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在英語詩歌教學(xué)中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生文化意識(shí)的實(shí)踐
——以Unit 7 Seasons Reading A poem about the seasons 為例

2019-09-09 12:14:10謝建民
英語教師 2019年17期

謝建民

引言

英語教學(xué)應(yīng)“注重在發(fā)展學(xué)生英語語言運(yùn)用能力的過程中,幫助他們學(xué)習(xí)、理解和鑒賞中外優(yōu)秀文化,培育家國情懷,堅(jiān)定文化自信,拓展國際視野,增進(jìn)國際理解,逐步提升跨文化溝通能力、思辨能力、學(xué)習(xí)能力和創(chuàng)新能力,形成正確的世界觀、人生觀和價(jià)值觀”(教育部2018)。詩歌是文化藝術(shù)的精華,蘊(yùn)含著豐富的文化知識(shí)和人文情感。英語詩歌閱讀教學(xué)在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生文化意識(shí)方面起著舉足輕重的作用。本文以江蘇牛津譯林版《英語》八年級(jí)(上)Unit 7 Seasons Reading A poem about the seasons 教學(xué)為例,探討如何在詩歌教學(xué)中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的文化意識(shí)。

一、教學(xué)內(nèi)容和學(xué)情分析

教學(xué)內(nèi)容為江蘇牛津譯林版《英語》八年級(jí)(上)Unit 7 Seasons Reading A poem about the seasons,是單元的第二課時(shí)。學(xué)生在第一課時(shí)Welcome to the unit 中已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了有關(guān)天氣和季節(jié)的知識(shí),基本掌握了有關(guān)四季天氣的詞匯、短語和句型,為在本課綜合運(yùn)用打下了良好的語言能力基礎(chǔ)。并且,學(xué)生在七年級(jí)時(shí)就已接觸過描述寵物的英語詩歌,為本課詩歌學(xué)習(xí)打下了文化基礎(chǔ)。

二、教學(xué)過程

Step 1:播放有關(guān)四季的視頻,使學(xué)生感受天氣特點(diǎn)

本環(huán)節(jié)為熱身導(dǎo)入環(huán)節(jié),借助有關(guān)四季的視頻讓學(xué)生感受四季天氣的特點(diǎn),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)有關(guān)四季天氣的單詞、短語和句型。

播放關(guān)于四季的短片導(dǎo)入新課,詢問學(xué)生:“What’s your favourite season?What do you do to press your feelings about your favorite season?”學(xué)生回答之后,教師總結(jié):“Different people have different feelings about different seasons. And different people have different actions for their favorite season.Some people may sing,some people may dance,some people may write articles. And some people even write poems to press their strong feelings.”

【設(shè)計(jì)說明】本課時(shí)的詩歌主題是四季,在導(dǎo)入新課時(shí),播放有關(guān)四季的視頻,貼近本單元主題,讓學(xué)生感受四季的特點(diǎn),為學(xué)生的語言輸出提供支架,拉近教師和學(xué)生之間的情感距離,為本課教學(xué)的順利實(shí)施奠定良好的基礎(chǔ)。

Step 2:呈現(xiàn)詩歌,了解文化特征

本環(huán)節(jié)為讀前環(huán)節(jié),教師呈現(xiàn)英國著名作家托馬斯·納什(Thomas Nash)所寫的英語詩歌Spring,讓學(xué)生自主閱讀,并歸納詩歌的基本特征(見圖1)。教學(xué)過程如下:

T:An English poem is quite different from other literature forms.What are the characteristics of an English poem?

S1:This poem expresses the poet’s strong feelings.He loves spring very much.

S2:The last word of each line often rhymes with each other.

S3:The line is very short.

S4:We often repeat some words or lines to express our feelings.

S5:We use the capital letter at the beginning of each line.

S6:The poet compares spring to a king.

S7:A poem usually has 4 lines.

圖1

【分析】本環(huán)節(jié)通過Spring 讓學(xué)生歸納英語詩歌的特征,主要目的是激發(fā)學(xué)生已有的文化圖式,訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的觀察能力,為后續(xù)英語詩歌中文化知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)搭建支架,掃除障礙,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的閱讀信心。

Step 3:瀏覽詩歌,體會(huì)文化差異

在學(xué)生總結(jié)出詩歌的特征之后,進(jìn)入本堂課的詩歌教學(xué)。要求學(xué)生閱讀英語詩歌Seasons of the year,歸納該詩歌的不同之處,見圖2。

圖2

教學(xué)過程如下:

T:When you are reading the poem,have you got anything different from the poem?

S1:This poem is written in a different order.It begins with winter.

T:Yes.When we talk about seasons,we usually begins with spring,because spring is the king of the 4 seasons.Why does the poet begin the poem with winter?

S2:Maybe the writer loves winter most.

S3:Maybe because winter is very cold.

S4:Because a new year begins with winter.

T:Yeah!A new year begins on January 1st.Maybe because of a poem by Shelley—If winter comes,can spring be far behind?

T:Anything else different?

