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不同生物質(zhì)炭用量對烤煙生長和煙葉品質(zhì)的影響

2019-09-10 07:22王成己郭學(xué)清曾文龍黃毅斌唐莉娜
南方農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報 2019年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:經(jīng)濟性狀農(nóng)藝性狀化學(xué)成分

王成己 郭學(xué)清 曾文龍 黃毅斌 唐莉娜

摘要:【目的】探討條施不同煙稈生物質(zhì)炭用量對連作烤煙生長及煙葉品質(zhì)的影響,為不同模式利用生物質(zhì)炭改善連作烤煙品質(zhì)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)?!痉椒ā靠緹煼N植前將推薦用量肥料與生物質(zhì)炭呈寬帶狀均勻施入條溝,按株定量;生物質(zhì)炭用量分別為0、0.2、0.4、0.8和1.6 kg/株[對應(yīng)設(shè)為T0(CK)、T1、T2、T3和T4處理];采用3重復(fù)隨機區(qū)組試驗,調(diào)查云煙87關(guān)鍵生長期煙草普通花葉病毒?。═MV)的發(fā)病情況;選取代表性煙株測定其農(nóng)藝性狀,測算煙葉產(chǎn)質(zhì)量及上中等煙比例,并對上部(B2F)和中部(C3F)烤后煙葉進(jìn)行化學(xué)成分分析及樣品評吸?!窘Y(jié)果】生物質(zhì)炭的施用可促進(jìn)烤煙生長發(fā)育,降低煙株TMV發(fā)病率,其中T3和T4處理的煙株節(jié)距顯著高于其他處理(P<0.05,下同),T3處理的有效葉片數(shù)和葉面積最大(17.43片/株和1281.68 cm2/株),T2和T3處理煙株TMV發(fā)病率顯著低于其他處理。生物質(zhì)炭處理煙葉總糖和還原糖含量均大于25.00%,超過國際優(yōu)質(zhì)煙葉標(biāo)準(zhǔn);總氮、煙堿、鉀和氯含量均分別在其適宜范圍內(nèi);生物質(zhì)炭對C3F等級煙葉化學(xué)成分含量的影響大于B2F等級;T1和T2處理的煙葉化學(xué)成分更接近優(yōu)質(zhì)煙葉標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。T1和T2處理煙葉感官質(zhì)量綜合得分高于T3和T4處理。煙葉產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)值及均價均以T3處理最高,上中等煙比例以T2處理最高(95.43%),T2和T3處理對煙葉經(jīng)濟性狀影響最大?!窘Y(jié)論】生物質(zhì)炭對烤煙生長發(fā)育、煙葉化學(xué)成分及其協(xié)調(diào)性、感官質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)質(zhì)量均有重要影響,T1和T2處理有利于改善煙葉品質(zhì),T2和T3處理則有利于提高煙葉產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)值。綜合考慮生物質(zhì)炭的施用效應(yīng)及其成本,建議福建煙區(qū)條施煙稈生物質(zhì)炭以每株0.4 kg(T2處理)為宜。

關(guān)鍵詞: 生物質(zhì)炭;烤煙;農(nóng)藝性狀;化學(xué)成分;感官質(zhì)量;經(jīng)濟性狀

中圖分類號: S572.062? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A

文章編號:2095-1191(2019)10-2160-09 開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識碼(OSID):

Effects of different biochar application amounts on growth and quality of flue-cured tobacco

WANG Cheng-ji1, GUO Xue-qing2, ZENG Wen-long3, HUANG Yi-bin4, TANG Li-na5*

(1Agricultural Ecology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou? 350013, China; 2Changting Tobacco Company of Fujian Province, Changting, Fujian? 365500, China; 3Longyan Municipal Tobacco Company of Fujian Province, Longyan, Fujian? 364000, China; 4Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou? 350013, China; 5Tobacco Science Research Institute of Fujian Tobacco Monopoly Bureau,

Fuzhou? 350003, China)

