can be concluded that the increasing the top dressing ratio of nitrogenous and potassic fertilizers with total basal application of phosphorous fertilizer delayed the harvest time to get the best quality.
Keywords: fertilization application regime; harvest time; economic character; tobacco quality
施肥是提高作物產(chǎn)量、改良作物品質(zhì)的有效措施,也是栽培管理的重要環(huán)節(jié)[1]。研究表明,隨著肥料用量、形態(tài)、種類、施用方法、施用時(shí)間的改變,煙草的經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀、外觀品質(zhì)、內(nèi)在品質(zhì)都會(huì)產(chǎn)生明顯變化[2-5]。煙葉采收時(shí)間與煙葉成熟度直接相關(guān),隨著采收時(shí)間的推遲,烤煙的田間成熟度逐漸提高[6]。成熟度被稱為煙葉品質(zhì)形成的中心因素,煙葉成熟度與煙葉的質(zhì)量存在定量相關(guān)關(guān)系,煙葉成熟度越適宜,煙葉質(zhì)量越高[7]。在煙田合理基追肥比例的研究中,張本強(qiáng)等[8]得出,相同施氮量條件下,基追肥比例為3∶7處理的煙葉總植物堿含量、總氮含量較小,還原糖含量、糖堿比較大,香氣質(zhì)、余味得分較高。李志鵬等[9]研究認(rèn)為,增加追肥比例可以顯著增加煙株株高、莖圍、最大葉長,促進(jìn)中部煙葉總氮、煙堿和石油醚提取物含量的提升,基肥與追肥4∶6配施對煙株生長的促進(jìn)作用最大??椎骡x等[10]則研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不同的基追肥比例對煙葉產(chǎn)量有明顯的影響,對內(nèi)在化學(xué)成分和評(píng)吸質(zhì)量有一定的影響,黔西南煙區(qū)最佳基追肥比例為7∶3。在煙葉采收時(shí)間方面,包可翔等[11]研究指出下二棚煙葉打頂后14 d采收,中部煙葉打頂后28~35 d采收,上二棚煙葉打頂后49~56 d采收煙葉質(zhì)量最好。冉法芬等[12]研究表明采烤后期雨水較多的天氣情況下,上部煙葉適當(dāng)提前1~2 d采收,能提高煙葉的物理性狀和化學(xué)成分協(xié)調(diào)性,煙葉質(zhì)量較高。前人的研究主要集中在肥料配置或采收時(shí)間單因素對烤煙生長與煙葉品質(zhì)的影響方面,而施肥影響了煙株的生長發(fā)育進(jìn)程和成熟落黃,因此在不同的肥料運(yùn)籌模式下選擇合理的采收時(shí)間對于提高煙葉質(zhì)量具有重要的意義。因此本文在3種不同的肥料運(yùn)籌模式下分別設(shè)置了3個(gè)采收時(shí)間進(jìn)行大田試驗(yàn),通過分析不同處理的烤后煙葉經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀和品質(zhì),提出不同肥料運(yùn)籌模式與采收時(shí)間的合理匹配方案,指導(dǎo)煙葉生產(chǎn)。
1 ?材料與方法
1.1 ?試驗(yàn)基本情況
試驗(yàn)于2018年在山東濰坊煙草有限公司煙葉生產(chǎn)技術(shù)中心諸城實(shí)驗(yàn)站進(jìn)行。土壤為壤質(zhì)褐土,0~30 cm土層pH 6.6,有機(jī)質(zhì)含量11.87 g/kg、堿解氮含量52.63 mg/kg、全氮含量0.92 g/kg、速效磷含量27.71 mg/kg、全磷含量0.21 g/kg、速效鉀含量194.05 mg/kg、全鉀含量3.36 g/kg。供試烤煙品種為NC55,種植行株距為120 cm×50 cm,采用滴灌灌溉,5月7日移栽。田間管理按當(dāng)?shù)貎?yōu)質(zhì)煙葉生產(chǎn)技術(shù)規(guī)范進(jìn)行。
1.2 ?試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
