周謙 蘇娟 季夢遙
[摘要] 非酒精性脂肪性肝?。∟AFLD)是發(fā)達(dá)國家中最常見性肝病。其目前的治療策略側(cè)重于通過生活方式管理來減輕體重,以及改善其代謝綜合征的組分。已有的各種假設(shè)的致病機(jī)制,成為開發(fā)具有有效治療非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)患者潛力的新藥物靶點(diǎn)。利用這些實(shí)驗(yàn)藥物和靶向特定機(jī)制途徑的分子來有效治療NASH,目前,已有許多藥物的臨床試驗(yàn)正在進(jìn)行中。本文主要就NAFLD的治療現(xiàn)狀以及新藥研究進(jìn)展作一概述。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 非酒精性脂肪性肝病;治療;新藥;致病機(jī)制
[中圖分類號(hào)] R575.5? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)02(c)-0026-04
[Abstract] Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in developed countries. The current treatment strategy focused on weight lose through lifestyle management and on the optimization of the components of metabolic syndrome. Various hypothetical pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed to develop new drug targets with potential for effective treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients. These experimental drugs and molecules that target specific mechanism pathways are used to effectively treat NASH. Currently, clinical trials of many drugs are underway. This article focuses on the current status of treatment of NAFLD and the progress of new drug research.
[Key words] Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease;Treatment;New drug;Pathogenic mechanism
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)由于其高患病率已成為一個(gè)主要的健康問題,并且可能發(fā)展為肝硬化、肝癌,同時(shí)可導(dǎo)致心血管和實(shí)體腫瘤風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[1]。該病的疾病譜包括非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFL),為非進(jìn)展性亞型,以及非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH),其有可能發(fā)展為晚期肝損傷[2]。NAFLD的發(fā)病機(jī)制至今仍未確定。簡而言之,NAFLD是由于進(jìn)食或者合成的脂肪含量大于其排出或者降解量,最終使脂肪在肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)堆積而導(dǎo)致[3]。隨后,在這些脂毒性肝細(xì)胞中發(fā)生一系列事件,包括免疫介質(zhì)和炎癥的激活,通過纖維發(fā)生和纖維蛋白溶解的基質(zhì)重塑,血管生成和肝祖細(xì)胞的動(dòng)員[3]。隨著藥物開發(fā)領(lǐng)域的最新進(jìn)展,人們越來越關(guān)注調(diào)節(jié)這些途徑的介質(zhì)作為NASH患者的治療靶點(diǎn)?,F(xiàn)將NAFLD的治療研究進(jìn)行概述。
1 生活方式管理對(duì)NAFLD的防治
