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shRNA干擾URG11表達(dá)對(duì)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞惡性表型影響

2019-09-10 07:22孟濤李玉霞李衛(wèi)華潘華剛張淞王曉
關(guān)鍵詞:細(xì)胞凋亡

孟濤 李玉霞 李衛(wèi)華 潘華剛 張淞 王曉

[摘要]?目的?研究上調(diào)基因11(URG11)對(duì)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞(MG63)惡性表型的影響。

方法?用URG11短發(fā)夾RNA(shRNA)重組慢病毒感染細(xì)胞,以實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)和蛋白免疫印跡(Western blot)檢測(cè)干擾效果。四甲基偶氮唑鹽比色法(MTT)測(cè)定細(xì)胞增殖,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)測(cè)定細(xì)胞凋亡,Transwell檢測(cè)細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移,Western blot檢測(cè)裂解的半胱氨酸蛋白酶-9(Cleaved Caspase-9)、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2(MMP-2)、E-鈣黏蛋白(E-cadherin)、裂解的半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Cleaved Caspase-3)、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9(MMP-9)和波形蛋白(Vimentin)等表達(dá)。

結(jié)果?URG11 shRNA重組慢病毒感染MG63細(xì)胞后,URG11表達(dá)下降,差異有顯著性(F=181.200、97.307,P<0.001);細(xì)胞存活率、侵襲和遷移數(shù)量降低,細(xì)胞凋亡率升高,E-cadherin、Cleaved Caspase-9、Cleaved Caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)水平升高,Vimentin、MMP-9和MMP-2蛋白表達(dá)水平降低,差異均有顯著性(F=28.064~625.516,P<0.05)。

結(jié)論?shRNA干擾URG11表達(dá)可抑制骨肉瘤細(xì)胞增殖、侵襲、遷移和上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,并誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。

[關(guān)鍵詞]?骨肉瘤;上調(diào)基因11;腫瘤侵潤(rùn);細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng);細(xì)胞凋亡

[中圖分類號(hào)]?R738.1

[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]?A

[文章編號(hào)]??2096-5532(2019)06-0634-05

doi:10.11712/jms201906002

[開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID)]

EFFECT OF SHRNA INTERFERENCE WITH EXPRESSION OF URG11 ON MALIGNANT PHENOTYPE OF OSTEOSARCOMA CELLS

MENG Tao, LI Yuxia, LI Weihua, PAN Huagang, ZHANG Song, WANG Xiao

(Department of Orthopaedics, Huaihe Hospital, He′nan University, Kaifeng 475001, China)

[ABSTRACT] Objective To study the effect of up-regulated gene 11 (URG11) on the malignant phenotype of osteosarcoma cells (MG63).

Methods The cells were infected with URG11 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) recombinant lentivirus, and the interference effect was determined by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay, cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry, and cell invasion and migration were determined by Transwell assay. Western blot was used to determine the expression of cleaved caspase-9, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), E-cadherin, cleaved caspase-3, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), and Vimentin.

Results After MG63 cell infection with URG11 shRNA recombinant lentivirus, URG11 expression was significantly reduced (F=181.200 and 97.307,P<0.001). There were significant decreases in cell survival rate, number of cells with invasion and migration, and expression levels of Vimentin, MMP-9, and MMP-2 proteins, but there were significant increases in cell apoptosis rate and expression levels of E-cadherin, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3 proteins (F=28.064-625.516,P<0.05).

Conclusion shRNA interference with URG11 expression can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of osteosarcoma cells and induce cell apoptosis.