試驗(yàn)采用雙因素裂區(qū)設(shè)計(jì),主區(qū)為肥料配置模式,設(shè)3個(gè)處理,分別為肥料全部作基肥施用(T1),磷肥全部基施,氮肥和鉀肥分次施用且基追比例為7:3(T2),磷肥全部基施,氮肥和鉀肥分次施用且基追比例為5:5(T3)。副區(qū)為采收時(shí)間,分別為打頂后30 d(S1)、打頂后35 d(S2)、打頂后40 d(S3)。各處理煙株打頂標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一致,均為小區(qū)50%的煙株第一朵中心花開放時(shí)打頂。3次重復(fù),小區(qū)(6行)面積72 m2。氮肥用量為90 kg/hm2,m(N)∶m(P2O5)∶m(K2O)=1∶0.8∶3.3。有機(jī)氮用量占總氮用量的30%,所用肥料為腐熟的豆餅(N、P2O5和K2O的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別為6%、1%和2%)、煙草專用復(fù)合肥(N、P2O5和K2O質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別為10%、10%和20%)、硫酸鉀(K2O質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)50%)、磷酸二銨(N、P2O5質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)18%、46%)、硝酸鉀(N、K2O質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)13.5%、44.5%),磷肥全部在起壟時(shí)基施,氮肥和鉀肥分別在起壟時(shí)條施和移栽后20 d穴施。
1.3 ?測定指標(biāo)及方法
1.3.1 ?SPAD值測定 ?各小區(qū)選擇中部相同葉位煙葉5片進(jìn)行標(biāo)記,使用SPAD-502 PLUS葉綠素儀進(jìn)行SPAD值測定。選煙葉的葉基、葉中、葉尖3個(gè)部位作為主要測定點(diǎn),每個(gè)部位分別測4個(gè)點(diǎn)(主脈兩側(cè)各2個(gè)點(diǎn)),取這12個(gè)點(diǎn)的平均值作為所測葉片的SPAD值,于采收當(dāng)天的上午9點(diǎn)統(tǒng)一測定。
1.3.2 ?外觀質(zhì)量鑒定 ?依據(jù)外觀質(zhì)量評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(表1)[13]對烤后煙葉外觀質(zhì)量的6項(xiàng)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行打分,并采用指數(shù)和法計(jì)算烤煙外觀質(zhì)量綜合得分[14]。
1.3.3 ?經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀分析 ?依據(jù)國標(biāo)GB 2635—92 烤煙[15]進(jìn)行分級(jí),計(jì)產(chǎn)計(jì)值。
1.3.4 ?化學(xué)成分測定 ?分級(jí)后各處理選擇C3F煙葉10片,置于烘箱中40 ℃烘干,磨碎過0.25 mm篩,用Aataris II 近紅外光譜儀(Thermo Fisher公司)測定煙堿、總糖、還原糖、總氮、鉀、氯和淀粉等7項(xiàng)主要化學(xué)成分指標(biāo),計(jì)算還原糖/煙堿、還原糖/總糖、鉀/氯3項(xiàng)衍生指標(biāo)。
1.3.5 ?感官質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià) ?各處理選擇C3F煙葉20片,送農(nóng)業(yè)部煙草產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)測試中心進(jìn)行感官質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)。
1.4 ?數(shù)據(jù)處理
采用Microsoft Excel 2010和SPSS 25軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理、圖表制作以及方差分析,LSD法分析均值差異的顯著性。
2 ?結(jié) ?果
2.1 ?不同肥料運(yùn)籌模式下采收時(shí)間對煙葉SPAD值的影響