生活方式管理是目前可被接受的預(yù)防NAFLD/NASH的方法,其目標(biāo)包括減輕體重、飲食方式改變以及生活方式調(diào)整,可預(yù)防代謝綜合征和NAFLD進(jìn)展[4]。對(duì)于NAFLD患者,建議減少5%~7%的初始體重,而在疑似NASH患者中,減肥目標(biāo)則需要提高7%~10%[5]。在一項(xiàng)來自古巴的293例NAFLD患者使用配對(duì)肝活檢的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究[6]中,大部分患者的基準(zhǔn)體重減輕超過7%時(shí),NASH得以消退,而纖維化減少僅在體重減輕≥10%的患者中明顯。
George等[7]制訂了5項(xiàng)主要的飲食原則,并基于實(shí)踐的營養(yǎng)證據(jù)分類系統(tǒng)來評(píng)定這些原則:①遵循傳統(tǒng)飲食模式,如地中海飲食;②限制過量的果糖攝入,避免添加果糖的加工食品和飲料;③用多不飽和脂肪酸,特別是富含長鏈Ω-3的食物和單不飽和脂肪酸替代飲食中的飽和脂肪酸;④用含高纖維的食物取代腌制食品、快餐、烘培食品和甜品,例如全谷物、蔬菜、水果、豆類、堅(jiān)果和種子;⑤避免過量飲酒。
所有NAFLD患者應(yīng)每周至少進(jìn)行150 min的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng),最好每天進(jìn)行30 min。進(jìn)行適度強(qiáng)度的有氧訓(xùn)練(步行、騎自行車)和阻力訓(xùn)練,可以改善活動(dòng)性和代謝參數(shù)。同樣,高強(qiáng)度間歇訓(xùn)練在減輕體重和改善代謝參數(shù)方面也是有效的,包括脂質(zhì)譜、丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶活性和肝臟脂肪含量[8]。
2 維生素E對(duì)NAFLD的治療
維生素E已被美國和歐洲指南推薦為NASH可接受的治療藥物[9]。維生素E具有抗氧化活性,可阻止NAFLD中的氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。Sato等[10]對(duì)使用維生素E治療NAFLD/NASH的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT)進(jìn)行了meta分析,根據(jù)5項(xiàng)研究的隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型,結(jié)果顯示維生素E顯著降低天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ALT)、堿性磷酸酶(ALP)含量,同時(shí),顯著減少脂肪變性、炎癥以及肝細(xì)胞氣球樣變性程度;對(duì)于NASH患者的治療,維生素E不僅能顯著降低AST、ALT含量,同時(shí)還可以減少脂肪變性程度。因此,維生素E能顯著改善NAFLD/NASH患者的肝功能和組織學(xué)變化。對(duì)于非糖尿病患者,維生素E的建議劑量為每日800 IU。
需要指出的是,在一些研究中,高劑量(≥400 U/d)的維生素E與死亡率增加以及前列腺癌的進(jìn)展相關(guān)。因此不推薦在沒有NASH和纖維化程度≥2(F2)的病史或者前列腺癌家族病史的患者使用[11]。而我國食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局規(guī)定的維生素E的每日劑量為200~300 mg,在一定程度上規(guī)避了不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
3 吡格列酮對(duì)NAFLD的治療
吡格列酮是一種噻唑烷二酮,可激活過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體(PPAR)-γ,從而增加脂肪細(xì)胞中脂肪酸的儲(chǔ)存,以減少游離脂肪酸,是另一種被美國及歐洲指南接受的可用于NASH治療的藥物[9]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與安慰劑比較,吡格列酮可以改善脂肪變性、小葉炎癥、肝細(xì)胞氣球樣變和總NAFLD活性評(píng)分。同時(shí),吡格列酮還可以改善轉(zhuǎn)氨酶水平以及胰島素敏感性[12]。但是,吡格列酮也可能增加膀胱癌的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[13]。在藥物治療過程中應(yīng)隨時(shí)監(jiān)測藥物不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。
