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明辨“是非”,巧排“干擾”

2020-03-07 05:24李淵
廣東教育·高中 2020年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:下文考點(diǎn)句式

李淵

由于七選五有兩個選項是多余的,而根據(jù)歷年高考試題的命題規(guī)律來看,命題人也不是無的放矢,隨意編造兩個干擾項。通常而言,五道題中,其中有三道題的選項比較容易鎖定,這也就意味著剩下的兩個空格就會是這兩個干擾項的目標(biāo),因此對于考生而言,能否明辨“是非”,排除“干擾”就是決定這道題的整體得失的關(guān)鍵了。通過對近三年的全國卷高考試題研究,我們大致可以從考點(diǎn)設(shè)置和句式特點(diǎn)這兩個角度來辨識干擾項的特征,揭開它的神秘面紗,最終排除干擾,提高解題的準(zhǔn)確率。

一、從考點(diǎn)設(shè)置來看

從考點(diǎn)設(shè)置來看,七選五的備選項通??梢苑譃橹黝}句(文章整體內(nèi)容)、過渡句(文章結(jié)構(gòu))、細(xì)節(jié)句(上下文邏輯意義)。那么針對這些考點(diǎn)設(shè)置的干擾項也就具備它相應(yīng)的特征。其中,主旨句通常位于段首,而過渡句和細(xì)節(jié)句常位于段中或段尾,且其干擾項的設(shè)置又有異曲同工之妙,故我們可以把它們放在一起來突破。

1. 主題句干擾項特征

(1)過于寬泛,未能“正中靶心”

[例1]2019年全國Ⅲ卷

Dos

37??? Questions about subject content are generally welcomed. Before asking questions about the course design, read the syllabus(教學(xué)大綱)and learning management system information to be sure the answer isnt hiding in plain sight.

B. Turn to an online instructor for help.

D. Remember that online professors get a lot of emails.

G. Ask questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions.

根據(jù)Dos和Donts中各段首句的特點(diǎn)可知,設(shè)空處為主題句并且是祈使句,選項中有三個是祈使句。由設(shè)空處后一句中的關(guān)鍵詞questions可知,這里是與“咨詢、請教問題”有關(guān)。D選項“記住,在線教授會收到很多電子郵件”與后面內(nèi)容毫無關(guān)系,易排除。選項B“向網(wǎng)絡(luò)講師尋求幫助”則太過寬泛,未能“正中靶心”,因為求助的方式有很多種,問問題只是其中一種,而且并沒有概括出“怎么提問”這一要點(diǎn)。

再進(jìn)一步細(xì)讀下文,Before asking questions...read...to be sure the answer isnt hiding in plain sight (問問題之前,要讀讀教學(xué)大綱等來確保答案不是隱藏在表層),也就是說,問問題要確保有深度,故選項G才正確。

(2)偏離主題,牛頭不對馬嘴

[例2]2018年全國Ⅰ卷

But good news is that therere really only three kinds decisions...: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.

38??? . Theyre the little spots of color like ...

Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as...

The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors ...

D. Small color choices are the ones were most familiar with.

E. Its not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces.

我們可以通過第一段的最后一句,也是文章的主題句可知,這篇文章是總分結(jié)構(gòu),接下來二、三、四段就是分述這三種顏色的選擇和運(yùn)用。而第三、第四段的開頭的主題句對應(yīng)了the medium ones和the large ones,所以第二段也應(yīng)該對應(yīng)the small ones。而干擾項E中雖然有small 但not really a good idea則否定了第一段的主題句good news,偏離主題,甚至是與主題背道而馳,頗有牛頭不對馬嘴之嫌。故只有D項正確。

(3)以偏概全,只見樹木不見森林

[例3]2017年全國Ⅰ卷

The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer.???? 37???? We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom. This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctors bill for my sons food poisoning.

C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.

