崔建梅,郭燕蘭,李中華,楊 潔,于 芳,李洪濤,蘇曉云
跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)慢性睡眠剝奪大鼠行為學(xué)改變、海馬炎癥因子及海馬齒狀回BDNF/TrkB信號(hào)通路的影響
崔建梅1*,郭燕蘭1,李中華1,楊 潔1,于 芳1,李洪濤2,蘇曉云3
(1.中北大學(xué) 體育學(xué)院,山西 太原 030051;2.山西省體育科學(xué)研究所,山西 太原 030051;3.山西醫(yī)科大學(xué) 汾陽(yáng)學(xué)院,山西 太原 030001)
:研究認(rèn)為,體育運(yùn)動(dòng)可以改善慢性睡眠缺失引起的認(rèn)知功能下降和情緒障礙,海馬DG區(qū)在學(xué)習(xí)、記憶和空間編碼中起著關(guān)鍵作用,并且對(duì)睡眠缺失高度敏感。因此本研究主要通過(guò)測(cè)量8周跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)慢性睡眠剝奪(chronic sleep deprivation,CSD)大鼠海馬炎癥因子(IL-6及TNF-a)水平和海馬DG區(qū)BDNF及TrkB表達(dá)的影響,探討跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)改善CSD大鼠認(rèn)知功能及焦慮樣行為的可能機(jī)制。:將44只大鼠隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組(SG)、運(yùn)動(dòng)組(EX)、慢性睡眠剝奪組(CSD)和睡眠剝奪運(yùn)動(dòng)組(CSD+E)。隨后,CSD和CSD+E組大鼠采用多平臺(tái)水環(huán)境法制作CSD模型,同時(shí),EX 和CSD+E組大鼠進(jìn)行8周中等強(qiáng)度跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)(1 h/day/6 d/week)。跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)及CSD結(jié)束后,采用高架迷宮實(shí)驗(yàn)(EPM)評(píng)估大鼠焦慮樣行為,八臂迷宮實(shí)驗(yàn)(ERM)評(píng)估大鼠空間學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力;除外,海馬炎癥因子(IL-6、TNF-a)水平及海馬DG區(qū)BDNF及其受體TrkB表達(dá)被測(cè)量。:1)與SG組比較,ERM 實(shí)驗(yàn)中,CSD組大鼠錯(cuò)誤潛伏期縮短,訓(xùn)練達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)次數(shù)及TM顯著增多(均<0.01)、CN減少(<0.05);EPM實(shí)驗(yàn)中,CSD組大鼠ORT、ORE均顯著減少,焦慮指數(shù)顯著增加(均<0.01);海馬促炎因子IL-6及TNF-a水平顯著增加(均<0.01);海馬DG區(qū)BDNF及TrkB表達(dá)顯著降低(均<0.01);2)8周跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)顯著削弱了大鼠焦慮樣行為,阻止了大鼠空間學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力的下降,海馬促炎因子IL-6及TNF-a水平明顯下降(<0.05,<0.01),海馬DG區(qū)BDNF及TrkB表達(dá)均顯著增強(qiáng)(<0.05,<0.01)。:中等強(qiáng)度跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)可以增強(qiáng)CSD大鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力,削弱大鼠焦慮樣行為,可能與此運(yùn)動(dòng)減弱海馬炎癥反應(yīng)、增加海馬DG區(qū)BDNF及其受體TrkB表達(dá),從而增強(qiáng)BDNF/TrkB信號(hào)通路對(duì)CSD大鼠海馬的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用有關(guān)。
跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng);慢性睡眠剝奪;學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力;焦慮樣行為;海馬炎癥因子;BDNF/TrkB通路
