劉仲霞 項(xiàng)榮武 王鵬偉 吳海英 范冬竹 趙明沂
摘?要:目的:評(píng)估巧克力或可可產(chǎn)品對(duì)有或無(wú)高血壓成人血壓的影響。方法:檢索PubMed、The Cochrane Library、EMbase、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)(CNKI)和萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),檢索時(shí)限從建庫(kù)至2018年11月,由2名研究者分別對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)提取與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏倚評(píng)價(jià)后,采用RevMan5.3和Stata12.0軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果:納入34篇文獻(xiàn)(38項(xiàng)符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)),共1 897名參與者。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組相比,服用巧克力或可可產(chǎn)品組能更顯著地降低參與者的收縮壓(systolic blood pressure,SBP)[(WMD=-1.87,95%CI(-3.04,-0.70),P=0.002]和舒張壓(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)[(WMD=-1.60,95%CI(-2.11,-1.08),P<0.001],差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論:巧克力或可可產(chǎn)品在一定程度上可降低有或無(wú)高血壓成人的血壓,但長(zhǎng)期攝入對(duì)血壓的影響還有待研究。
關(guān)鍵詞:可可;巧克力;血壓;Meta分析
近年來(lái),富含黃烷醇的巧克力和可可產(chǎn)品作為降壓的非藥物治療受到人們的青睞。生活方式的改變,包括飲食習(xí)慣對(duì)血壓的控制有重要的影響,控制血壓可預(yù)防心腦血管疾病患者的發(fā)病及死亡[1]。心血管疾病發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與血壓水平呈相關(guān)性,即使血壓稍有降低,也會(huì)大大降低患心血管疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[2]。臨床研究表明,黑巧克力和可可產(chǎn)品中的黃烷醇可增加內(nèi)皮NO的形成,促進(jìn)血管舒張,從而降低血壓[3]。先前的Meta分析表明[4-7],富含黃烷醇的巧克力和可可可能會(huì)降低血壓,但最新的臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與先前的Meta分析結(jié)論相互矛盾[8-9],本研究基于現(xiàn)有的有關(guān)可可降壓的臨床試驗(yàn),采用系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)的方法進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)可可對(duì)血壓的影響,為臨床治療提供科學(xué)依據(jù),此外,本研究還探討了參與者基線血壓水平、平均年齡、體重指數(shù)(BMI)對(duì)血壓的影響。
1?資料與方法
1.1?檢索策略
計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、The Cochrane Library、EMbase、CNKI及萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),搜集關(guān)于可可或富含黃烷醇的巧克力用于降壓的研究,檢索時(shí)間為建庫(kù)至2018年11月,并手工追溯所有納入文獻(xiàn)的參考文獻(xiàn)。英文檢索詞包括cocoa、chocolate、blood pressure、hypertension;中文檢索詞包括可可、巧克力、血壓、高血壓等。
1.2?納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.2.1?研究類型?隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCTs)。
1.2.2?研究對(duì)象?有或無(wú)高血壓的成人,試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行時(shí)間≥14d。
1.2.3?干預(yù)措施?實(shí)驗(yàn)組服用黑巧克力或可可產(chǎn)品,對(duì)照組服用安慰劑或含低劑量黃烷醇的產(chǎn)品。
1.2.4?結(jié)局指標(biāo)?收縮壓(SBP)、舒張壓(DBP)。
1.2.5?排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象使用抗高血壓藥物,對(duì)照組可可劑量超過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)組可可劑量25%的試驗(yàn),失訪人數(shù)超過(guò)50%的試驗(yàn)。
1.3?文獻(xiàn)篩選和資料提取
由2位研究者獨(dú)立篩選文獻(xiàn)、提取資料并交叉核對(duì),如有分歧,則通過(guò)討論或第三方協(xié)商解決。資料提取的基本情況包括研究基本特征、療程、樣本量和納入患者基本特征等。
1.4?納入研究的偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)
由2位研究者獨(dú)立評(píng)價(jià)納入研究的偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并交叉核對(duì)結(jié)果。偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)采用Cochrane手冊(cè)5.3.0推薦的偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具進(jìn)行。
1.5?統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
采用RevMan5.3和Stata12.0軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析。計(jì)量資料以加權(quán)均數(shù)差(WMD)及95%置信區(qū)間(95% CI)作為合并效應(yīng)量。采用χ2檢驗(yàn)對(duì)納入研究進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),P≤0.1時(shí)各研究間存在異質(zhì)性,P>0.1時(shí),各研究間不存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性。采用I2對(duì)異質(zhì)性進(jìn)行定量分析,當(dāng)I2≤50%時(shí),采用固定效應(yīng)模型計(jì)算[10];當(dāng)I2≥50%時(shí),則選用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型合并分析。根據(jù)可能存在的異質(zhì)性,包括參與者基線血壓水平的不同(SBP<130mmHg、130~140mmHg、140≥mmHg;DBP<80mmHg、80~90mmHg、≥90mmHg)、平均年齡的不同(<50歲、≥50歲)、參與者是否肥胖(BMI<28kg/m2、BMI≥28kg/m2)進(jìn)行亞組分析。采用Eggers檢驗(yàn)發(fā)表偏倚,若P<0.05,則提示存在發(fā)表偏倚。
2?結(jié)果與分析
2.1?文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果