[KEY WORDS] osteosarcoma; up-regulated gene 11; neoplasm invasiveness; cell movement; apoptosis

骨肉瘤是一種好發(fā)于青壯年和青少年的惡性骨腫瘤[1],其惡性表型如增殖、凋亡、侵襲等與細(xì)胞內(nèi)異常表達(dá)基因有關(guān)[2]。上調(diào)基因11(URG11)是近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)的參與細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng)、增殖等過程的基因[3],且在胃癌、肝癌等中發(fā)揮癌基因作用,下調(diào)URG11腫瘤生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移能力減弱[4-5]。URG11在骨肉瘤組織中呈陽(yáng)性表達(dá),且與腫瘤病人分期、轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),但其在骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中的作用尚不明確[6]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過干擾URG11的表達(dá),探討URG11對(duì)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞惡性表型的影響,為靶向URG11治療骨肉瘤提供依據(jù)。

1?材料與方法

1.1?細(xì)胞和試劑

骨肉瘤細(xì)胞MG63購(gòu)自上海研謹(jǐn)生物科技有限公司;polybrene購(gòu)自美國(guó)Sigma公司;SYBR定量PCR試劑盒購(gòu)自天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;陰性對(duì)照慢病毒和URG11短發(fā)夾RNA(shRNA)重組慢病毒由吉滿生物科技(上海)有限公司構(gòu)建;基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2(MMP-2)抗體、URG11抗體購(gòu)自美國(guó)Abcam;裂解的半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Cleaved Caspase-3)抗體、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9(MMP-9)抗體、E-鈣黏蛋白(E-cadherin)抗體、

裂解的半胱氨酸蛋白酶-9(Cleaved Caspase-9)抗體、波形蛋白(Vimentin)抗體購(gòu)自美國(guó)Santa Cruz Biotechnology。

1.2?慢病毒感染

骨肉瘤細(xì)胞以每孔5×104個(gè)接種6孔板,于培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)培養(yǎng),細(xì)胞融合度為40%時(shí),以MOI=20分別添加慢病毒,再加入適量的polybrene(終濃度為5 mg/L);培養(yǎng)12 h以后,加入新鮮培養(yǎng)液;培養(yǎng)72 h后熒光顯微鏡下觀察熒光表達(dá)情況,以1 mg/L的嘌呤霉素篩選穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染的細(xì)胞系。把不感染慢病毒的細(xì)胞設(shè)置為Control組(A組),把感染陰性對(duì)照慢病毒以及URG11 shRNA重組慢病毒的細(xì)胞分別設(shè)置為shRNA-NC(B組)、URG11 shRNA(C組)。

1.3?實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)測(cè)定干擾效果

A、B、C組細(xì)胞提取總RNA,反轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA后進(jìn)行qRT-PCR。所用引物種類及其序列見表1。用SYBR定量PCR試劑盒分析URG11表達(dá)變化,計(jì)算方法為2-△△CT法,內(nèi)參為β-actin。每組實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,每次設(shè)3個(gè)復(fù)孔。

1.4?蛋白免疫印跡(Western blot)測(cè)定干擾效果

A、B、C組細(xì)胞分別用PBS洗滌2次,再加入含有PMSF的RIPA裂解溶液,于冰上孵育30 min。以BCA法測(cè)定蛋白樣品濃度,每孔30 μg蛋白樣品,設(shè)置120 V的電壓電泳2 h后,從玻璃板中間取出凝膠。將PVDF膜置于甲醇中孵育10 s以后進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)膜,轉(zhuǎn)膜置于4 ℃條件進(jìn)行。將PVDF膜置于新配置的含體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.05牛血清蛋白溶液中,在室溫結(jié)合2 h。把URG11一抗按1∶800倍稀釋,PVDF膜置于一抗反應(yīng)液中孵育過夜。再將二抗按1∶2 000倍稀釋后,把PVDF膜置于二抗反應(yīng)液內(nèi)孵育2 h。使用ECL發(fā)光。采用Image J分析內(nèi)參β-actin和目的條帶URG11的灰度值,URG11蛋白水平=URG11的灰度值/β-actin的灰度值。每組實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,每次設(shè)3個(gè)復(fù)孔。

