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柴胡總皂苷調(diào)控細(xì)胞色素P450酶發(fā)揮類似柴胡疏肝散抗抑郁作用研究

2019-09-10 07:22:44賀澤慧范榮張春虎唐濤崔寒盡劉胥梁清華王楊
關(guān)鍵詞:抑郁癥

賀澤慧 范榮 張春虎 唐濤 崔寒盡 劉胥 梁清華 王楊

〔摘要〕 目的 觀察柴胡總皂苷(total saponins, TS)對(duì)肝氣郁結(jié)證(liver-Qi stagnation, LQS)和肝郁脾虛證(liver stagnation and spleen deficiency, LSSD)小鼠抑郁行為的改善作用,并探討其抗抑郁作用與CYP3A4的關(guān)系。方法 構(gòu)建LQS、LSSD模型,TS干預(yù)14 d后,通過體質(zhì)量測(cè)定、懸尾實(shí)驗(yàn)和強(qiáng)迫游泳實(shí)驗(yàn)評(píng)估小鼠抑郁樣行為,并采用蛋白印跡法和逆轉(zhuǎn)錄定量聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng) (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) 法檢測(cè)CYP3A4蛋白和mRNA的表達(dá)變化。結(jié)果 造模完成后,與空白組相比,模型組的體質(zhì)量明顯減輕,懸尾不動(dòng)時(shí)間和強(qiáng)迫游泳不動(dòng)時(shí)間明顯增加(P<0.01)。TS干預(yù)14 d后,LQS模型小鼠懸尾不動(dòng)時(shí)間和強(qiáng)迫游泳不動(dòng)時(shí)間明顯縮短(P<0.01),LSSD模型小鼠懸尾不動(dòng)時(shí)間和強(qiáng)迫游泳不動(dòng)時(shí)間無明顯變化(P>0.05)。TS可下調(diào)LSD抑郁癥模型小鼠CYP3A4蛋白的表達(dá)(P<0.01),而對(duì)其mRNA的表達(dá)影響無顯著性差異(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 TS可改善LSD模型小鼠的抑郁樣行為,其作用機(jī)制可能與下調(diào)CYP3A4蛋白的表達(dá)有關(guān)。

〔關(guān)鍵詞〕 柴胡總皂苷;抑郁癥;肝氣郁結(jié);肝郁脾虛;CYP3A4

〔中圖分類號(hào)〕R285.5? ? ? ?〔文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼〕A? ? ? ?〔文章編號(hào)〕doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-070X.2019.06.004

〔Abstract〕 Objective To observe the anti-depressant effects of total saponins (TS) of Radix Bupleuri on mice with liver Qi stagnation (LQS) syndrome and liver stagnation and spleen deficiency (LSSD) syndrome, and to explore the relationship between the effects and CYP3A4. Methods LQS and LSSD models were established by binding and isolation. Depressive behaviors were evaluated via body mass measurement, tail suspension test and forced swimming test after 2 weeks of TS treatment. Expression changes of CYP3A4 protein and mRNA were determined by Western blot and RT-qPCR. Results After the establishment of models, compared with the blank group, the body mass in the model groups was significantly decreased; and the immobility time of tail suspension and forced swimming was significantly increased (P<0.01). After 2-week treatment with TS, the immobility time of LQS mice in tail suspension test and forced swimming test was significantly decreased (P<0.01), while that of LSSD mice was not obviously changed (P>0.05). The expression of CYP3A4 protein in LSSD mice could be decreased by TS (P<0.01), while there was no significant difference in its effect on the expression of mRNA (P>0.05). Conclusion TS can improve the depressive behaviors on LQS mice. The mechanism may be associated with the down-regulation on CYP3A4 protein expression.

〔Keywords〕 total saponins of Radix Bupleuri; depression; liver Qi stagnation; liver stagnation and spleen deficiency; CYP3A4

抑郁癥是一種以情緒低落、思維遲鈍和精神障礙為特征的精神科疾病[1],是全世界第二大致殘疾病,占疾病總經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)的10.3%[2-3]。

抑郁癥屬中醫(yī)學(xué)“郁證”范疇,其病位在肝,主要病機(jī)為情志所傷,肝失條達(dá),故精神抑郁,情緒不寧?!饵S帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》以“木郁達(dá)之”闡明其基本中醫(yī)治則。出自《景岳全書》名方柴胡疏肝散(由柴胡、陳皮、川芎、香附、枳殼、白芍和甘草七味中藥組成)能疏肝解郁、行氣止痛,使肝氣條達(dá),血脈通暢,氣血調(diào)和,為疏肝理氣法治療肝氣郁結(jié)證(liver-Qi stagnation, LQS)抑郁癥的代表方劑[4-6]。然而,目前研究柴胡疏肝散抗抑郁機(jī)制多采用不可預(yù)知性刺激模型[7-8]。

