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環(huán)介導(dǎo)等溫?cái)U(kuò)增技術(shù)在食源性沙門氏菌檢測中的應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展

2020-04-10 06:57魏楨元
江蘇農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) 2020年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:沙門氏菌研究進(jìn)展

魏楨元

摘要:沙門氏菌是世界上最常見的食源性致病菌之一,全球每年沙門氏菌中毒事件居細(xì)菌性中毒事件首位。環(huán)介導(dǎo)等溫?cái)U(kuò)增技術(shù)(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)是一種新型的核酸恒溫?cái)U(kuò)增方法。2005年首次報(bào)道了采用LAMP技術(shù)快速檢測沙門氏菌的研究,在隨后的十幾年中,LAMP技術(shù)不斷優(yōu)化完善,并廣泛應(yīng)用于食品沙門氏菌的現(xiàn)場檢測。本綜述闡述LAMP的技術(shù)原理和特點(diǎn),歸納基于LAMP技術(shù)的不同平臺(tái)在沙門氏菌快速檢測中的應(yīng)用,同時(shí)對LAMP技術(shù)假陽性率高的問題進(jìn)行了探討,并對LAMP技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向和研究趨勢提出了幾個(gè)設(shè)想。

關(guān)鍵詞:環(huán)介導(dǎo)等溫?cái)U(kuò)增技術(shù);沙門氏菌;食源性致病菌;現(xiàn)場檢測;研究進(jìn)展

中圖分類號:TS207.4 ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A ?文章編號:1002-1302(2020)03-0080-06

沙門氏菌是需氧或兼性厭氧的革蘭氏陰性菌,屬于腸桿菌科。非傷寒沙門氏菌對人體健康的影響很大。據(jù)WHO食源性疾病監(jiān)控計(jì)劃統(tǒng)計(jì),非傷寒沙門氏菌導(dǎo)致9 380萬人感染,其中通過食源性導(dǎo)致8 030萬人感染,每年有15.5萬人因此而喪生[1]。沙門氏菌感染對全球造成巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失和負(fù)擔(dān)。在2010年美國由沙門氏菌感染導(dǎo)致的醫(yī)療成本、人員工資損失、過早死亡的成本高達(dá)27億美元,這并不包括相關(guān)產(chǎn)品召回、疾病防控以及不可估量的相關(guān)生產(chǎn)廠商及農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的商譽(yù)損失[2]。在中國,70%~80%細(xì)菌性食源性疾病是由沙門氏菌感染引起的,其中90%的食物是肉、奶、蛋等畜產(chǎn)品[3]。已經(jīng)鑒定出的腸炎沙門氏菌血清型超過 2 500 種,但大多數(shù)人體感染是由有限數(shù)量的血清型引起的[4]。腸炎沙門氏菌是最常見沙門氏菌菌株之一,通常與雞蛋、家禽及其產(chǎn)品的沙門氏菌病的爆發(fā)有關(guān)[5]。在2016年全球食品致病菌測試量達(dá)到2.8億份,市場價(jià)值超過180億美元。其中,測試量排名第一的致病菌是沙門氏菌,占檢測量的43%[6]。

迄今為止,細(xì)菌檢測或鑒定主要基于培養(yǎng)的方法[7]。沙門氏菌的傳統(tǒng)檢測方法(ISO 6579:2002《食品和動(dòng)物飼料微生物學(xué) 沙門氏菌檢測》,GB 4789.4—2016《食品微生物學(xué)檢驗(yàn) 沙門氏菌檢驗(yàn)》)包括前增菌、選擇性增菌、菌落形態(tài)觀察、生化和血清分型鑒定。傳統(tǒng)方法雖然可靠,但是人工操作繁瑣,需要幾天時(shí)間才能確定結(jié)果,無法滿足食品安全控制的要求[8-10]。建立公共健康和食品行業(yè)快速、靈敏、專一的沙門氏菌檢測方法是非常必要的[11]。致病菌快速篩選和檢測方法已經(jīng)被開發(fā)和驗(yàn)證。由于特異性低,用于檢測沙門氏菌的酶聯(lián)免疫法(ELISA)的應(yīng)用受到限制[12]。此外,免疫學(xué)快速篩選法需要大量目標(biāo)病原體[13]。