1.5?四甲基偶氮唑鹽比色法(MTT)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖

A、B、C組細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)24 h,添加20 μL的MTT溶液和180 μL細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液至每個(gè)孔內(nèi)培養(yǎng)4 h,再加入150 μL的二甲基亞砜,混合反應(yīng)后,經(jīng)空白孔調(diào)零。以酶標(biāo)儀檢測(cè)570 nm波長(zhǎng)處的吸光度(A)值,把Control細(xì)胞的存活率設(shè)置為100%,分析其他各組細(xì)胞存活率變化。每組實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,每次設(shè)3個(gè)復(fù)孔。

1.6?流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡

A、B、C組細(xì)胞中分別添加500 μL的Binding Buffer,混合后再添加PI和Annexin V-FITC染液孵育15 min,置于流式細(xì)胞儀中檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡變化。每組實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,每次設(shè)3個(gè)復(fù)孔。

1.7?Transwell小室檢測(cè)細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移

A、B、C組細(xì)胞以不含血清的培養(yǎng)液懸浮,細(xì)胞密度調(diào)整為7×107/L,分別添加到Transwell小室的上室內(nèi)進(jìn)行遷移實(shí)驗(yàn)。每組添加200 μL細(xì)胞懸液,下室內(nèi)添加500 μL的含血清培養(yǎng)液。24 h后,將小室取出,把沒有穿膜的細(xì)胞擦掉并以PBS洗滌后,分別添加多聚甲醛溶液固定30 min,添加甲紫染色后,在光鏡下選取5個(gè)視野,計(jì)數(shù)細(xì)胞遷移數(shù)目。在侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)前以基質(zhì)膠將Transwell小室濕化,其余步驟同遷移實(shí)驗(yàn)。每組實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,每次設(shè)3個(gè)復(fù)孔。

1.8?Western blot檢測(cè)細(xì)胞中相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)變化

A、B、C組細(xì)胞按照1.4中Western blot方法檢測(cè)Cleaved Caspase-3、MMP-9、Cleaved Caspase-9、E-cadherin、MMP-2和Vimentin蛋白表達(dá)變化。每組實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,每次設(shè)3個(gè)復(fù)孔。

1.9?統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

采用SPSS 21.0軟件分析實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用±s表示,多組差異比較用單因素方差分析,組間比較用SNK-q檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2?結(jié)?果

2.1?URG11 shRNA下調(diào)對(duì)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中URG11表達(dá)水平影響

URG11 shRNA慢病毒感染后骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中URG11 mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)水平明顯下降,差異有顯著性(F=181.200、97.307,P<0.001)。URG11 shRNA可下調(diào)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中URG11表達(dá)和轉(zhuǎn)錄。見圖1和表2。

2.2?URG11 shRNA對(duì)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡的影響

URG11 shRNA慢病毒感染后骨肉瘤細(xì)胞存活率降低、凋亡率升高,差異有顯著意義(F=28.897、625.516,P<0.05)。下調(diào)URG11可抑制骨肉瘤細(xì)胞增殖并誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。見圖2和表3。

2.3?URG11 shRNA對(duì)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移影響

URG11 shRNA慢病毒感染后骨肉瘤細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移數(shù)目降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=93.373、101.207,P<0.001)。下調(diào)URG11可抑制骨肉瘤細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移。見表4。

2.4?URG11 shRNA對(duì)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)影響

URG11 shRNA慢病毒感染后,骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中凋亡蛋白Cleaved Caspase-3、Cleaved Caspase-9表達(dá)水平升高,侵襲和遷移蛋白MMP-2、MMP-9表達(dá)水平降低,間質(zhì)細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物Vimentin蛋白表達(dá)水平下降,上皮細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物E-cadherin蛋白表達(dá)水平升高,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=28.064~148.737,P<0.01)。下調(diào)URG11則能夠抑制骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表達(dá),促進(jìn)Cleaved Caspase-3、Cleaved Caspase-9蛋白表達(dá),并且對(duì)細(xì)胞上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)具有抑制作用。見圖3和表5。

