李明慧 馬瑞霞 閻文靜 張巖 王瑩
[摘要]目的探討瞬時(shí)受體電位陽離子通道蛋白6(TRPC6)、活化T細(xì)胞核因子2(NFAT2)參與血管緊張素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)介導(dǎo)的2型糖尿病腎病足細(xì)胞損傷的可能機(jī)制。方法制備2型糖尿病大鼠模型,隨機(jī)分為糖尿病組(DM組,n=11)、纈沙坦組(ARB組,n=11),同時(shí)設(shè)置正常對(duì)照組(NC組,n=10),ARB組給予纈沙坦40 mg/(kg·d)灌胃,DM組及NC組給予等量生理鹽水灌胃,干預(yù)12周后檢測各組尿清蛋白排泄率(UAE),光鏡、電鏡下觀察腎臟及足細(xì)胞病理改變,Western blot方法測定AngⅡ、NFAT2及TRPC6蛋白的表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果DM組UAE顯著高于NC組(F=261.834,t=22.80,P<0.01),ARB組UAE水平顯著低于DM組(t=13.08,P<0.01)。光鏡下可見,DM組較NC組腎小球體積增大、腎基底膜增厚、系膜細(xì)胞及系膜基質(zhì)增生;電鏡下可見,DM組足細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少,足突融合、消失,ARB組上述病變較DM組明顯減輕。與NC組相比,DM組AngⅡ、NFAT2、TRPC6蛋白表達(dá)水平均顯著升高(F=290.888~639.364,t=15.00~29.50,P<0.01),ARB組較DM組明顯減低(t=22.81~34.01,P<0.01)。結(jié)論AngⅡ可能通過上調(diào)TRPC6、NFAT2介導(dǎo)2型糖尿病足細(xì)胞損傷。
[關(guān)鍵詞]糖尿病腎病;足細(xì)胞;血管緊張素Ⅱ;TRPC陽離子通道;NFATC轉(zhuǎn)錄因子類
[中圖分類號(hào)]R587.24[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A[文章編號(hào)]2096-5532(2019)03-0299-05
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the possible mechanism of transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC6) and nuclear factor of activated T-cells 2 (NFAT2) in podocyte injury mediated by angiotensin Ⅱ (AngⅡ) in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. MethodsA rat model of type 2 diabetes was established, and then these rats were randomly divided into diabetes mellitus (DM) group with 11 rats and valsartan group (ARB group) with 11 rats. A total of 10 normal rats were enrolled as normal control group (NC group). The rats in the ARB group were given valsartan 40 mg/(kg·d) by gavage, and those in the DM group and the NC group were given an equal volume of normal saline by gavage. After 12 weeks of intervention, urinary albumin excretion (UAE) rate was measured; pathological changes of the kidney and podocytes were observed under a light microscope and an electron microscope; Western blot was used to measure the protein expression of AngⅡ, NFAT2, and TRPC6. ResultsThe DM group had a significantly higher level of UAE than the NC group (F=261.834,t=22.80,P<0.01), and the ARB group had a significantly lower level of UAE than the DM group (t=13.08,P<0.01). Compared with the NC group under a light microscope, the DM group had significant increases in glomerular volume and glomerular basement membrane thickness, with marked proliferation of mesangial cells and mesangial matrix; compared with the NC group under an electron microscope, the DM group had a significant reduction in the number of podocytes, with foot process fusion and disappearance. The ARB group had significantly lower severities of the above pathological changes than the DM group. Compared with the NC group, the DM group had significant increases in the protein expression of AngⅡ, NFAT2, and TRPC6 (F=290.888-639.364,t=15.00-29.50,P<0.01), and the ARB group had significantly lower expression than the DM group (t=22.81-34.01,P<0.01). ConclusionAngⅡ may mediate podocyte injury in type 2 diabetes by upregulating TRPC6 and NFAT2.