SPAD值與煙葉成熟度呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,可較好地表示煙葉成熟度[16]。由圖1可以看出,相同肥料運(yùn)籌模式下,隨采收時(shí)間推遲,葉片SPAD值逐漸降低,葉片成熟度提高。在T1、T2和T3三種不同模式下,打頂后采收時(shí)間延遲5 d,SPAD值分
別降低34.91%、28.20%和32.30%,采收時(shí)間延遲10 d,SPAD值分別降低63.36%、54.42%和52.93%。可見,推遲葉片采收時(shí)間促進(jìn)了色素降解,降解幅度與肥料運(yùn)籌方式相關(guān),追肥比例越高,SPAD值下降幅度越小,尤其以推遲10 d采收更加明顯。不同肥料運(yùn)籌模式間比較發(fā)現(xiàn),相同的采收時(shí)間,SPAD值均表現(xiàn)為T3>T2>T1。說明磷肥全部基施條件下,氮鉀追施比例增加推遲了煙葉的成熟落黃。
2.2 ?不同肥料運(yùn)籌模式下采收時(shí)間對烤后煙葉外觀質(zhì)量的影響
由表2可知,在T1模式下,隨采收時(shí)間推遲,表征煙葉外觀質(zhì)量的顏色、成熟度得分及綜合得分均表現(xiàn)為S2>S3>S1,葉片結(jié)構(gòu)得分S2和S3相同,油分得分S1、S2和S3相同,身份和色度得分S2最高,即在T1模式下,打頂后35 d采收煙葉外觀質(zhì)量最佳。在T2模式下,隨采收時(shí)間推遲,煙葉顏色、成熟度、葉片結(jié)構(gòu)得分及綜合得分均表現(xiàn)為S2>S3>S1,身份、色度得分S2和S3相同,油分得分S3最高,即在T2模式下,亦表現(xiàn)為打頂后35 d采收煙葉外觀質(zhì)量最佳。在T3模式下,隨采收時(shí)間推遲,煙葉成熟度、葉片結(jié)構(gòu)、油分得分及外觀質(zhì)量綜合得分均表現(xiàn)為S2>S3>S1,顏色和身份得分S2最高,色度得分S2和S3相同,即在T3模式下,同樣表現(xiàn)為打頂后35 d采收煙葉外觀質(zhì)量最佳。綜上,在試驗(yàn)中采用的3種肥料運(yùn)籌模式下,煙葉打頂后35 d采收外觀質(zhì)量最佳。不同肥料運(yùn)籌模式下打頂后35 d采收,T3模式的煙葉外觀質(zhì)量最佳,T2模式次之。
2.3 ?不同肥料運(yùn)籌模式下采收時(shí)間對烤后煙葉經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀的影響
從表3可以看出,在T1模式下,打頂后35 d和40 d采收的處理上等煙比例分別比30 d的提高24.04和11.70個(gè)百分點(diǎn),上中等煙葉比例分別提高15.93和6.06個(gè)百分點(diǎn),均價(jià)分別提高21.40%和11.41%。在T2模式下,打頂后35 d和40 d采收的處理上等煙比例分別比30 d提高19.46和6.67個(gè)百分點(diǎn),上中等煙葉比例分別提高10.74和0.92個(gè)百分點(diǎn),均價(jià)分別提高14.88%和4.77%。在T3模式下,打頂后35 d和40 d采收的處理上等煙比例分別比30 d提高17.63和6.32個(gè)百分點(diǎn),中上等煙葉比例分別提高12.22和12.22個(gè)百分點(diǎn),均價(jià)分別提高13.46%和7.65%??梢姡?種肥料運(yùn)籌模式下,打頂后35 d采收的煙葉上等煙比例和均價(jià)最高,其次是打頂后40 d采收。在T1和T2模式下,打頂后35 d采收的單葉重最高,其次為打頂后30 d采收,打頂后40 d采收的單葉重最低,T3模式下,打頂后30 d采收的單葉重最低,打頂后35 d和40 d采收的單葉重相同。同樣是打頂后35 d采收,T3模式的上等煙葉比例、均價(jià)和單葉重均最高,T2模式次之。
2.4 ?不同肥料運(yùn)籌模式下采收時(shí)間對烤后煙葉化學(xué)成分的影響
由表4可得,在3種肥料運(yùn)籌模式下,隨采收
時(shí)間推遲,煙堿含量逐漸降低,還原糖含量逐漸增加,鉀含量降低,氯離子含量呈增加趨勢,鉀氯比降低,兩糖比增加。T1模式下,隨采收時(shí)間推遲,總糖含量顯著降低,總氮含量先增加后降低,淀粉含量先降低后增加。T2和T3模式下,總糖含量均為打頂后35 d采收最高,總氮含量均為打頂后30 d采收最高,糖堿比打頂后40 d采收最高。
2.5 ?不同肥料運(yùn)籌模式下采收時(shí)間對烤后煙葉感官質(zhì)量的影響