Abstract:【Objective】This paper aimed to investigate the effects of row application biochar on the growth and quality of continuous-cropping flue-cured tobacco, to provide scientific basis for the improvement of flue-cured tobacco quality with different biochar application modes. 【Method】Before planting the flue-cured tobacco, recommended amount of fertilizers and biochar were uniformly applied into the trenches in a wide band, and the quantity was measured by plant. Biochar consumption was 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 kg/plant respectively[denoted as T0(CK), T1, T2, T3 and T4]. The incidence of Tobacco mosaic virus(TMV) in Yunyan 87 was investigated by using three repeated randomized block experiments. Representative tobacco strains were selected to determine their agronomic traits. The yield quality of tobacco and the proportion of upper and middle tobacco were calculated. Chemical composition analysis and sample evaluation of upper(B2F) and middle(C3F) tobacco leaves were carried out. 【Result】Biochar application promoted the growth and deve-lopment of flue-cured tobacco, and reduced the incidence of tobacco plant TMV. The nodes of T3 and T4 treatments were significantly higher than those of other treatments (P<0.05, the same below). The effective number and leaf area of T3 treatment were the largest with 17.43 blade/plant and 1281.68 cm2/plant. The incidence of tobacco plant in T2 and T3 treatments was significantly lower than that in other treatments. The content of total sugar and reducing sugar in tobacco leaves under biochar treatments with over 25.00% exceeded the international standard of high quality tobacco leaf, and the content of total nitrogen, nicotine, potassium and chlorine were all within the appropriate range respectively. The effect of biochar on the content of chemical components in tobacco leaves at C3F grade was higher than that at B2F grade. The chemical composition of T1 and T2 treated tobacco leaves was closer to the standard of high quality tobacco leaves. The sensory quality scores in T1 and T2 treatments were higher than those of T3 and T4 treatments. The highest yield, output value and average price of tobacco leaf appeared in T3 treatment. The maximum proportion of upper and medium smoke occurred in T2 treatment with 95.43%. And T2 and T3 treatments had the greatest influence on the economic characters of tobacco leaves.【Conclusion】Biochar application has important influence on the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco, tobacco leaf chemical components and their coordination, sensory quality, production quality. T1 and T2 treatments are more conducive to improving the quality of tobacco leaves, while T2 and T3 treatments are conducive to improving the yield and output value of tobacco leaves. Considering the application effect and its cost of biochar, it is suggested that 0.4 kg per plant of (T2 treatment) should be the best biochar consumption in Fujian tobacco field.

Key words: biochar; flue-cured tobacco; agronomic traits; chemical component; sensory quality; economic cha-racters