4 利拉魯肽對(duì)NAFLD的治療
利拉魯肽是一種胰高血糖素樣肽-1(GLP-1)激動(dòng)劑,用于治療2型糖尿?。?.2~1.8 mg/d)和肥胖(3 mg/d)。GLP-1是腸L細(xì)胞響應(yīng)營養(yǎng)物分泌的腸降血糖素,可增加胰島素并降低胰高血糖素分泌,還可以延遲胃排空并降低食欲,從而導(dǎo)致食物攝入量減少和體重減輕。在對(duì)GLP-1的療效研究中,52例超重的NASH患者被隨機(jī)分配到治療組(1.8 mg/d)和安慰劑組,治療周期48周。結(jié)果顯示,治療組中更多患者的脂肪變性和肝細(xì)胞氣球樣變性情況得到改善,且治療組患者的死亡率更低,GLP-1可改善肝臟和脂肪組織中的胰島素敏感性[14-15]。
需要注意的是,GLP-1需要皮下注射,由于其作用機(jī)制,胃腸道副作用很常見。因此,使用時(shí)需要以每天0.6 mg劑量開始緩慢增加至目標(biāo)劑量[16]。對(duì)于伴發(fā)2型糖尿病的NAFLD患者,推薦使用此藥物治療。
5 未來新的靶點(diǎn)藥物
隨著各種可能的致病機(jī)制被提出,參與NAFLD發(fā)病機(jī)制的關(guān)鍵機(jī)制途徑成為了治療NAFLD患者的新藥物研究焦點(diǎn)。
5.1 Cencriviroc(CVC):CCR2/CCR5雙重拮抗劑
CVC為CCR2/CCR5雙重拮抗劑,目前正處于艾滋病[17]和NASH患者[18-19]的藥物評(píng)估階段。CCR2和CCR5促進(jìn)枯否細(xì)胞和肝星狀細(xì)胞的活化和遷移,并增加炎癥細(xì)胞[18]。在大鼠模型中,CCR2和CCR5被認(rèn)為是肝纖維發(fā)生和NASH發(fā)生的介質(zhì)[20]。為了評(píng)估CVC對(duì)CCR2和CCR5的拮抗作用,Lefebvre等[20]建立了硫代乙酰胺誘導(dǎo)的肝纖維化大鼠模型和飲食誘導(dǎo)的NASH小鼠模型、結(jié)果顯示,CVC干預(yù)后,膠原沉積,1型膠原蛋白和纖維化相關(guān)mRNA的水平均減少,且在NASH模型中,NAS也有所減少。該藥物目前處于Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)階段(NCT03028740),正在研究的問題包括藥物的長效性,差異性以及潛在的長期結(jié)果[21]。
5.2 NGM282:FGF19類似物
FGF19是一種受膽汁酸受體刺激的胃腸道生長激素,其最初作用主要是調(diào)節(jié)膽汁酸,后來發(fā)現(xiàn)在糖原合成和糖異生中也起作用,并且還與NASH的發(fā)病機(jī)制有關(guān)[22-23]。Zhou等[24]研究結(jié)果顯示,F(xiàn)GF19在飲食誘導(dǎo)的NASH小鼠模型中可降低肝臟三酰甘油水平,同時(shí)使肝內(nèi)膽固醇含量和脂毒性游離膽固醇減少,并且FGF19干預(yù)后相關(guān)組織學(xué)變化也有所改善。由于FGF19在NASH中的低表達(dá),所以其可能成為新藥開發(fā)的藥物靶點(diǎn)。在一項(xiàng)臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)(NCT02443116)中,對(duì)82例患者進(jìn)行為期12周的觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)FGF19的類似物(NGM282)表現(xiàn)出良好的治療終點(diǎn),且具有較好的藥物安全性,未引起嚴(yán)重的不良反應(yīng)(包括胸膜炎、胸悶和心臟驟停)[25]。
5.3 SGM-1019:炎性體抑制劑
在NASH疾病進(jìn)展過程中,炎癥小體與肝細(xì)胞損傷過程一起被激活。目前,通過SGM-1019抑制炎性體的作用正處于臨床前和首次模式生物研究階段(NCT03676231)。Dabbagh等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn)SGM-1019在動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)中可降低肝纖維化水平,減少肝細(xì)胞降解并改善體內(nèi)炎癥環(huán)境,結(jié)果顯示,炎癥小體在肝纖維化和NASH的發(fā)病機(jī)制中起關(guān)鍵作用,并且用SGM-1019抑制炎性體激活是治療慢性肝病患者的一種新的且可能安全有效的方法。