從表5可以看出,T1模式下,隨采收時(shí)間推遲,烤后煙葉的香氣質(zhì)、香氣量、余味、刺激性得分均降低,雜氣得分先增加后降低,灰色得分增加,最終感官評(píng)吸總得分降低,但質(zhì)量檔次不變。T2模式下,以打頂后35 d采收感官質(zhì)量最佳,主要是提高了香氣質(zhì)、香氣量、余味和雜氣的得分,質(zhì)量檔次提高。T3模式下,以打頂后40 d采收感官質(zhì)量最佳,相較于其他采收時(shí)間,主要是提高了香氣質(zhì)、余味、雜氣和刺激性得分,質(zhì)量檔次提高。綜合比較發(fā)現(xiàn),T2S2的感官評(píng)吸得分最高,其次為T3S3??梢?,隨肥料追施比例提高,越晚采收的煙葉感官品質(zhì)越好。
3 ?討 ?論
采收時(shí)間影響烤后煙葉的經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀。包可翔等[11]研究表明,隨采收期推遲,烤后中上等煙葉比例、黃煙比例及均價(jià)均表現(xiàn)為先升高后降低。周以波等[17]研究指出,適當(dāng)延遲采收時(shí)間可以提高煙葉的產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)值。本研究結(jié)果表明,同一肥料運(yùn)籌模式下,隨著采收時(shí)間推遲,烤后煙葉的上等煙比例、上中等煙比例、均價(jià)和單葉重先增加后降低,均以打頂后35 d采收最高,明顯優(yōu)于打頂后30 d采收,尤其以上等煙比例提高幅度最大,比打頂后30 d采收提高17.63~24.04個(gè)百分點(diǎn),但上中等煙比例、均價(jià)與打頂后40 d采收相比差異較小。外觀質(zhì)量結(jié)果表明,打頂后35 d采收的煙葉顏色、成熟度、葉片結(jié)構(gòu)、身份、色度等指標(biāo)得分均最高。說明適當(dāng)延遲采收時(shí)間有利于葉片色素降解,內(nèi)含物進(jìn)一步轉(zhuǎn)化,提高煙葉成熟度,改善煙葉結(jié)構(gòu)和身份,進(jìn)而提高上等煙葉比例和均價(jià)。盡管在不同的肥料運(yùn)籌模式下,均表現(xiàn)為打頂后35 d采收煙葉經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀最
佳,但隨著肥料追施比例的提高,此時(shí)間采收煙葉的上等煙比例、均價(jià)和單葉重均呈增加的趨勢,說明肥料運(yùn)籌模式與采收時(shí)間合理組合更有利于提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
采收時(shí)間影響烤后煙葉質(zhì)量。汪耀富等[18]研究表明,中部煙葉推遲1周采收,可明顯提高致香物質(zhì)總量,提高煙葉感官質(zhì)量。吳有祥等[19]研究也指出,中部葉推遲3 d采收,能夠提高煙葉香氣質(zhì)、香氣量,改善煙葉質(zhì)量,突出濃香煙葉風(fēng)格。本研究結(jié)果表明,在不同的肥料運(yùn)籌模式下,采收時(shí)間對烤后煙葉質(zhì)量的影響并不一致。磷肥全部基施,氮鉀肥基追比例10∶0、7∶3和5∶5的處理,分別在打頂后30、35和40 d感官評(píng)吸得分最高??梢姳驹囼?yàn)條件下氮鉀肥追肥比例的增加推遲了烤煙最佳采收的時(shí)間。適當(dāng)延遲采收時(shí)間,烤煙生育后期碳氮代謝轉(zhuǎn)化更加充分,減弱了由于氮肥分施導(dǎo)致的生育后期氮代謝水平較高、碳氮代謝難以適時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
4 ?結(jié) ?論
同一肥料運(yùn)籌模式下,推遲采收時(shí)間降低了葉片SPAD值,降低了煙堿含量和鉀含量,提高了還原糖含量。不同肥料運(yùn)籌模式下,煙葉外觀質(zhì)量和經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀均以打頂后35 d采收最好,40 d次之,30 d最差。磷肥全部基施條件下,氮鉀肥基追比例10∶0、7∶3和5∶5的處理分別在打頂后30、35和40 d采收烤后煙葉感官質(zhì)量總得分最高,氮鉀肥追施比例的增加還降低了煙葉SPAD值隨采收時(shí)間下降幅度??傊?,本試驗(yàn)條件下,磷肥全部基施,氮鉀肥追施比例增加推遲了烤煙的成熟落黃和獲得最佳感官質(zhì)量的采收時(shí)間。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]馬興華,梁曉芳,劉光亮,等. 氮肥用量及其基追施比例對烤煙氮素利用的影響[J]. 植物營養(yǎng)與肥料學(xué)報(bào),2016,22(6):1655-1664.