0 引言

【研究意義】近年來,隨著煙糧矛盾的日益突出,烤煙連作嚴(yán)重破壞了土壤結(jié)構(gòu),導(dǎo)致煙田土壤養(yǎng)分比例失衡(葉浩等,2018)、微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變(高林等,2019)、煙株抵御病蟲能力下降(王峰吉等,2014),嚴(yán)重影響烤煙生長發(fā)育(賈健等,2016)及產(chǎn)質(zhì)量形成(王茂勝等,2010),使煙葉化學(xué)成分和協(xié)調(diào)性逐漸偏離最佳值,最終導(dǎo)致煙葉品質(zhì)下降(蘇海燕等,2010)。在這種情況下,如何更好地保障煙葉產(chǎn)質(zhì)量已引起學(xué)術(shù)界廣泛關(guān)注。生物質(zhì)炭是生物質(zhì)材料在厭氧高溫條件下熱裂解產(chǎn)生的富碳物質(zhì)(Antal and Gronli,2003),其官能團豐富、孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)達(dá)、比表面積大、穩(wěn)定性強(Cornelissen et al.,2004)。生物質(zhì)炭的高度芳香化、熱穩(wěn)定性和抗分解特性(張阿鳳等,2009)賦予其改良土壤理化性狀(吉貴鋒等,2019)、提高養(yǎng)分有效性(劉元生等,2019)、改善土壤微生物多樣性(袁穎紅等,2019)、提高土壤酶活性(龔絲雨等,2017)及促進(jìn)烤煙生長發(fā)育(管恩娜等,2016;張弘等,2018)的潛力和功能。因此,通過生物質(zhì)炭調(diào)控土壤生境,改善煙草農(nóng)藝性狀,減輕或抑制煙草土傳病害發(fā)作,促進(jìn)煙草碳氮代謝,可達(dá)到調(diào)控和改善煙葉化學(xué)品質(zhì)的目的。生物質(zhì)炭的農(nóng)業(yè)應(yīng)用是定向調(diào)控?zé)熖锔H微生物、重建健康根際生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、減緩或抑制煙草連作障礙及提升煙葉品質(zhì)的重要技術(shù)途徑(王成己等,2018),在煙草種植上的應(yīng)用潛力巨大(肖和友等,2015)。【前人研究進(jìn)展】近年來,研究人員通過農(nóng)藝措施改善煙田土壤質(zhì)量、提升煙株抗病性及煙葉品質(zhì),取得一些成效。陳玉國等(2015b)研究表明,微生物菌肥能顯著改善煙株農(nóng)藝性狀、提高烤煙抗病性及煙葉產(chǎn)質(zhì)量。有機無機肥配施使煙株病毒病發(fā)病率和病情指數(shù)較對照分別降低31.03%和38.63%,其上等煙比例、上中等煙比例和產(chǎn)值較對照分別提高31.84%、19.45%和26.34%(陳玉國等,2015a)。邵惠芳等(2015)研究表明,制備生物質(zhì)炭的副產(chǎn)品木醋液能協(xié)調(diào)煙草化學(xué)成分、降低煙堿和總氮含量及提高煙草抗病性。已有的研究顯示,生物質(zhì)炭可改良煙田土壤(王成己等,2017a),降低烤煙上部葉片煙堿含量,提高煙葉鉀(毛家偉等,2015)、總糖和還原糖含量(張弘等,2018),協(xié)調(diào)煙葉化學(xué)成分(王晶等,2016;劉卉等,2019)。生物質(zhì)材料及炭化條件不同,導(dǎo)致生物質(zhì)炭的性質(zhì)及其施用效應(yīng)存在差異(吳志丹等,2015;邱良祝等,2017;王成己等,2017b);土壤類型和植煙區(qū)域(凌天孝等,2016;李司童等,2017;王歡歡等,2017)、生物質(zhì)炭及肥料施用方式和用量(蔡聯(lián)合等,2012;王衛(wèi)民等,2018)也會對其施用效果產(chǎn)生不同影響?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c】本課題組的前期研究結(jié)果表明,煙稻輪作田撒施生物質(zhì)炭有利于土壤改良和煙稻優(yōu)質(zhì)生產(chǎn)(陳慶榮等,2016;王成己等,2017a),同時對烤煙生長及煙葉品質(zhì)產(chǎn)生明顯影響。本研究在上述研究基礎(chǔ)上探討條施不同用量生物質(zhì)炭對烤煙生長、烤后煙葉品質(zhì)及經(jīng)濟性狀的影響。【擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題】探討條施生物質(zhì)炭對烤煙生長、煙葉化學(xué)成分、感官質(zhì)量及經(jīng)濟性狀的影響,明確條施生物質(zhì)炭對烤煙品質(zhì)的改良效果及最佳用量,為不同模式利用生物質(zhì)炭減緩煙草連作障礙和提升煙葉品質(zhì)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1. 1 試驗點概況

