胡杰 張行紅

同學(xué)們：not-no-never-neither-none......這些"不"，還有下列句子中的"不"有什么區(qū)別呢？Im not upset.I dont like rainy days.I 've never been to Antarctica.It's impossible to please everyone.有點(diǎn)眼花繚亂吧！那咱們一起從6個(gè)方面（一到六）來(lái)搞定它！

一、not用法五種

（1）句中只有be動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)：在be（am/are/is/was/were）后加not即構(gòu)成否定句。①I(mǎi)'m not hungry.You are not，either，right？②It is not a violin;③I was not in London at the time;④My parents weren't there，either.

（2）句中有be/will/have/had……主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在（be/can/will/have……后面加not構(gòu)成否定句。①1They are not playing chess;②She is not watching TV;③I was not reading when they were watching the football match then;④He is not going to come to the party;⑤They will not help their parents clean up;⑥I have not heard from John for a long time;⑦She has not read todays newspaper;⑧She hadn't been to New York before her parents moved there.

（3）句子含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can，could，may，might，must，should等+主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加 not 構(gòu)成否定句。①She could not help laughing;②The old man cann't read and write.③You shouldn't have given up.你本不該放棄的（實(shí)際放棄了）。④You needn't do your homework today.今天你不必做作業(yè)。（must的否定，用need not 或don't have to）。⑤The kids mustn't swim without grown-ups nearby.（mustn't是“禁止，不允許”。

（4）句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前沒(méi)有be/can/will/have……在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前加助動(dòng)詞do/does/did not即構(gòu)成否定句（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形）。①I(mǎi) dont have any foreign friends;②My mother doesnt speak English;③It didn't rain last night;④Mary didnt clean the room this morning.;⑤Do not swicth off （祈使句的否定）。

（5）not否定不定式to do，固定搭配等。①I(mǎi) told him not to forget it;②She goes to school not by bus， but by bike;③Not a student was late this morning;④He felt sorry for not coming to the meeting on time。

二no+名詞或動(dòng)名詞

①We have no children of our own;②Ive got no news from him;③no后接名詞時(shí)也可換成not any/not a如：I have no [not any] friends here.④No smoking！

三、否定副詞never/seldom/hardly …

①I(mǎi) have never been there;②That will never do.那決不行。③The children are seldom ill.It seldom snows here;④He hardly ever eats meat.Jim is hardly ever late.

四、不定代詞nobody，no one，nothing等表否定

①No one [Nobody] wants to go there;②She said nothing;③None of the pupils knew the answer;④None of this milk can be used;⑤I like neither of the books.⑥Neither of us enjoy getting up early;⑦用little， few表否定（little+不可數(shù)名詞，few+可數(shù)名詞，均表示“幾乎沒(méi)"There is little time left;Few people like snakes.

五、運(yùn)用某些結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)否定意義

①too…to（太……不能）It is too late to do anything now;Im too tired to go any farther;②more A than B（與其 B不如 A）He is more brave than wise.他有勇無(wú)謀。③比較級(jí)+than+不定式（不至于做）He was wiser than to have done such a thing.他不至于愚蠢得竟然做出這樣的事情。④連詞before，unless等引出的狀語(yǔ)從句表達(dá)否定意義Unless you put on your overcoat，you'll catch a cold.⑤用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表達(dá)否定意義If only you had worked with greater care.你要是工作更仔細(xì)一些就好了。（你不仔細(xì)）。⑥prefer…rather than……I prefer to stay inside rather than go out in such a cold day.02757063-5DE6-40F0-A09E-535A2B7CF61B

六、可以用含否定意義的前綴a-，ab-，an-，de-，dis-，il-，im-，in-，ir-，non-，un-，under-等構(gòu)成的詞表達(dá)否定之意;也可以用后綴-less，-free，-proof等構(gòu)成的詞表達(dá)否定之意。①He absented himself from a meeting.②動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)：differ from（與……不同），keep?off（不讓……接近），keep… from/prevent… from/stop…from/protect… from（使……不），lose sight of（看不見(jiàn)），Why do you prevent them from moving into the new house？③名詞：absence（不在）， failure（沒(méi)有，不及格），lshortage（缺乏）例如：Shortage of manpower is the chief cause of the delay at the factory.人力不足是該工廠生產(chǎn)停滯的主要原因。④形容詞及形容詞短語(yǔ)：reluctant（不愿），absent from（沒(méi)到場(chǎng)），ignorant of（不知，不懂），different from（與……不同），short of（缺少，不足），far from（遠(yuǎn)非，決不），free from（不受……影響的，沒(méi)有……的）例如：We should be free from arrogance and rashness.我們應(yīng)該不驕不躁。⑤介詞：against（反對(duì)），beyond（超出，無(wú)法……），off（離開(kāi)），but/except（除……之外）等。例如：The young men of the present day are beyond my comprehension.⑥介詞短語(yǔ)：at a loss（不知所措，不知……），invain（徒勞，無(wú)用），out of the question（不可能），off one's guard（毫無(wú)防備，沒(méi)有警惕），out of the swim（不合時(shí)髦，不合潮流），at one's wits'end（不知所措），at the end of one's rope/at the end of one's row（山窮水盡）等。例如：I have so much work to do that a holiday for me this year is out of the question.⑦其他詞組及固定搭配：anything but/by no means/in no case/on no account/under no circumstances（決不），instead of（而不），rather than（而不是），other than（不同于，除……以外），aside from（除了……以外），least of all（最不），the last（極不可能的，最不適合的），let alone/to say nothing/…still less，…（更不用說(shuō)）等。例如：The bridge is anything but safe.那橋決對(duì)不安全。

The truth is quite other than what you think.事實(shí)真相同你想的完全不同。He can't run a hundred yards，still less a mile.他一百碼都跑不了，更不用說(shuō)一英里了。02757063-5DE6-40F0-A09E-535A2B7CF61B