機(jī)體與中藥的相互影響主要依靠藥物代謝酶系統(tǒng)[9],其中細(xì)胞色素P450同工酶(cytochrome P450,CYP450)是最重要的藥物代謝酶系統(tǒng),主要存在于肝臟系統(tǒng)中。參與中藥代謝的CYP450酶主要包括CYP1A2、 CYP2C9、 CYP2C19、 CYP2D6、 CYP2E1和 CYP3A4,其中臨床上超過50%的藥物經(jīng)過CYP3A4酶代謝[10-11]?,F(xiàn)代研究證實(shí),大多數(shù)抗抑郁藥的作用機(jī)制與調(diào)節(jié)CYP3A4有關(guān)[12-15]。柴胡疏肝散在機(jī)體內(nèi)通過多靶點(diǎn)多通路發(fā)揮作用,但其發(fā)揮抗抑郁作用的有效活性單體成分仍不明確。因此,本研究以柴胡疏肝散生物活性成分柴胡總皂苷(total saponins,TS)為例,運(yùn)用LQS模型去研究柴胡疏肝散的抗抑郁機(jī)制,為進(jìn)一步闡明辨證用方、“證效相關(guān)”的科學(xué)內(nèi)涵提供線索。

1 材料

1.1? 動(dòng)物

健康SPF級(jí)雄性昆明小鼠,體質(zhì)量15~18 g,數(shù)量:42只,由中南大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供。小鼠每6只一籠,食物、水充足,室溫:25 ℃,相對(duì)濕度:40%~60%,維持12 h光照/黑暗的晝夜節(jié)律(8:00 am-20:00 pm)。動(dòng)物適應(yīng)一周后開始造模,動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)操作過程嚴(yán)格遵循中南大學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)的操作準(zhǔn)則。倫理編號(hào):201303049,動(dòng)物使用許可證:SCXK(湘)2011-0003,實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物合格證:43004700014263。

1.2&nbsp; 藥物及試劑

TS(北京恒元啟天化工,S25577,純度:80%); CYP3A4抗體(abcam公司,ab3572,1∶2 000); GAPDH抗體(proteintech公司,10494-1-AP,1∶5 000);逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒(康為生物公司,中國(guó));SYBR PCR試劑盒(美國(guó)Invitrogen公司,卡爾斯巴德,CA);CYP3A4和GAPDH引物由Premier 5.0 software(PRIMER Biosoft International公司)合成,由上海生工生物工程技術(shù)服務(wù)有限公司提供。

1.3? 主要儀器

164-5050電泳儀(美國(guó)Bio-rad);DYCZ-24EN電泳槽(中國(guó)北京六一);DYCZ-40A轉(zhuǎn)膜儀(中國(guó)北京六一);TGL-18R臺(tái)式冷凍離心機(jī)(Eppendorf公司);PIKO-REAL-96熒光定量PCR儀(Thermo公司)。

2 方法

2.1? 動(dòng)物模型

根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[16-17]描述的方法,LQS模型制備方法如下:每天束縛3 h(其余時(shí)間孤養(yǎng)),持續(xù)28 d。肝郁脾虛(liver stagnation and spleen deficiency, LSSD)模型制備方法如下:每天束縛3 h,在(25±1)℃溫水中游泳10 min,隔天斷食,其余時(shí)間孤養(yǎng),持續(xù)28 d。束縛裝置采用可調(diào)節(jié)大小的鐵絲網(wǎng)圓筒狀容器,使其行走困難,活動(dòng)受限??瞻捉M小鼠不做任何處理,自由飲食,群養(yǎng)(每籠6只)。

2.2? 分組與實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將小鼠分為7組:空白組、LQS組、LSSD組、LQS+75 mg/kg TS組、LQS+150 mg/kg TS組、LSSD+75 mg/kg TS組、LSSD+150 mg/kg TS 組,每組6只。干預(yù)方法:TS治療組造模后持續(xù)給藥14 d[灌胃給藥,1 mL/(次·d)];空白組、LQS組、LSSD組均給予等體積純水。第28天造模完成后檢測(cè)體質(zhì)量,并通過強(qiáng)迫游泳實(shí)驗(yàn)和懸尾實(shí)驗(yàn)評(píng)估各組小鼠行為學(xué)變化。給藥14 d后稱質(zhì)量,評(píng)估各組小鼠行為學(xué)的改變。給藥14 d后采集肝臟小鼠標(biāo)本,制備肝微粒體,通過PCR與蛋白質(zhì)印跡法分別檢測(cè)CYP3A4 mRNA水平與蛋白水平的表達(dá)。