試驗地點在福建省長汀縣煙草農(nóng)業(yè)科研基地。該區(qū)域?qū)儆谥衼啛釒Ъ撅L(fēng)性濕潤氣候,年均氣溫19.3 ℃,全年無霜期277 d,年均降水量約1710 mm。土壤為粗晶花崗巖風(fēng)化殼上發(fā)育的山地丘陵紅壤。試驗前土壤養(yǎng)分狀況:pH 5.48,有機質(zhì)26.50 g/kg,堿解氮117.59 mg/kg,有效磷41.81 mg/kg,速效鉀75.65 mg/kg。耕作制度為煙—稻復(fù)種連作種植。

1. 2 試驗材料

供試烤煙品種為云煙87,行株距1.2 m×0.5 m。將煙稈風(fēng)干后,委托河南商丘三利新能源有限公司通過炭化設(shè)備在無氧條件下高溫?zé)峤猓?50 ℃左右)后制得生物質(zhì)炭,其理化性狀:pH 9.66,有機碳475.92 g/kg,全氮15.01 g/kg,全磷1.40 g/kg,全鉀20.10 g/kg。

1. 3 試驗設(shè)計

試驗設(shè)5個生物質(zhì)炭用量處理:T0(CK),0 kg/株;T1,0.2 kg/株;T2,0.4 kg/株;T3,0.8 kg/株;T4,1.6 kg/株。試驗采用隨機區(qū)組設(shè)計,每處理3次重復(fù),小區(qū)面積216 m2(長36 m,寬6 m)。施肥以當(dāng)?shù)赝扑]用量為準(zhǔn),其中商品有機肥1500 kg/ha、煙草專用肥(N∶P2O5∶K2O=10∶9∶21)1125 kg/ha、氫氧化鎂150 kg/ha、硝酸鉀225 kg/ha、硫酸鉀150 kg/ha和硼砂15 kg/ha。烤煙種植前將配合好的肥料與生物質(zhì)炭呈寬帶狀均勻施入條溝,按株定量。施肥深度15~18 cm,寬度18 cm,施肥后隨即覆土蓋膜。各處理田間管理方式一致。

1. 4 測定項目及方法

1. 4. 1 烤煙生長觀察 記載烤煙生育期表現(xiàn)及關(guān)鍵生長期煙草普通花葉病毒?。═obacco mosaic virus,TMV)的發(fā)病情況,根據(jù)下列公式計算其發(fā)病率:

TMV發(fā)病率(%)=病株數(shù)/調(diào)查總株數(shù)×100

1. 4. 2 烤煙農(nóng)藝性狀調(diào)查 在下部葉第一次采烤前1~3 d,每小區(qū)選取有代表性的煙株5株,測定植株株高、莖圍、有效葉片數(shù)、節(jié)距和葉面積等農(nóng)藝性狀。其中,葉面積采用美國產(chǎn)CI-203手持式葉面積儀測定。

1. 4. 3 煙葉產(chǎn)質(zhì)量調(diào)查 按小區(qū)面積分別測產(chǎn),計算產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)值、均價及上中等煙比例。

1. 4. 4 煙葉化學(xué)成分測定 烤后煙葉去除雜色、含青煙葉后,取上部(B2F)和中部(C3F)初烤樣品各3 kg進(jìn)行煙葉化學(xué)成分分析。煙葉化學(xué)成分指標(biāo)包括總糖、還原糖、總氮、煙堿、鉀和氯含量,并據(jù)此計算糖堿比、氮堿比和鉀氯比??偺呛坎捎幂焱壬y定,還原糖含量采用3,5-二硝基水楊酸比色法測定,總氮含量采用過氧化氫—硫酸消化凱氏定氮法測定,煙堿含量采用紫外分光光度法測定,鉀含量采用火焰光度法測定,氯含量采用莫爾法測定(王瑞新,2003)。