近些年來,利用PCR、real-time PCR和基因芯片在食源性致病菌檢測上的應(yīng)用已非常廣泛[14-16]。基于分子學(xué)方法設(shè)計(jì)沙門氏菌的目標(biāo)基因包括invA、fimC、ttrRSBCA、phoP等。大部分的分子學(xué)方法已經(jīng)能夠把檢測時(shí)間縮短到3 d以內(nèi)[10],但是PCR方法仍然需要額外的樣品前處理去消除擴(kuò)增抑制。此外,PCR方法對化合物中存在的污染和抑制非常敏感,同時(shí),需要凝膠電泳和擴(kuò)展測序或建立real-time PCR體系來完成檢測[17]。因此,需要建立有效和穩(wěn)定的食源性致病菌快速篩選方法以控制由沙門氏菌造成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。環(huán)介導(dǎo)等溫?cái)U(kuò)增技術(shù)是一種新型的核酸擴(kuò)增技術(shù),目前已經(jīng)成為各種細(xì)菌、真菌、寄生蟲、病毒快速檢測手段中PCR方法的“替代者”[18-19]。在2005年,Hara-Kudo 發(fā)表了首篇LAMP技術(shù)在沙門氏菌檢測中的應(yīng)用[20]。此后,LAMP沙門氏菌檢測技術(shù)的研究不斷發(fā)展,并廣泛應(yīng)用于人類食品和動(dòng)物飼料領(lǐng)域。該篇綜述的目的是闡述LAMP的技術(shù)原理和特點(diǎn),歸納LAMP技術(shù)在食品中沙門氏菌檢測中的研究進(jìn)展,并對LAMP技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向和研究趨勢提出了幾個(gè)設(shè)想。

1 LAMP技術(shù)概況

環(huán)介導(dǎo)等溫?cái)U(kuò)增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)技術(shù)是一種由Notomi等在2000年率先建立的新型核酸體外擴(kuò)增技術(shù)[21],與其他快速檢測方法相比,LAMP具有特異性強(qiáng)、靈敏度高、操作簡單、成本低等優(yōu)點(diǎn),并成為在食源性致病菌快速診斷中具有潛在價(jià)值的工具[22]。

1.1 技術(shù)原理

LAMP 技術(shù)的原理是以目標(biāo)基因的特異區(qū)域設(shè)計(jì)引物(圖1),用2條內(nèi)引物FIP(forward inner primer)和2條外引物BIP(backward inner primer)分別識別目標(biāo)基因的6個(gè)特定區(qū)域(3′端的F3c、F2c、Flc,5′端的B1、B2、B3)。然后利用Bst DNA聚合酶在恒溫條件下參與反應(yīng)以完成目的基因的擴(kuò)增[23]。 LAMP技術(shù)的擴(kuò)增反應(yīng)體系包括Bst DNA聚合酶、緩沖液dNTPs等;反應(yīng)過程由反應(yīng)原料積累、循環(huán)擴(kuò)展、自動(dòng)延伸和循環(huán)3個(gè)階段構(gòu)成;基本步驟是在該體系下60~65 ℃恒溫反應(yīng)60 min,由于聚合酶在80 ℃以上的溫度下會(huì)失去活力,因此在此條件下加熱2 min終止反應(yīng)[24]。在優(yōu)化LAMP技術(shù)的過程中,Nagamine 等通過加入2條環(huán)引物以加快目標(biāo)基因的擴(kuò)增速度,添加環(huán)引物的LAMP比傳統(tǒng)方法的反應(yīng)時(shí)間大幅縮短,提高了擴(kuò)增效率[25]。

1.2 技術(shù)特點(diǎn)

(1)特異性強(qiáng)。PCR只需要2條引物識別靶基因的2個(gè)特異區(qū)域,而LAMP擴(kuò)增技術(shù)需要設(shè)計(jì)4條引物與目標(biāo)基因的6個(gè)特異區(qū)域匹配才能進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增反應(yīng)。

(2)靈敏度高。LAMP技術(shù)能檢測到109的拷貝數(shù),檢測靈敏度高于傳統(tǒng)PCR技術(shù)。李雪等比較了加環(huán)引物L(fēng)AMP法、LMAP法和PCR法測定沙門氏菌的靈敏度,結(jié)果顯示加環(huán)引物的LAMP法的靈敏度為2.28 CFU/mL,高于PCR法3個(gè)數(shù)量級[26]。

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