[KEY WORDS]diabetic nephropathies; podocytes; angiotensin Ⅱ; TRPC6 cation channel; NFATC transcription factors
目前,糖尿病腎病(DN)已經(jīng)成為終末期腎臟?。‥SRD)的主要原因之一[1],而足細(xì)胞損傷與其發(fā)生發(fā)展有密切相關(guān)性[2]。腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮(RAAS)系統(tǒng)的激活在足細(xì)胞損傷中有重要的作用,血管緊張素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)在高糖刺激的足細(xì)胞中表達(dá)明顯增多[3]。此外,瞬時(shí)受體電位陽離子通道蛋白6(TRPC6)、活化T細(xì)胞核因子2(NFAT2)也參與了DN足細(xì)胞損傷[4-5]。足細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),AngⅡ可通過調(diào)控TRPC6、NFAT2表達(dá)介導(dǎo)足細(xì)胞損傷[3,6],但目前少有體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)此通路,且其具體機(jī)制尚不明確。本課題擬通過動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)AngⅡ是否通過影響TRPC6、NFAT2表達(dá)促進(jìn)DN足細(xì)胞損傷,并進(jìn)一步探討可能的機(jī)制。
1材料及方法
1.1動(dòng)物分組及處理
SPF級(jí)、體質(zhì)量(200±20)g、8周齡雄性Wistar大鼠40只(青島市藥檢所實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心),隨機(jī)分為正常對(duì)照組(n=10)及實(shí)驗(yàn)組(n=30)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組參照文獻(xiàn)方法[7]建立2型糖尿?。═2DM)大鼠模型,22只大鼠建模成功,成功率73.3%。將T2DM模型大鼠隨機(jī)分為2組,各11例。纈沙坦組(ARB組)給予纈沙坦40 mg/(kg·d)灌胃,糖尿病組(DM組)給予等量生理鹽水灌胃,干預(yù)12周。
1.2生化指標(biāo)檢測
干預(yù)12周后測定大鼠體質(zhì)量,測鼠尾血壓(SBP),收集鼠尾靜脈血,代謝籠收集24 h尿液標(biāo)本,處死大鼠,收集腎臟標(biāo)本,測定空腹血糖(FBG)、膽固醇(CH)、三酰甘油(TG)、血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、尿清蛋白排泄率(UAE)、尿肌酐(Ucr),計(jì)算內(nèi)生肌酐清除率(Ccr=Ucr/Scr×24 h尿量)、腎小球指數(shù)(腎質(zhì)量/體質(zhì)量,KW/BW)、胰島素敏感指數(shù)(ISI,ISI=22.5/(FBG×FINs),HOMA法)。
1.3腎臟病理學(xué)觀察
應(yīng)用40 g/L多聚甲醛固定腎組織,經(jīng)脫水、二甲苯透明、石蠟包埋、切片后PAS染色,光鏡下觀察腎組織病理學(xué)變化。用25 g/L戊二醛固定腎組織,脫水、包埋、切片、醋酸鈾-檸檬酸鉛染色,透射電鏡(JEM-1200)下觀察足細(xì)胞超微結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。
1.4Western blot方法檢測AngⅡ、NFAT2及TRPC6的表達(dá)
裂解腎皮質(zhì)、提取總蛋白,經(jīng)十二烷基硫酸鈉聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳分離蛋白,然后轉(zhuǎn)移至硝酸纖維素膜上,50 g/L脫脂奶粉封閉,加入AngⅡ(兔抗鼠,1∶1 000)、TRPC6(羊抗鼠,1∶500)、NFAT(鼠抗鼠,1∶2 000)抗體及及內(nèi)參GAPDH抗體(1∶2 000),4 ℃孵育過夜后加入二抗常溫孵育。應(yīng)用化學(xué)發(fā)光凝膠成像系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行AngⅡ、NFAT2及TRPC6蛋白顯色的吸光度值分析。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
應(yīng)用SPSS 23.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料結(jié)果以±s形式表示,多組間比較應(yīng)用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD方法。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1各組大鼠生化指標(biāo)比較
DM組大鼠FBG、TG、CH、Ccr、SBP、UAE、KW/BW均高于NC組(F=63.340~1 871.388,t=10.38~54.59,P<0.01),DM組ISI顯著低于DM組(F=449.825,t=26.57,P<0.01)。ARB組大鼠FBG、KW/BW、UAE與DM組比較均明顯降低(t=3.38~13.08,P<0.01)。見表1。
2.2各組腎臟病理表現(xiàn)
光鏡下觀察,NC組大鼠腎組織結(jié)構(gòu)完整清晰;DM組大鼠腎小球體積明顯增大,系膜細(xì)胞及系膜基質(zhì)增生,基底膜增厚;ARB組病理改變較DM組明顯減輕。
2.3足細(xì)胞超微結(jié)構(gòu)
電鏡下可見,NC組足細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)完整清晰,足突排列整齊,基底膜均勻;DM組足細(xì)胞足突融合、消失,基底膜彌漫增厚;ARB組上述病變較DM組明顯減輕。見圖1。
2.4各組腎臟AngⅡ、TRPC6和NFAT2蛋白表達(dá)比較