1. 4. 5 煙葉感官質(zhì)量評價 烤后煙葉去除雜色、含青煙葉后,取B2F和C3F初烤樣品進(jìn)行評吸。調(diào)節(jié)樣品煙絲水分含量至12.5%左右,卷制成單料煙后,在溫度(22±1)℃、相對濕度(60±3)%的條件下調(diào)節(jié)48 h,按照YC/T 138—1998《煙草及煙草制品感官評價方法》由專職評吸人員進(jìn)行評吸。評吸指標(biāo)包括香型、甜感、香氣質(zhì)、香氣量、雜氣、細(xì)膩度、濃度、勁頭、刺激性及余味等10項。質(zhì)量評價各單項評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采用10分制,最小單位為0.5分;風(fēng)格特征評價以香型和甜感兩項加權(quán)平均計分,其權(quán)重分別為60%和40%;質(zhì)量特征評價以香氣特征(香氣質(zhì)、香氣量和雜氣)、煙氣特征(細(xì)膩度、濃度和勁頭)和口感特征(刺激性和余味)3項加權(quán)評價計分,其權(quán)重分別為55%、20%和25%;綜合得分以風(fēng)格特征和質(zhì)量特征加權(quán)平均計分,其權(quán)重分別為40%和60%。

1. 5 統(tǒng)計分析

試驗數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel 2007和SPSS 15.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2. 1 不同生物質(zhì)炭用量對烤煙農(nóng)藝性狀的影響

施用生物質(zhì)炭對烤煙農(nóng)藝性狀的影響如表1所示。從煙株整體長勢來看,生物質(zhì)炭對烤煙生長發(fā)育有一定的促進(jìn)作用,但其對株高和莖圍的影響較小,各處理烤煙的株高介于84.64~89.19 cm,莖圍介于8.21~9.13 cm,各生物質(zhì)炭處理與CK間無顯著差異(P>0.05,下同)。較高生物質(zhì)炭用量處理(T3和T4)的煙株節(jié)距顯著高于其他處理(P<0.05,下同);隨著生物質(zhì)炭用量的增加,烤煙有效葉片數(shù)和葉面積呈先增加后減少的變化趨勢,最大值均出現(xiàn)在T3處理,與CK差異達(dá)顯著水平。

2. 2 不同生物質(zhì)炭用量對烤煙抗病性的影響

從表2可看出,施用生物質(zhì)炭能提高煙株抗病性,降低其TMV發(fā)病率。各處理煙株TMV發(fā)病率排序為T1>CK>T4>T2>T3,生物質(zhì)炭處理間差異顯著,中間用量處理(T2和T3)的煙株TMV發(fā)病率顯著低于CK、低用量處理(T1)和高用量處理(T4),最小值出現(xiàn)在T3處理。

2. 3 不同生物質(zhì)炭用量對烤后煙葉化學(xué)成分含量的影響

烤后煙葉品質(zhì)不單取決于其內(nèi)在化學(xué)成分含量,更注重各成分間的協(xié)調(diào)性。施用生物質(zhì)炭對烤煙內(nèi)在化學(xué)成分影響如表3所示。國際優(yōu)質(zhì)煙葉化學(xué)成分指標(biāo)為總糖18%~22%,還原糖16%~20%,煙堿1.5%~3.5%,總氮1.5%~3.5%,鉀2.0%~3.5%,氯0.3%~0.8%,糖堿比約8~12,氮堿比≤1,鉀氯比≥4(閆克玉和趙銘欽,2008)??傮w上,CK和4個生物炭處理煙葉的總糖含量在26.92%~32.55%,還原糖含量在25.86%~31.40%,總氮含量在1.73%~2.16%,煙堿含量在1.82%~2.87%,鉀含量在2.54%~3.32%,氯含量在0.17%~0.59%,糖堿比為10.26~17.25,氮堿比為0.75~1.02,鉀氯比為5.25~15.41。