S1:The last verse has 6 lines,but the other three verses have 4 lines.

T:Yes.When we create a poem,we usually use the lines of times of 4.However,this poem has 18 lines.Why does the last verse has 6 lines?

S2:I think winter comes after autumn,so the writer uses 6 lines.The last 2 lines here are the connecting links between autumn and winter.

S3:I think a year ends with winter and begins with winter.

...

在師生討論完后,總結(jié)出以下差異:

第一,全詩分為4 個(gè)詩節(jié),通常認(rèn)為春天是一年的開始,而本首詩卻是以冬天為開端,在文學(xué)作品中比較少見。

第二,詩歌通常為4 句或是4 的倍數(shù)句,而本首詩歌有18 句。

要求學(xué)生回答作者這樣處理詩歌的原因。學(xué)生認(rèn)真思考原因,各抒己見,陳述理由,鍛煉思維能力和語言能力。

【設(shè)計(jì)說明】本環(huán)節(jié)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生運(yùn)用所學(xué)的詩歌文化特征發(fā)現(xiàn)這首詩歌的不同之處,訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的觀察能力,使其體味不同詩歌的文化差異,同時(shí)引發(fā)思考,培養(yǎng)其思維能力和文化意識(shí)。

Step 4:聽讀詩歌,欣賞節(jié)奏韻律

在學(xué)生探討本首詩歌的獨(dú)特之處后,播放英語詩歌Seasons of the year 的音頻。讓學(xué)生聽音頻,想象大自然四季的美景,感受詩歌的韻律,找到詩歌的韻腳。然后讓學(xué)生小聲跟讀音頻,注意詩歌韻律,并大聲朗讀,感受英語詩歌的韻律美。

教學(xué)過程如下:

T:Please listen to the audio of the poem and feel the rhymes.Have you got the rhymes?

Ss:Snow rhymes with grow,away rhymes with day,bright rhymes with kite...

T:OK!Would you please read the poem with the audio and pay attention to the beautiful rhymes?Rhymes make a poem sound more beautiful,right?

Ss:Yes.

T:Great!Please read the poem by yourselves and enjoy the rhymes.

【設(shè)計(jì)說明】韻律是詩歌的重要特色之一。我國古代文人把詩歌學(xué)習(xí)歸納為“目視其文,口發(fā)其聲,心同其情,耳醉其音”。因此,在教學(xué)英語詩歌時(shí),要讓學(xué)生多進(jìn)行聽讀、朗讀訓(xùn)練,這樣能傳達(dá)出詩歌的思想感情,體現(xiàn)出詩歌內(nèi)在的音樂美,從而使學(xué)生受到強(qiáng)烈的藝術(shù)感染,領(lǐng)會(huì)和感受詩的意境(李雨晨2007)。

Step 5:品讀詩歌,發(fā)掘文化意識(shí)

在本環(huán)節(jié)中,通過設(shè)計(jì)問題引導(dǎo)學(xué)生品讀詩歌文本,問題如下:“What’s the weather like in...?What does the writer see,hear and do in this season?How does he feel?From what kind of view is the poem written?Which word,phrase or sentence of the poem interest you most?Which season may stand for your age?”學(xué)生在回答問題的同時(shí),不僅要認(rèn)真品讀詩歌文本,欣賞優(yōu)美的語句和精彩的意境,了解詩歌的寫作手法,還要識(shí)別語篇的類型和結(jié)構(gòu),辨識(shí)和分析語篇的文體特征及銜接手段,分析語篇為傳遞意義而選用的主要詞匯和語法結(jié)構(gòu),并從詩歌的字里行間推測詩人對季節(jié)的情感態(tài)度,同時(shí)挖掘文本背后蘊(yùn)藏的文化內(nèi)涵和價(jià)值取向。

以詩歌的第一節(jié)——冬季為例展開教學(xué),教學(xué)過程如下:

T:What does the writer see in winter?

S1:Snow. Everything is white. Trees and flowers are dead.

T:Are trees and flowers really dead?

S2:No.They just forget to grow.

S3:No,they are saving energy for the spring.They will come out again in spring.

T:Why does the writer say“Trees and flowers forget to grow”instead of“Trees and flowers don’t grow”?

S4:The writer uses humans’behaviour to describe trees and flowers.

T:Right! Here,the writer uses the way of personification to describe plants to make his poem more vivid.And how does the writer feel?

S5:He feels cold and lonely because winter days are full of snow.

S6:He feels lonely because his friends—birds leave him,the birds fly far away to find a warm and sunny day.

T:Yes.Do all the birds fly south to spend the cold winter?

S7:No.Some birds live in one place all year round,while some stay in one place for just a short time.

T:Yes,you are right.For example,sparrows,eagles,crows live in one place all year round,while swans,swallows,cranes stay in one place for just a period of time.OK!Let’s enjoy some beautiful view of winter.

T:Winter is very beautiful.What do you usually do in the beautiful winter?

S8:I usually make snowmen and throw snow balls with my friends.