MA X H, LIANG X F, LIU G L, et al. Effect of nitrogen application rate and base and topdressing ratio on nitrogen utilization of flue-cured tobacco[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2016, 22(6): 1655-1664.
[2]宋瑩麗,史宏志,何景福,等. 不同施氮量下采收時(shí)期對上部葉質(zhì)量和經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀的影響[J]. 中國煙草科學(xué),2014,35(2):94-99.
SONG Y L, SHI H Z, HE J F, et al. Effects of harvesting times on quality and economic characters of upper leaves of tobacco under five nitrogen rates[J]. Chinese Tobacco Science, 2014, 35(2): 94-99.
[3]馮婷婷,王夢雅,符云鵬,等. 不同有機(jī)物料對土壤和煙葉主要質(zhì)量指標(biāo)的影響[J]. 中國煙草科學(xué),2016,37(5):22-27,33.
FENG T T, WANG M Y, FU Y P, et al. Effect of different organic materials on the main quality indicators of soil and tobacco[J]. Chinese Tobacco Science, 2016, 37(5): 22-27, 33.
[4]秦艷青,李春儉,趙正雄,等. 不同供氮方式和施氮量對烤煙生長和氮素吸收的影響[J]. 植物營養(yǎng)與肥料學(xué)報(bào),2007,13(3):436-442.
QIN Y Q, LI C J, ZHAO Z X, et al. Effects of rates and methods of N application on growth and N uptake of flue-cured tobacco[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2007, 13 (3): 436-442.
[5]謝志堅(jiān),涂書新,張嵚,等. 烤煙基肥施用時(shí)間與氮肥利用的相關(guān)性研究[J]. 中國生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào),2013,21(11):1328-1332.
XIE Z J, TU S X, ZHANG Q, et al. Effect of basal nitrogen fertilization time on nitrogen fertilizer use in flue-cured tobacco[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2013, 21(11): 1328-1332.
[6]劉海業(yè). 采收時(shí)期對烤煙成熟特性及產(chǎn)質(zhì)量的影響[D]. 廣州:華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2016.
LIU H Y. Effects of harvest time on maturity characteristics, yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco[D]. Guangzhou: Huanan Agricultural University, 2016.
[7]蔡憲杰,王信民,尹啟生. 成熟度與煙葉質(zhì)量的量化關(guān)系研究[J]. 中國煙草學(xué)報(bào),2005(4):48-52.
CAI X J, WANG X M, YIN Q S. Study on the quantitative relationship between maturity and quality of tobacco leaf[J]. Acta Tabacaria Sinica, 2005(4): 48-52.
[8]張本強(qiáng),馬興華,王術(shù)科,等. 施氮方式對烤煙氮素吸收積累及品質(zhì)的影響[J]. 中國煙草科學(xué),2011,32(5):56-62.
ZHANG B Q, MA X H, WANG S K, et al. Effects of nitrogen application regimes on nitrogen uptake, accumulation and quality of flue-cured tobacco[J]. Chinese Tobacco Science, 2011, 32(5): 56-62.
[9]李志鵬,劉浩,周涵君,等. 基肥與追肥比例對烤煙生長發(fā)育和品質(zhì)的影響[J]. 江蘇農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2017,45(24):59-63.
LI Z P, LIU H, ZHOU H J, et al. Effects of the ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing on the growth、development and quality of flue-cured tobacco[J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 45(24): 59-63.
[10]孔德鈞,潘文杰,裴剛. 基追肥比例對烤煙及后季作物產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響[J]. 貴州農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2009,37(10):65-67.
KONG D J, PAN W J, PEI G. Effects of different base manure/top dressing ratio on yield and quality of tobacco and following crops[J]. Guizhou Agricultural Sciences, 2009, 37(10): 65-67.