2. 3. 1 不同等級間煙葉化學(xué)成分比較 由表3可知,T1~T4處理C3F等級煙葉的總氮和煙堿含量及氮堿比分別為1.73%~1.93%、1.82%~2.10%和0.89~1.02,B2F等級煙葉的總氮和煙堿含量及氮堿比分別為1.80%~2.14%、2.21%~2.59%和0.75~0.88。B2F等級煙葉總氮和煙堿含量總體上大于C3F等級,氮堿比則表現(xiàn)為B2F等級小于C3F等級,且C3F等級煙葉氮堿比更接近國際優(yōu)質(zhì)煙葉標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(≤1)。各處理C3F等級煙葉糖堿比均高于B2F等級,B2F等級中低炭量處理(T1和T2)糖堿比更接近其最佳比例(接近10)。各處理C3F和B2F等級煙葉鉀氯比均符合國際優(yōu)質(zhì)煙葉標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(≥4),且隨生物質(zhì)炭用量的增加而顯著降低。

2. 3. 2 同等級不同處理間煙葉化學(xué)成分比較 由表3可知,C3F等級中T2~T4處理的煙葉總糖和還原糖含量顯著高于T1處理,但T2~T4處理間無顯著差異;T4處理的煙葉總氮含量顯著低于T1~T3處理,但T1~T3處理間無顯著差異;T2和T3處理的煙葉煙堿含量顯著高于T4處理,但T2與T3處理間無顯著差異;T3處理的煙葉鉀含量顯著高于其他3個生物質(zhì)炭處理,但T1與T2處理間無顯著差異;氯含量隨生物質(zhì)炭用量的增加而增加,T3和T4處理顯著高于其他處理;T4處理的煙葉糖堿比顯著高于T1~T3處理,但T1~T3處理間無顯著差異;T1、T3和T4處理的煙葉氮堿比均高于T2處理,但前三者間無顯著差異;鉀氯比隨生物質(zhì)炭用量的增加而降低,T1和T2處理顯著高于T3和T4處理。B2F等級煙葉的各項指標(biāo)變化趨勢與C3F等級煙葉大致相同,除氯含量和鉀氯比外,其他指標(biāo)處理間差異性變?nèi)?,說明生物質(zhì)炭對C3F等級煙葉化學(xué)成分含量的影響大于B2F等級。

2. 4 不同生物質(zhì)炭用量對烤后煙葉感官質(zhì)量的影響

生物質(zhì)炭條施對烤后煙葉感官質(zhì)量的影響如表4所示。生物質(zhì)炭處理煙田C3F和B2F等級的烤煙風(fēng)格特征得分具有相同變化趨勢,即隨生物質(zhì)炭用量增加而降低,C3F等級為T1=T2>CK>T3>T4,B2F等級為T1>T2=CK>T3>T4,T1(或T2)處理得分最高,T4處理得分最低。

各處理C3F和B2F等級烤煙香氣質(zhì)和香氣量得分最大值均出現(xiàn)在T1處理。各處理C3F和B2F等級烤煙香氣特征得分變化趨勢基本一致,C3F等級為T1>T2>CK>T3=T4,B2F等級為T1>T2=CK>T3>T4。煙氣特征和口感特征得分變化趨勢基本一致,C3F等級煙葉的煙氣特征和口感特征指標(biāo)得分最大值均出現(xiàn)在T1和T2處理,而B2F等級出現(xiàn)在T1處理。綜合香氣特征、煙氣特征及口感特征得分,得到煙葉質(zhì)量特征得分,C3F等級和B2F等級煙葉質(zhì)量特征得分最大值均出現(xiàn)在T1處理。

綜合烤煙風(fēng)格特征和質(zhì)量特征得分,各處理煙葉感官質(zhì)量綜合得分如下:C3F等級為T1>T2>CK>T3>T4,B2F等級為T1>CK>T2>T3>T4。從煙葉感官質(zhì)量評價結(jié)果來看,生物質(zhì)炭施用對煙葉質(zhì)量具有重要影響,適量生物質(zhì)炭(T1和T2處理)可改善煙葉感官質(zhì)量,尤其對香氣質(zhì)和香氣量改善效果更明顯,但生物質(zhì)碳施用過多(T4處理),煙葉感官質(zhì)量反而下降。