3?討?論

URG11是被HBx蛋白上調(diào)的基因,與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)[7-8]。有報(bào)道顯示,在胃癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌、肝癌等腫瘤中URG11高表達(dá),下調(diào)URG11表達(dá)后腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、侵襲能力減弱,說明URG11可能在腫瘤中充當(dāng)癌基因[4,9-11]。

研究顯示,URG11高表達(dá)于骨肉瘤組織,且與骨肉瘤病人存活時(shí)間、轉(zhuǎn)移等有關(guān)[6]。本文結(jié)果表明,下調(diào)URG11后的骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的增殖能力和侵襲遷移能力降低,細(xì)胞凋亡率升高,說明下調(diào)URG11可以抑制骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的惡性表型,其作用與之前在其他腫瘤中研究報(bào)道一致。

細(xì)胞凋亡受多種因素共同調(diào)控,其中Caspase蛋白家族是目前研究較為透徹的凋亡蛋白[12]。位于Caspase凋亡反應(yīng)上游的蛋白成員如Caspase-9激活后可以促進(jìn)凋亡反應(yīng)的發(fā)生,而位于凋亡反應(yīng)下游的Caspase-3激活后誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[13-14]。而且二者只有被激活后形成Cleaved Caspase-3、Cleaved Caspase-9才可發(fā)揮促細(xì)胞凋亡功能[15-16]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,蟲草素可通過上調(diào)Cleaved Caspase-3、Cleaved Caspase-9蛋白的表達(dá)誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,從而發(fā)揮抗骨肉瘤的作用[17];雷公藤紅素也提高了骨肉瘤細(xì)胞HOS中Cleaved Caspase-3、Cleaved Caspase-9的表達(dá)而使細(xì)胞凋亡[18]。本文結(jié)果顯示,下調(diào)URG11表達(dá)后的骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中Cleaved Caspase-3、Cleaved Caspase-9蛋白表達(dá)水平升高,這說明下調(diào)URG11可能激活Caspase凋亡反應(yīng),這與細(xì)胞凋亡檢測(cè)結(jié)果一致,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了下調(diào)URG11具有誘導(dǎo)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞凋亡的作用。

骨肉瘤具有較高的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移性[19];而EMT與侵襲和遷移相關(guān),且EMT的腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移能力更強(qiáng)[20]。E-cadherin和Vimentin是細(xì)胞EMT的標(biāo)志[21-23]。骨肉瘤組織中E-cadherin呈低表達(dá),而Vimentin高表達(dá)[24]。研究也顯示,沉默Vimentin能夠抑制肝癌細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲[25]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,下調(diào)URG11后的骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中E-cadherin水平升高,Vimentin水平降低,說明下調(diào)URG11可以抑制骨肉瘤細(xì)胞EMT。

此外,基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶也與細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),其可通過降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)促進(jìn)細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移[26]。MMP-9和MMP-2是基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶的成員[27-28]。FOXF1-AS1通過MMP-2/-9途徑促進(jìn)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲[29];下調(diào)MMP-9表達(dá)可抑制人骨肉瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移[30]。本文的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,下調(diào)URG11后的骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中MMP-2和MMP-9表達(dá)水平均下降,說明下調(diào)URG11可以抑制骨肉瘤細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲,URG11具有抗骨肉瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移潛能。

總之,本文結(jié)果證實(shí)了下調(diào)URG11具有抗骨肉瘤細(xì)胞增殖、侵襲、遷移、EMT和誘導(dǎo)凋亡的作用,URG11表達(dá)可能是靶向治療骨肉瘤的潛在靶點(diǎn)。本文結(jié)果為研究URG11在腫瘤中的作用提供了參考。本次實(shí)驗(yàn)研究沒有在體內(nèi)和多株骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,后續(xù)會(huì)對(duì)上述部分內(nèi)容及其具體的調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行探索。

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