S9:I usually go skating or go skiing with my parents.

S10:I usually stay at home to accompany with our parents and grandparents.

...

將季節(jié)與人生進(jìn)行對比教學(xué),過程如下:

T:As we know,the four seasons are a circle:winter-spring-summer-autumn. Just like our lives.The seasons repeat and repeat.By the way,which season may stand for your age?

Ss:Spring.

T:Why?

S1:Because we are teenagers.We are young.

S2:Because we active.

S3:Because spring stands for youth and energy.

S4:Because spring is the beginning of seasons.

T:I agree.Since you are“spring”now,what should you do?

S5:We should study hard.

T:Right!What a perfect time to study hard in spring!

S6:We shouldn’t play among flowers and then hide from the April showers.

T:Yes! We should face problems bravely!Although sometimes have snow,wind and showers,sometimes we forget to grow,play and hide,sometimes it is too hot,sometimes we are a little lazy.If we keep trying,never give up,we are sure to have a harvest time.We are sure to have a perfect time and sweet memories during our lives.

【設(shè)計(jì)說明】解讀詩歌文本不能僅僅停留在文本本身的含義、欣賞優(yōu)美的語句和精彩的意境上,還要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生深度挖掘詩歌文本蘊(yùn)藏的真正文化內(nèi)涵。因?yàn)椤霸姼栀p讀最終都應(yīng)落實(shí)在學(xué)生的理解和感悟上,用各種方式帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生走進(jìn)文本,就是為了讓學(xué)生走出文本時(shí)能帶上新獲取的審美能力、新提升的人文素養(yǎng)和新拓展的審美視界”(曹澎2017)。將詩歌描述的每一個(gè)季節(jié)比作人生的一個(gè)階段(春季—少年;夏季—青年;秋季—壯年;冬季—老年),使學(xué)生意識(shí)到自己正處于春天的美好年華,不能辜負(fù)大好時(shí)光。在人生征途中雖然有重重阻礙,但是只要努力學(xué)習(xí),奮力拼搏,就能克服困難。

Step 6:翻譯詩歌,感知中外文化

在學(xué)生充分理解、感悟詩歌文本的基礎(chǔ)上,讓他們選擇這首英語詩歌中的一個(gè)季節(jié)進(jìn)行翻譯。在翻譯之前,教師選擇幾首與四季有關(guān)的中國古詩——《春曉》《小池》《江雪》等作為中國詩歌賞析材料,并以郭沫若和繆斯(Muse)翻譯的《春》為例(見圖3—圖4),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生大膽嘗試詩歌翻譯。

教學(xué)過程如下:

T:This English poem is very beautiful,isn’t it?

圖3

【設(shè)計(jì)說明】詩歌翻譯能夠讓學(xué)生更好地理解中西文化內(nèi)涵、比較中西文化差異、汲取中西文化精華?!坝⒄Z學(xué)科中的核心素養(yǎng)不僅指向理解外國文化,還包括培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的家國情懷”(王瀅、吳麗華2018),有利于幫助學(xué)生繼承和弘揚(yáng)中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化,熟悉英美等國家的文化特征和思維方式,有效運(yùn)用英語文化知識(shí)提升跨文化交際能力。

Step 7:創(chuàng)作詩歌,升華文化體驗(yàn)

本環(huán)節(jié)是重要產(chǎn)出環(huán)節(jié)。學(xué)生經(jīng)過本課時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí),對英語詩歌有了進(jìn)一步的了解。讓學(xué)生四人一組選擇季節(jié)進(jìn)行英語詩歌創(chuàng)作,親身體驗(yàn)英語詩歌文化。

【設(shè)計(jì)說明】“如果不直接接觸相應(yīng)的語言,就不可能理解文化?!保◤埣t玲2005)不同的人對不同的季節(jié)有著不一樣的情感。學(xué)生進(jìn)行詩歌創(chuàng)作,一定是有感而發(fā),為學(xué)習(xí)語言文化知識(shí)、汲取文化精華、用英語說中國故事、傳播中華文化創(chuàng)造良好的條件。

結(jié)束語

語言既是交流的工具,又是文化的載體。在英語詩歌教學(xué)中,教師要優(yōu)化教學(xué)方式,科學(xué)合理地進(jìn)行教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì),為學(xué)生提供有效的學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng),把文化知識(shí)有機(jī)地融入語言學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)中,充分挖掘文本的文化內(nèi)涵,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過探索、體驗(yàn)、比較、對比等方式學(xué)習(xí)中外文化知識(shí),將文化知識(shí)內(nèi)化為文化

Ss:Yes.

T:Chinese poems are also beautiful. Would please choose your favourite season and translate this poem into Chinese?Pay attention to the rhymes.Maybe it is difficult for you.I’ll give you some examples.品格,培養(yǎng)文化意識(shí),堅(jiān)定文化自信,發(fā)展多元思維,了解生命的意義與價(jià)值,養(yǎng)成積極的生活態(tài)度,實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)科育人的目標(biāo)。

圖4

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