2.3? 體質(zhì)量

在造模前、造模后28 d和給藥后14 d 3個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)對(duì)所有小鼠進(jìn)行體質(zhì)量檢測(cè)。

2.4? 行為學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)

2.4.1? 懸尾實(shí)驗(yàn)? 根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[18]描述的方法,將小鼠尾末端1 cm用膠帶固定,使其倒懸,懸于25 cm×25 cm×30 cm的籠子中,觀察6 min,記錄后4 min小鼠的不動(dòng)時(shí)間。

2.4.2? 強(qiáng)迫游泳實(shí)驗(yàn)? 參考文獻(xiàn)[19]中的方法,將小鼠置于水溫(25±1) ℃,水深10 cm的40 cm×18 cm 的塑料圓柱體容器中。觀察6 min,記錄后4 min小鼠的累計(jì)不動(dòng)時(shí)間。判定為不動(dòng)時(shí)間的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是小鼠漂浮在水面上,停止掙扎或以保持頭在水面上的細(xì)小的肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)。

2.5? 肝微粒體制備

小鼠給藥后14 d頸椎脫臼法處死,取出肝臟,預(yù)冷的蒸餾水沖洗表面血漬,然后以預(yù)冷的磷酸鉀緩沖液(含1.15%KCl)沖洗,置于pH 7.4的磷酸緩沖鹽溶液(phosphate buffer saline, PBS)中勻漿,離心(10 000×g,30 min,4 ℃)后取上清;再次離心上清液(10 000×g,60 min,4 ℃)后取沉淀,并用預(yù)冷PBS沖洗后離心去沉淀(10 000×g,60 min,4 ℃),最后以20%甘油重懸,保存于-80 ℃冰箱備用。

2.6? CYP3A4蛋白表達(dá)測(cè)定

蛋白質(zhì)印跡法檢測(cè)小鼠肝微粒中CYP3A4蛋白的表達(dá),具體步驟如下:肝微粒體研磨充分后加入蛋白裂解液,冰上裂解30 min,間斷超聲180 s后離心(12 000×g,10 min,4 ℃),取上清,并測(cè)定上清液蛋白濃度。SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠(SDS-PAGE)電泳,轉(zhuǎn)膜(300 mA,45 min),5%BSA室溫封閉2 h,一抗孵育,4 ℃過夜。第二天復(fù)溫30 min后,室溫孵育二抗2 h,曝光顯影。應(yīng)用 Image J 軟件進(jìn)行條帶分析。

2.7? CYP3A4 mRNA表達(dá)測(cè)定

通過逆轉(zhuǎn)錄定量PCR檢測(cè)小鼠肝微粒中CYP3A4 mRNA的表達(dá),具體步驟如下:在研缽中加入液氮研磨適量肝微粒體,磨碎后加入1 mL Trizol,離心(12 000×g,5 min,4 ℃)取上清,加入200 μL三氯甲烷,靜置5 min后,再次離心(12 000×g,5 min,4 ℃),取上清并加入400 μL異丙醇,靜置10 min后離心(12 000×g,10 min,4 ℃);棄上清,加入75%乙醇洗滌沉淀后離心(12 000×g,10 min,4 ℃);取沉淀,加入無酶水重懸,酶標(biāo)儀檢測(cè)RNA濃度;預(yù)變性后進(jìn)行逆轉(zhuǎn)錄得到cDNA,使用SYBR PCR試劑盒進(jìn)行qPCR檢測(cè)。CYP3A4引物:正向引物GCCACTCACCCTGATGTCC,反向引物CACCACCATGTCAAGATACTCC;引物長(zhǎng)度117 bp。GAPDH引物:正向引物CGGCAAATTCAACGGCACA,反向引物GGTCTCGCTCCTGGAAGATGG,引物長(zhǎng)度:86 bp。

2.8? 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析

采用SPSS 22.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)以“x±s”表示。多組均數(shù)比較采用單因素方差分析(ANOVA),方差齊性時(shí)用LSD檢驗(yàn),方差不齊時(shí)用Dunnett T3法檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

3 結(jié)果

3.1? TS減輕抑郁癥肝氣郁結(jié)證小鼠的抑郁樣行為

如圖1A、1C、1E所示,造模28 d后,與空白組相比,模型組(LQS組、LSSD組)以及治療組(LQS+75 mg/kg TS組、LSSD+75 mg/kg TS組、LQS+150 mg/kg TS組、LSSD+150 mg/kg組)小鼠體質(zhì)量顯著下降,懸尾不動(dòng)時(shí)間及強(qiáng)迫游泳不動(dòng)時(shí)間明顯增加,提示模型構(gòu)建成功(n=6,P<0.01)。