2. 5 不同生物質(zhì)炭用量對烤煙經(jīng)濟性狀的影響

由表5可知,隨著生物質(zhì)炭施用量的增加,煙葉產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)值和均價均呈先增加后降低的變化趨勢,以T3處理的產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)值和均價最高。其中,T3處理的產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)值與CK、T1和T2處理間無顯著差異,但顯著高于T4處理;均價與其他處理間無顯著差異。隨著生物質(zhì)炭施用量的增加,上中等煙比例也呈先增加后降低的變化趨勢,以T2處理的上中等煙比例最高,且顯著高于T4處理。

3 討論

3. 1 不同生物質(zhì)炭用量對烤煙生長和產(chǎn)量的影響

關(guān)于生物質(zhì)炭對作物生長和產(chǎn)量的影響,國內(nèi)外尚無明確定論。一般認(rèn)為,生物質(zhì)炭對作物生長和產(chǎn)量的影響與生物質(zhì)炭材料、熱解溫度、施用量、施用年限、土壤性質(zhì)、施肥狀況和作物品種等諸多因素有關(guān)(劉新源等,2014)。本研究結(jié)果表明,煙田施用生物質(zhì)炭可降低煙株TMV發(fā)病率,中間用量處理(T2和T3)的煙株發(fā)病率顯著低于CK、低用量處理(T1)和高用量處理(T4),說明適量生物質(zhì)炭更有利于提高煙株抗病性,是煙草青枯病防控的有效途徑(王成己等,2019)。樊苗苗等(2018)研究表明,染病煙株莖葉干重、株高和葉面積等農(nóng)藝性狀指標(biāo)均顯著低于健康煙株,煙株葉片干重分別與花葉病發(fā)病率和病情指數(shù)呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。本研究結(jié)果表明,生物質(zhì)炭的施用對烤煙生長發(fā)育具有一定促進(jìn)作用,是生物質(zhì)炭農(nóng)學(xué)效應(yīng)的具體體現(xiàn)。馮連軍等(2011)研究表明,煙草病情指數(shù)與產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)值損失量存在極顯著正相關(guān),而本研究中烤煙產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)值最高值均出現(xiàn)在T3處理,說明煙株花葉病發(fā)病率低的處理具有較高的烤煙產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)值,充分體現(xiàn)了生物質(zhì)炭提高煙株抗病性及烤煙產(chǎn)質(zhì)量的作用,也印證了馮連軍等(2011)的研究結(jié)論。

3. 2 不同生物質(zhì)炭用量對煙葉化學(xué)成分的影響

近年來,煙草行業(yè)在關(guān)注烤煙產(chǎn)量的同時,更關(guān)注生物質(zhì)炭施用對煙葉質(zhì)量的影響。煙葉中總糖、還原糖、總氮、煙堿、鉀和氯含量衡量煙葉內(nèi)在品質(zhì)和香吃味,而糖堿比、氮堿比和鉀氯比反映煙氣中酸性物質(zhì)和堿性物質(zhì)間的平衡性,表征煙葉化學(xué)成分的協(xié)調(diào)性(胡國松等,2000;李東亮等,2010),是生產(chǎn)上控制卷煙質(zhì)量重點關(guān)注的指標(biāo)(石鳳學(xué)等,2013)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,生物質(zhì)炭處理的煙葉總糖和還原糖含量均高于國際優(yōu)質(zhì)煙葉標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(閆克玉和趙銘欽,2008)。雖然這是南方煙區(qū)的共同特點,但并非煙葉糖含量越高越好,可能是今后煙葉生產(chǎn)亟待解決的科學(xué)問題。