[11]包可翔,李雨江. 不同采收期對煙葉產(chǎn)質(zhì)量的影響[J]. 安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2012,40(36):17515-17516,17518.
BAO K X, LI Y J. Effects of different harvesting time on yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco[J]. Journal of Anhui Agri. Sci., 2012, 40(36): 17515-17516, 17518.
[12]冉法芬,黃魏魏,江春,等. 皖南煙區(qū)不同采收時(shí)間對上部葉理化指標(biāo)的影響研究[J]. 安徽農(nóng)學(xué)通報(bào),2017,23(24):39-42,83.
RAN F F, HUANG W W, JIANG C, et al. Effect of different harvesting time on physicochemical indexes of upper leaves in south Anhui tobacco area[J]. Anhui Agri. Sci. Bull., 2017, 23(24): 39-42, 83.
[13]蔡憲杰,王信民,尹啟生. 烤煙外觀質(zhì)量指標(biāo)量化分析初探[J]. 煙草科技,2004(6):37-39,42.
CAI X J, WANG X M, YIN Q S. Preliminary study on quantitative analysis of flue-cured tobacco appearance quality indices[J]. Tobacco Science &Technology, 2004(6): 37-39, 42.
[14]王彥亭,謝劍平,李志宏. 中國煙草種植區(qū)劃[M]. 北京:科學(xué)出版社,2010.
WANG Y T, XIA J P, LI Z H. Tobacco planting regionalization in China[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2010.
[15]國家煙草專賣局. GB 2635—92烤煙[S]. 北京:中國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版社,1992.
State Tobacco Monopoly Administration. GB 2635—92 Flue-cured tobacco[S]. Beijing: China Standards Press, 1992.
[16]孫陽陽,靳志偉,黃明迪,等. SPAD值與鮮煙葉成熟度及烤后煙葉質(zhì)量的關(guān)系[J]. 中國煙草科學(xué),2016,37(2):42-46.
SUN Y Y, JIN Z W, HUANG M D, et al. The relationship of SPAD value, maturity of fresh tobacco leaves and quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves[J]. Chinese Tobacco Science, 2016, 37(2): 42-46.
[17]周以波,肖佳冰,盧迪,等. 不同種植密度與采收時(shí)間對煙葉產(chǎn)質(zhì)量的影響[J]. 湖南農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2014(23):24-27,31.
ZHOU Y B, XIAO J B, LU D, et al. Influence of different planting density and harvesting time on yield and quality of tobacco leaves[J]. Hunan Agricultural Sciences, 2014(23): 24-27, 31.
[18]汪耀富,高華軍. 采收時(shí)間對烤煙致香物質(zhì)含量和評(píng)吸質(zhì)量的影響[J]. 西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版),2006(12):74-78.
WANH Y F, GAO H J. Effect of priming time on content of aroma constituents and flavor quality of flue-cured tobaccco[J]. Northwest Sci-Tech Univ. of Agri. and For.(Nat. Sci. Ed), 2006(12):74-78.
[19]吳有祥,胡世龍,歐明毅,等. 采收時(shí)期對烤煙成熟度和感官質(zhì)量的影響[J]. 廣東農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2017,44(7):13-18.
WU Y X, HU S L, OU M Y, et al. Effects of harvest time on maturity and sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco[J]. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 44(7): 13-18.
基金項(xiàng)目:上海煙草集團(tuán)有限責(zé)任公司科技項(xiàng)目“典型生態(tài)區(qū)煙葉烘烤增香提質(zhì)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究”(K2017-1-039Z),中國煙草總公司山東省公司科技重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目“山東中棵煙增甜烤香烘烤關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究與應(yīng)用”(201804),山東中煙工業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司科技項(xiàng)目“山東優(yōu)質(zhì)上部煙葉成熟特征研究與應(yīng)用”(201802002),中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新工程(ASTIP-TRIC03)
作者簡介:劉雅嫻(1995-),女,在讀碩士,研究方向:作物栽培理論與技術(shù)。E-mail:1019963357@qq.com。*通信作者,E-mail:xuxiuhong@caas.cn
收稿日期:2020-01-10 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?修回日期:2020-03-06