初檢獲得相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)1 052篇,經(jīng)過(guò)逐層篩選,最終納入34篇文獻(xiàn)[8-9,11-42],共38項(xiàng)研究,1 897例參與者。通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)檢索獲得相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)(n=1 052):PubMed(n=298)、The Cochrane Library(n=235)、EMbase(n=485)、CNKI(n=23)、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(n=11)。文獻(xiàn)篩選流程及結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖1。
2.2?納入研究的基本特征與偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果
納入研究的基本特征見(jiàn)表1,偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖2。
2.3?Meta分析結(jié)果
2.3.1?SBP?共納入38項(xiàng)研究,1 897例參與者。各研究間存在異質(zhì)性(P<0.000 1,I2=54%),故采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型合并分析,結(jié)果顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組的SBP明顯低于對(duì)照組,其差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[WMD=-1.87,95%CI(-3.04,-0.70),P=0.002]。發(fā)表偏倚檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果提示,各研究間不存在發(fā)表偏倚(Eggers檢驗(yàn)t=-1.7,P=0.099)。
亞組分析結(jié)果顯示,除參與者基線SBP為130~140mmHg、參與者BMI≥28kg/m2的亞組外,各亞組服用可可產(chǎn)品均可顯著降低SBP,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Meta分析結(jié)果還顯示,相對(duì)于SBP<130mmHg的亞組,SBP≥140mmHg的亞組服用可可降低SBP的效果更明顯;年齡<50歲的亞組服用可可降低SBP的效果更明顯(表2)。
2.3.2?DBP?共納入38項(xiàng)研究,1 897例參與者。各研究間存在異質(zhì)性(P=0.03,I2=34%<50%),故采用固定效應(yīng)模型合并分析,結(jié)果顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組的DBP明顯低于對(duì)照組,其差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[WMD=-1.60,95%CI(-2.11,-1.08),P<0.001]。發(fā)表偏倚檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果提示,各研究間不存在發(fā)表偏倚(Eggers檢驗(yàn)t=-1.8,P=0.081)。亞組分析結(jié)果顯示,除參與者BMI≥28kg/m2的亞組外,各亞組服用可可產(chǎn)品均可顯著降低DBP,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Meta分析結(jié)果還顯示,相對(duì)于DBP<80mmHg和DBP為80~90mmHg的亞組,DBP≥90mmHg的亞組服用可可降低DBP的效果更明顯;年齡<50歲的組服用可可降低DBP的效果更明顯(表3)。
3?討論
根據(jù)Meta分析結(jié)果可知,實(shí)驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組相比能更顯著地降低SBP和DBP,SDP降低了1.87mmHg,DBP降低了1.60mmHg,且結(jié)果均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,這表明富含黃烷醇的可可產(chǎn)品在降低血壓方面作用雖小但具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。與最近發(fā)表的系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)相比,本研究排除了實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象使用抗高血壓藥物的RCT,能更客觀地反映可可對(duì)血壓的影響,這也是本研究的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[5]。
可可對(duì)血壓和內(nèi)皮功能的保護(hù)作用可能來(lái)自其血管舒張作用,其潛在的機(jī)制是多重的,并沒(méi)有完全明確,其中增加NO利用率和擴(kuò)張血管可能起到核心作用,這一機(jī)制可能是可可降低血壓的主要原因[43]。無(wú)論是SBP還是DBP,可可的降壓效果對(duì)于平均年齡<50歲的參與者更明顯,隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),動(dòng)脈管壁結(jié)構(gòu)和功能發(fā)生變化,其順應(yīng)性和彈性降低,血管對(duì)可可黃烷醇等生理刺激的反應(yīng)性隨年齡的增長(zhǎng)而降低,所以可可對(duì)年輕人血壓的影響可能更為顯著[44];可可的降壓效果在BMI<28kg/m2的亞組更明顯,并且具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,這一結(jié)果可能與肥胖的參與者體內(nèi)的血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙有關(guān),肥胖的參與者由于胰島素抵抗原因使血管內(nèi)皮一氧化氮酶活性降低,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞釋放的舒血管因子減少,縮血管因子增加,血管阻力增加,血壓升高,這可能是導(dǎo)致可可對(duì)肥胖患者降壓效果不明顯的原因[45];之前發(fā)表的系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)中并沒(méi)有根據(jù)參與者的BMI進(jìn)行亞組分析,這一亞組分析結(jié)果也是本研究的優(yōu)點(diǎn)之一。無(wú)論是SBP還是DBP的Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,各研究間存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性,行亞組分析,找到參與者的BMI有可能是異質(zhì)性的來(lái)源。
本研究的局限性:(1)缺乏灰色文獻(xiàn);(2)納入的文獻(xiàn)中很少有報(bào)告可可副作用(消化不良、嘔吐、惡心等)的RCT,需要更長(zhǎng)期的試驗(yàn)去確定可可對(duì)血壓的影響以及評(píng)估長(zhǎng)期使用可可產(chǎn)品是否有任何副作用;(3)國(guó)內(nèi)尚無(wú)相關(guān)研究發(fā)表,可可降血壓作用是否同樣適用于我國(guó)人口還有待考察。
綜上,當(dāng)前證據(jù)顯示,可可在一定程度上可降低成人的血壓,對(duì)非肥胖、高血壓患者的降壓效果可能更明顯,但長(zhǎng)期攝入可可對(duì)血壓的影響還有待研究。
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(責(zé)任編輯?李婷婷)