本研究中,生物質(zhì)炭處理煙葉中鉀含量均高于CK,C3F和B2F等級煙葉鉀含量分別為2.78%~3.32%和2.60%~3.28%,滿足國際優(yōu)質(zhì)煙葉標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求;煙葉中氯含量均高于CK,且隨生物質(zhì)炭用量的增加而增加,C3F和B2F等級煙葉氯含量分別為0.29%~0.53%和0.30%~0.59%,滿足國際優(yōu)質(zhì)煙葉標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求;生物質(zhì)炭處理的C3F和B2F等級煙葉鉀氯比均顯著低于CK,且隨生物質(zhì)炭用量的增加而降低,生物質(zhì)炭處理的煙葉鉀氯比也均滿足國際優(yōu)質(zhì)煙葉標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。相關(guān)研究表明,隨著生物質(zhì)炭用量的增加煙葉鉀含量提高,氯含量降低(李莉等,2015),適量生物質(zhì)炭可提高煙葉內(nèi)在化學(xué)成分協(xié)調(diào)性,過量施用則降低煙葉品質(zhì)(趙殿峰等,2014),本研究結(jié)果與上述研究結(jié)論一致。

3. 3 不同生物質(zhì)炭用量對煙葉感官質(zhì)量的影響

煙葉感官質(zhì)量是煙葉化學(xué)成分在煙氣特征上的表現(xiàn),因此煙葉化學(xué)成分變化也會影響其感官質(zhì)量(張勇剛等,2010)。本研究結(jié)果表明,生物質(zhì)炭施用對煙葉香氣質(zhì)和香氣量具有重要影響,煙葉香氣質(zhì)得分隨生物質(zhì)炭施用量的增加而降低;C3F等級煙葉的香氣量最高得分出現(xiàn)在T1和T2處理,B2F等級出現(xiàn)在T1處理。生物質(zhì)炭施用對煙葉感官質(zhì)量也有重要影響,C3F和B2F等級煙葉感官質(zhì)量綜合得分具有相同的變化趨勢,即隨生物質(zhì)炭施用量的增加而降低(T1>T2>T3>T4)。說明中低用量(T1和T2處理)生物質(zhì)炭對煙葉感官質(zhì)量的改善效果更佳,若施用過多(T4處理)煙葉感官質(zhì)量反而下降,與劉新源等(2014)、葉協(xié)鋒等(2015)的研究結(jié)論一致。生物質(zhì)炭施用過量會導(dǎo)致煙葉香味前體物質(zhì)的降解轉(zhuǎn)化不充分,造成煙葉總香味物質(zhì)含量降低(張園營等,2013)。同時,生物質(zhì)炭施用過多會造成煙葉后期葉綠素含量偏高,以致后期煙葉不能正常落黃,對煙葉品質(zhì)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響(張園營等,2013;薛超群等,2015)。本研究中,C3F和B2F等級煙葉的感官質(zhì)量綜合得分均以T1處理最高,T4處理最低,最高分比最低分分別高出16.26%和18.18%。生物質(zhì)炭施用量與煙葉感官質(zhì)量的具體關(guān)系還需進(jìn)一步探究。

作為生物質(zhì)炭不同施用模式及其農(nóng)學(xué)效應(yīng)系列研究的一部分,與撒施生物質(zhì)炭(陳慶榮等,2016;王成己等,2017a)相比,煙田條施生物質(zhì)炭也會對烤煙生長和煙葉品質(zhì)產(chǎn)生重要影響,其優(yōu)點是生物質(zhì)炭用量少、損耗小,但也存在費工費力等缺點。條施和撒施生物質(zhì)炭對煙田土壤改良及烤煙生長和煙葉品質(zhì)等農(nóng)學(xué)效應(yīng)的差異,還需要長期深入研究。

4 結(jié)論

生物質(zhì)炭條施對烤煙生長發(fā)育、煙葉化學(xué)成分及其協(xié)調(diào)性、感官質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)質(zhì)量均有重要影響,T1和T2處理有利于改善煙葉品質(zhì),T2和T3處理則有利于提高煙葉產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)值。綜合考慮生物質(zhì)炭的施用效應(yīng)及其成本,建議福建煙區(qū)條施煙稈生物質(zhì)炭以每株0.4 kg(T2處理)為宜。

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(責(zé)任編輯 羅 麗)

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