G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

本空雖然位于本段第二句,但卻是對下文的一個概括。前面的句子指出作者的朋友們帶他參加了一次露營;后面的句子較詳細(xì)地描寫了那次露營的經(jīng)歷,且多是比較艱苦的體驗,如睡在帳篷里、野炊、洗澡不方便等,本句應(yīng)該是一個概括句,總體說明這次露營的狀況。C項中的they與前面的friends對應(yīng),rough可以概括下句詳細(xì)描寫的這次露營的特征,所以是正確選項。而干擾項G則只與一個細(xì)節(jié)有相關(guān)性,而不能概括下文對露營各方面的描寫,一葉障目,只見樹木不見森林。

2. 過渡句和細(xì)節(jié)句干擾項特征

(1)瞻前不顧后

[例4]2016年全國Ⅰ卷

People have used secret codes for thousands of years.??? 36??? Code breaking never lags(落后)far behind code making.

C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.

單純從前一句看,選項C似乎也可以:人們使用密碼已經(jīng)有幾千年了,只有知道關(guān)鍵詞才能讀懂信息。但是,如果根據(jù)空后的這一句則知道,這里應(yīng)該選擇一個能承上(use secret codes)啟下(code breaking)的句子,才能前后連貫,語義銜接。只有選項D才能滿足這兩個條件。干擾項C明顯犯了瞻前不顧后的錯誤。

[例5]2019年全國Ⅰ卷

Recently,people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing(治愈).???? 38???? In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery.

F. Just as importantly, we tend to associate air with health care.

G. All across the country, recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.

干擾項F Just as importantly,... associate air with health care似乎完美地呼應(yīng)了上一句的the connection between the natural world and healing,然而,根據(jù)下一句中提到的these places可以推知,該空應(yīng)該提到表示地點(diǎn)的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只有G項Healing Gardens滿足這一條件,故選項G正確:在全國,康復(fù)中心已經(jīng)開始建造康復(fù)花園。these places就是指Healing Gardens。因此,干擾項F就屬于典型的顧頭不顧尾,從而不能成為正選項。

(2)顧后不顧前

[例6]2016年全國Ⅲ卷

There are many common methods used to cook fish.???? 40

First, clean it and season it with your choice of spices. Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes if it weighs about one pound.(A large one will take more time.)then, its ready to serve.

B. The easiest is to steam it.

C. This is how you can do it.

如果單純從下文出發(fā),選項C似乎也講得通。然而,選項中This is how you can do it中的it指代上句中的哪個名詞呢?顯然,該選項屬于顧后不顧前。設(shè)空處上文指出做魚的方法有很多種,根據(jù)下文出現(xiàn)的steam可知此處講述了清蒸的方法。而選項B中的easiest則很好地承接了上文,steam it則是對下文的綜述。所以起到了承上啟下的作用。

(3)左右不逢源

[例7]2017年全國Ⅱ卷

If you have a door to your office, make good use of it. ??40?? .If someone knocks and its not an important matter. Excuse yourself and let the person know youre busy so they can get the hint(暗示)that when the door is closed, youre not to be disturbed.

C. Set boundaries for yourself as your time goes.

G. Leave it open when youre available to talk and close it when youre not.

這里,前一句的door是關(guān)鍵詞。這一段主要講述如何利用辦公室的們,以避免忙時被打擾。上文指出,如果辦公室有一扇門的話, 要充分利用。而門的利用無非兩類:開著或關(guān)著。答案G選項則正好進(jìn)一步解釋了怎么make good use of it,而空后的一句也是進(jìn)一步解釋了開關(guān)門的意義。干擾項C則前后都不搭邊,左右不逢源,完全就是來湊數(shù)的。

(4)半真又半假

[例8]2019年全國Ⅱ卷

Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question:“Should I jump?”This is what motivation or the lack of it can do. Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin.???? 36???? Like the child on the diving board, you will stay undecided.

F. Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.

G. Without motivation, you can neither set a goal nor reach it.

選項F雖然也明確提到了motivation,甚至與上句話形成了遞進(jìn)或注釋的關(guān)系,在邏輯上卻不能承上啟下,連接下一句。所以,命題人充分利用了“詞語復(fù)現(xiàn),但不合邏輯”這一陷阱,設(shè)置了這個“半真又半假”的干擾項。

由設(shè)空處上句話Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin(動機(jī)和目標(biāo)的設(shè)定是一件事情的兩個方面)可知,動機(jī)和目標(biāo)設(shè)定都很重要。根據(jù)設(shè)空處下句Like the child on the diving board, you will stay undecided可知,中間需要一個表示轉(zhuǎn)折的句子:若沒有動機(jī)……。故選G項。

二、從句式特點(diǎn)來看

縱觀近幾年高考,備選項的句式通常有四類:疑問句、祈使句、從句、陳述句。在設(shè)置干擾項的時候,命題人往往會參考正確選項的句式特點(diǎn),所以基本上可以快速鎖定干擾項再展開進(jìn)一步的比對研究。一般而言,這些干擾項的特點(diǎn)有3個:

1. 句式相同,但前言不搭后語

[例9]2018年全國Ⅰ卷

Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.???? 37??? , they can get a little complex.