如圖1B、1D、1F所示,給藥14 d后,與模型組相比,治療組(LQS+75 mg/kg TS組,LSSD+75 mg/kg TS組,LQS+150 mg/kg TS組,LSSD+150 mg/kg)小鼠體質(zhì)量無明顯變化;與模型組比,LQS+75 mg/kg TS組小鼠懸尾不動(dòng)時(shí)間及游泳不動(dòng)時(shí)間明顯減少(P<0.05),而LQS+150 mg/kg TS組、LSSD+75 mg/kg TS組以及LSSD+150 mg/kg TS組小鼠懸尾不動(dòng)時(shí)間及游泳不動(dòng)時(shí)間無明顯變化。

3.2? TS對(duì) CYP3A4蛋白和mRNA表達(dá)的影響

與空白組相比,LQS模型組小鼠的CYP3A4蛋白表達(dá)明顯增高(圖2A和圖2B,n=6,P<0.01)。給予TS干預(yù)后,低劑量組小鼠的CYP3A4蛋白水平較模型組明顯下降(圖2A和圖2B,n=6,P<0.01)。而CYP3A4的蛋白水平在空白組與LSSD組、低劑量組、高劑量組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。

與空白組相比,兩種模型組(LQS組與LSSD組)小鼠的CYP3A4 mRNA表達(dá)均沒有顯著變化。低、高劑量TS干預(yù)對(duì)LQS及LSSD模型小鼠的CYP3A4 mRNA表達(dá)也沒有顯著影響(圖2C)。

4 討論

TS是柴胡疏肝散的主要生物活性成分,雖然目前已有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了TS具有抗抑郁的作用[20],但是對(duì)抑郁癥不同表型療效知之甚少。本研究首次證實(shí)TS對(duì)LQS模型有良好的抗抑郁作用,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)TS可能是通過下調(diào)CYP3A4蛋白的表達(dá)發(fā)揮類似柴胡疏肝散抗抑郁的作用。

單胺類藥物是臨床上常用的抗抑郁藥,但是50%~60%的病人用藥后會(huì)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的不良反應(yīng)或并發(fā)癥[21-22],而中藥治療抑郁癥在臨床上取得了很好的療效。目前針對(duì)中藥抗抑郁作用的研究已成為熱點(diǎn),柴胡疏肝散作為研究范例,其抗抑郁療效已獲得廣泛認(rèn)同,并且研究發(fā)現(xiàn)柴胡疏肝散通過增強(qiáng)ERK5活性,調(diào)節(jié)磷脂、膽汁代謝等途徑發(fā)揮抗抑郁作用[23-29]。但是這類研究大多采用不可預(yù)知性刺激模型[30],從中醫(yī)學(xué)理論來說,柴胡疏肝散的療效研究應(yīng)采用LQS模型。

CYP3A4是人體內(nèi)參與藥物代謝最重要的CYP450酶,CYP3A4代謝藥物超過CYP450酶代謝藥物總量的50%[31-33]。目前研究表明CYP3A4與中藥的代謝密切相關(guān),但是中藥對(duì)CYP3A4的正性或負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)作用仍不明確,對(duì)于同一種中藥成分如甘草次酸,在不同模型、條件中對(duì)CYP3A4的作用卻是截然相反的。因此,有必要研究柴胡疏肝散活性成分TS在LQS抑郁癥模型中對(duì)CYP3A4的影響。蛋白印跡法和逆轉(zhuǎn)錄定量PCR結(jié)果表明,柴胡總皂苷僅下調(diào)LQS模型小鼠的CYP3A4蛋白的表達(dá),而不調(diào)控LSSD模型小鼠CYP3A4蛋白和兩種模型小鼠CYP3A4 mRNA表達(dá)。該發(fā)現(xiàn)與目前研究結(jié)果相吻合,其原因可能是轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)控或轉(zhuǎn)錄后修飾影響CYP3A4蛋白的翻譯[12]。

綜上所述,TS在LQS抑郁癥模型中表現(xiàn)出抗抑郁作用,可能與調(diào)控CYP3A4的表達(dá)有關(guān)。本研究為證實(shí)柴胡疏肝散治療LQS證型抑郁癥的獨(dú)特療效提供理論基礎(chǔ),開辟了抑郁癥“證效相關(guān)”研究的新途徑。

參考文獻(xiàn)

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