DM組AngⅡ、TRPC6、NFAT2蛋白表達(dá)較NC組均明顯增加,差異有顯著性(F=290.888~639.364,t=5.00~29.50, P<0.01),ARB組較DM組明顯減低,差異有顯著性(t=22.81~34.01,P<0.01)。見圖2、表2。
3討論
DN發(fā)展過程中伴隨著足細(xì)胞數(shù)目減少及足突消失、融合等病理改變,足細(xì)胞損傷導(dǎo)致了蛋白尿產(chǎn)生[8-9]。已有研究結(jié)果顯示,足細(xì)胞損傷與自噬、巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤、氧化應(yīng)激及RAS系統(tǒng)激活等因素密切相關(guān)[10-13],其中腎臟局部RAS激活發(fā)揮了重要的作用[14]。DURVASULA等[15]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高糖刺激下足細(xì)胞AngⅡ的表達(dá)明顯上調(diào);LIN 等[16]研究顯示,1型DN大鼠腎臟AngⅡ表達(dá)增加。本文結(jié)果顯示,T2DM大鼠腎臟AngⅡ蛋白表達(dá)升高,纈沙坦干預(yù)后AngⅡ蛋白表達(dá)減少,同時(shí)UAE下降,足細(xì)胞病變緩解。由此可見,腎臟局部AngⅡ上調(diào)在DN足細(xì)胞損傷中發(fā)揮了重要的作用。AngⅡ介導(dǎo)足細(xì)胞損傷的機(jī)制復(fù)雜,可能與TRPC6、NFAT2相關(guān)[17-18]。
TRPC6是一種非選擇性鈣離子通道蛋白,通過介導(dǎo)Ca2+內(nèi)流發(fā)揮作用[19-21]。足細(xì)胞中TRPC6與nephrin、podocin、CD2AP 形成裂孔隔膜(SD)復(fù)合體,共同維持足細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)、功能的完整性[22]。近年來有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TRPC6與DN足細(xì)胞損傷密切相關(guān)[23]。SONNEVELD等[24]體外實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),高糖環(huán)境可通過刺激足細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生AngⅡ上調(diào)TRPC6的表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)足細(xì)胞損傷,該實(shí)驗(yàn)將AngⅡ/TRPC6通路定位至足細(xì)胞。本文的研究結(jié)果顯示,DN組大鼠TRPC6表達(dá)水平較NC組上調(diào),應(yīng)用纈沙坦干預(yù)后TRPC6表達(dá)明顯減少,蛋白尿減少,足細(xì)胞病變減輕,提示在2型DN中AngⅡ可能通過上調(diào)TRPC6表達(dá)介導(dǎo)足細(xì)胞損傷。NFAT2是Ca2+/鈣調(diào)磷酸酶(CaN)依賴的核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,被激活后向細(xì)胞核內(nèi)移位,調(diào)控靶基因轉(zhuǎn)錄[25-26]。近年來多項(xiàng)研究表明,NFAT2參與糖尿病足細(xì)胞損傷。LI等[27]研究顯示,高糖刺激下細(xì)胞核內(nèi)NFAT2水平顯著增加,足細(xì)胞凋亡增多,高糖促進(jìn)足細(xì)胞凋亡的作用可被NFAT2拮抗劑11R-VIVIT阻斷。有動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,NFAT2在2型DN大鼠模型腎組織中的表達(dá)明顯上調(diào)[7],本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與其一致。為進(jìn)一步探討AngⅡ與NFAT2是否相互聯(lián)系、共同促進(jìn)糖尿病足細(xì)胞損傷,本文應(yīng)用纈沙坦拮抗AngⅡ后觀察腎臟NFAT2表達(dá)變化,結(jié)果顯示NFAT2表達(dá)較DM組明顯降低,提示2型DN中AngⅡ通過影響NFAT2的表達(dá)介導(dǎo)足細(xì)胞損傷。
本研究結(jié)果還顯示,DN中AngⅡ通過影響NFAT2、TRPC6表達(dá)水平促進(jìn)足細(xì)胞損傷,但在該過程中NFAT2與TRPC6是否存在聯(lián)系有待進(jìn)一步研究。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在心肌細(xì)胞中AngⅡ可通過激活TRPC6-NFAT2反饋環(huán)導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞肥大[28],亦有研究證實(shí)該正反饋機(jī)制同樣存在于足細(xì)胞中[18]。具體機(jī)制可能為:AngⅡ作用于其AT1受體后,激活磷酯酶,將磷酯酰肌醇 4,5-二磷酸鹽(PIP2)水解為1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇(IP3)和二脂酰甘油(DAG),促進(jìn)Ca2+的釋放和蛋白激酶C(PKC)的激活[29]。PKC可以進(jìn)一步活化TRPC6,升高細(xì)胞內(nèi)的Ca2+濃度[30]。NFAT2的激活依賴Ca2+/CaN,NFAT2被激活后發(fā)生核轉(zhuǎn)位,調(diào)控下游靶基因轉(zhuǎn)錄[31]。在以后研究中,可應(yīng)用TRPC6阻斷劑干預(yù)T2DM大鼠,觀察其AngⅡ、TRPC6和NFAT2的表達(dá),進(jìn)一步探討TRPC6與NFAT2的相互作用。
總之,AngⅡ可能通過上調(diào)NFAT2、TRPC6表達(dá)參與DN足細(xì)胞損傷,為DN發(fā)病機(jī)制的研究提供了理論基礎(chǔ)。
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(本文編輯 黃建鄉(xiāng))