A. While all of them are useful

C. If youre experimenting with a color

首先,由文中空格后的逗號可知,這里需要填入的是一個從句,故鎖定A和C兩項。再看前文:在過去的許多年里,有許多技術(shù)幫助設(shè)計者實(shí)現(xiàn)這一要點(diǎn);下文:它們有點(diǎn)復(fù)雜。所以A(盡管它們都很有用)承上啟下,句中的them與后面主句中的they都指代前句中的techniques。而選項C(如果你在用顏色做實(shí)驗)前言不搭后語,邏輯混亂。

2. 句式相同,但內(nèi)容南轅北轍

[例10]2019年全國Ⅱ卷

Imagine... Without motivation, you can neither set a goal nor reach it. Like the child on the diving board, you will stay undecided.

37???? More than that, how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal? First, you need to evaluate yourself, your values, your strengths, your weaknesses, your achievements, your desires, etc. Only then should you set your goals.

B. So how should you motivate yourself?

D. So why should we try to set specific goals?

這兩個選項都是特殊疑問句,且前面都有So來連接上一段內(nèi)容,句式完全相同。據(jù)前一段的表述可知,這篇文章主要是介紹“動機(jī)的重要性”,這一段承接上一段;同時后一句意為“不止這樣,怎樣才能保持這種動機(jī)?”由表遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的標(biāo)志詞More than that可知,此處問的仍然是與動機(jī)有關(guān),很可能是想問:怎樣才能激發(fā)自己的動機(jī)?故選B項。而干擾項D則僅僅是句式相同,但內(nèi)容則南轅北轍了。

3. 句式相似,但形似而神不似

[例11]2019年全國Ⅰ卷

We all grew up hearing people tell us to“go out and get some fresh air.”??? 36???? According to recent studies,the answer is a big YES,if the air quality in your camping area is good.

B. So what are you waiting for?

E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?

根據(jù)下一句中的“the answer is a big YES”可知,該空應(yīng)該是一個一般疑問句,選項中只有E選項是一般疑問句。故排除另一個看起來形似,實(shí)則是另一種疑問句(特殊疑問句)的B項,然后得出正解E。當(dāng)然,內(nèi)容上,空前的people tell us to ...和選項中的“your mother always said”亦是呼應(yīng)。所以此處命題者設(shè)置的干擾項很明顯就屬于:句式相似,但形似而神不似。

三、有的放矢,排除干擾項

1. 主旨句的解題對策

對于文章主旨句的選擇,我們要從整個語篇結(jié)構(gòu)出發(fā),綜合各段的段落大意,得出最能概括文章大意的選項。而對于段落主旨句的選擇,我們要做的是細(xì)讀上下文的支撐句,在充分理解掌握文章或段落的大意的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)行高度概括,切忌一葉障目或以偏概全。

2. 過渡句和細(xì)節(jié)句的解題對策

當(dāng)遇到段中的選項,不管是過渡句還是細(xì)節(jié)句,要切記瞻前顧后、左顧右盼,邏輯通順、語義完整,只有“左右逢源”、皆大歡喜了,才算求得正解。

3. 從句式特點(diǎn)出發(fā)的解題對策

針對句式相近或相同的干擾項,我們首先應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)確理解前后句或上下文的信息,然后認(rèn)真比對句式的在形式和語義上的差異,通過邏輯分析、詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)、代詞指代等各種手段,二選一排除干擾,迅速鎖定目標(biāo)。

四、結(jié)語

在清楚了各種干擾項的特征之后,就猶如窺見了神秘面紗背后的真容,考生在充分理解語篇結(jié)構(gòu)和文章內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合其他的解題技巧,很容易就可以對癥下藥、有的放肆,排除干擾,直奔“主題”,找到自己心目中的“dream answer”。

責(zé)任編輯?? 蔣小青

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