5.4 益生菌和益生元
NAFLD患者表現(xiàn)出腸道細(xì)菌過度生長,腸道通透性增強(qiáng)和腸腔內(nèi)抗原的細(xì)胞旁滲漏增加,是促進(jìn)NASH發(fā)展的因素。因此,益生菌可能成為NASH患者的治療藥物[27-28]。在RCT中,與安慰劑比較,在保加利亞乳桿菌和嗜熱鏈球菌治療的NAFLD患者中觀察到肝臟相關(guān)酶含量的改變[29]。
在介入性研究中,益生菌(乳酸桿菌和雙歧桿菌)的補(bǔ)充有效地減少了NAFLD動(dòng)物模型中的脂肪酸合成、內(nèi)毒素血癥和炎癥[30]。在一項(xiàng)meta分析中,益生菌療法有效地降低了血清轉(zhuǎn)氨酶、總膽固醇、三酰甘油和炎性細(xì)胞因子水平,并改善了NAFLD患者的胰島素敏感性和超聲肝臟圖像[31-33]。然而,治療的效果可能因細(xì)菌菌株和治療方案而異[33]。同樣,在一項(xiàng)RCT試驗(yàn)中,使用合生元干預(yù)可以顯著減少肝臟脂肪變性和纖維化,并降低血糖、三酰甘油和炎癥介質(zhì)水平[34]。
6 中藥治療
近年來,用于治療NAFLD的中草藥已得到廣泛研究。最近的一系列研究顯示,中藥有效成分對(duì)NAFLD的治療作用主要與以下因素有關(guān):激活A(yù)MPK信號(hào)通路,改善胰島素抵抗,調(diào)節(jié)過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體γ(PPAR-γ)的活性和表達(dá),抗氧化和抗炎活性以及調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群[35]。
Cai等[36]為了評(píng)價(jià)活血化瘀方治療NAFLD的有效性和安全性,對(duì)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫中的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)檢索后進(jìn)行meta分析。該項(xiàng)分析包括13項(xiàng)研究,涉及1429例患者,775例患者屬于活血化瘀藥方組,654例患者屬于常規(guī)治療組。結(jié)果顯示,活血化瘀方能顯著降低患者體內(nèi)總膽固醇、三酰甘油水平,且在降低ALT和AST方面對(duì)肝功能更有益,提示活血化瘀方用于NAFLD治療有效且安全。Deng等[37]發(fā)現(xiàn)黃連素可以減輕NAFLD大鼠的肝臟氧化應(yīng)激,其機(jī)制可能與Nrf2/ARE信號(hào)通路的激活有關(guān)。中藥復(fù)方靈桂祛肝湯通過抑制PPP1R3C介導(dǎo)的分子,緩解非酒精性脂肪肝,且肝糖原代謝可能是其預(yù)防NAFLD的潛在靶點(diǎn)[38]。Zhang等[39]在研究柴胡利中湯對(duì)NAFLD大鼠的作用時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)其通過激活A(yù)MPKα,抑制ACC活性,下調(diào)SREBP2和HMGR,以及上調(diào)PPAR-γ來預(yù)防NAFLD,提示柴胡利中湯可能對(duì)臨床治療NAFLD有用。
7 小結(jié)
NAFLD是世界范圍內(nèi)肝臟疾病最重要的病因之一,并且在未來幾十年可能成為終末期肝病的主要原因。但由于NAFLD的確切發(fā)病機(jī)制至今仍未闡明,其過程可能涉及多條信號(hào)通路,盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)這些通路中的靶標(biāo)分子,進(jìn)行相應(yīng)治療,將對(duì)NAFLD的控制具有極其重要的作用。
盡管NAFLD治療藥物的有關(guān)研究很多,但截至目前仍沒有一種絕對(duì)有效的公認(rèn)藥物,許多新藥目前也只是處于臨床試驗(yàn)階段,其安全性與有效性有待進(jìn)一步論證。目前可接受的有效治療方法還是通過管理生活方式減輕體重。新藥的臨床試驗(yàn)主要集中于抗纖維化和治療NASH方面,且多數(shù)研究也僅僅是圍繞單一靶點(diǎn)展開的。因此,針對(duì)不同靶點(diǎn)的多種藥物聯(lián)合干預(yù)或者使用中西醫(yī)結(jié)合治療將是未來研究的方向。
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(收稿日期:2019-08-21? 本文編輯:劉永巧)