隨著社會(huì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日趨激烈,個(gè)人工作時(shí)間越來(lái)越長(zhǎng),約19%的成年人每周工作超過(guò)48 h,7%的成人每周工作超過(guò)60 h(Alterman et al.,2013)。因此,由于職業(yè)和社會(huì)的需要,長(zhǎng)期的睡眠缺失在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)變得越來(lái)越普遍。WHO估計(jì),全世界有3億多成年人患有睡眠障礙(每天睡眠少于6 h),其中30%~50%的睡眠障礙患者與社會(huì)壓力和神經(jīng)精神障礙直接相關(guān)。眾所周知,睡眠在大腦發(fā)育、突觸可塑性及神經(jīng)恢復(fù)方面起重要作用,并且睡眠不足或睡眠障礙會(huì)對(duì)心理造成負(fù)面影響、引起神經(jīng)發(fā)生減少、認(rèn)知功能下降(包括注意力、決策和各種類(lèi)型的記憶)及免疫功能紊亂(Krishnan et al.,2016)。此外,長(zhǎng)期睡眠不足被認(rèn)為是各種疾?。ㄈ缇窦膊。┑奈kU(xiǎn)因素,甚至可能在幾個(gè)月或幾年的時(shí)間內(nèi)造成致命后果(Besedovsky et al.,2016)。Alzoubi等(2017)通過(guò)行為學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),急性及慢性睡眠剝奪會(huì)使嚙齒動(dòng)物在一些行為任務(wù)中產(chǎn)生記憶缺陷。此外,臨床及動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)均表明長(zhǎng)期睡眠不足會(huì)導(dǎo)致人類(lèi)病態(tài)焦慮及動(dòng)物類(lèi)焦慮行為。因此,慢性睡眠剝奪與焦慮之間的關(guān)系需深入研究。
越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明,睡眠剝奪會(huì)導(dǎo)致機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)功能紊亂和炎癥反應(yīng)過(guò)度激活。Hurtado-Alvarado等(2013)研究表明,IL-l、IL-6及TNF-a等細(xì)胞因子均參與睡眠覺(jué)醒的調(diào)節(jié)過(guò)程,而睡眠不足會(huì)增加炎癥反應(yīng)細(xì)胞因子的分泌。Yehuda等(2009)研究認(rèn)為,72 h睡眠剝奪可使大鼠血清中TNF-a、IL-6、IL-1和IL-1b水平升高;Lekander等(2013)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),急性睡眠不足可激活HPA軸從而增強(qiáng)外周促炎細(xì)胞因子IL-6和TNF-a水平,并且睡眠障礙也被報(bào)道可以升高海馬IL-6水平,導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知功能下降。上述研究證實(shí)急性睡眠剝奪和神經(jīng)炎癥因子及神經(jīng)功能紊亂之間的聯(lián)系,但是慢性睡眠不足是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致與急性睡眠不足同樣程度的大腦炎癥損害還有待研究。
海馬是與認(rèn)知功能及情緒調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān)的大腦區(qū)域。研究認(rèn)為,海馬DG(dentate gyrus)區(qū)在學(xué)習(xí)、記憶和空間編碼中起著關(guān)鍵作用,DG區(qū)損傷會(huì)導(dǎo)致空間學(xué)習(xí)障礙(Aimone et al.,2011)。Marks等(2005)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),即使是短時(shí)間(3~4 h)的急性睡眠剝奪也可以損害海馬DG區(qū)LTP的形成,因此海馬DG區(qū)對(duì)睡眠缺失高度敏感,并且研究認(rèn)為海馬DG區(qū)新生神經(jīng)元對(duì)睡眠剝奪導(dǎo)致的神經(jīng)炎癥較為敏感,可增加新生神經(jīng)元的死亡率,并阻礙其整合到海馬回路(Monje et al.,2003)。而且臨床研究證實(shí),睡眠剝奪被證明可以減少DG區(qū)細(xì)胞增殖及神經(jīng)發(fā)生導(dǎo)致DG區(qū)萎縮與慢性原發(fā)性失眠患者認(rèn)知功能受損有關(guān)(Kline et al.,2016)。多數(shù)學(xué)者研究認(rèn)為,腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(BDNF)與海馬細(xì)胞增殖和/或神經(jīng)發(fā)生有關(guān)(Abrous et al.,2005),其活性主要由其受體酪氨酸激酶B(Tyrosine kinase B,TrkB)介導(dǎo),可調(diào)節(jié)局部炎癥和睡眠,并且海馬長(zhǎng)時(shí)程增強(qiáng)(LTP)是由BDNF/TrkB信號(hào)通路誘導(dǎo)的,結(jié)果提示BDNF信號(hào)通路是參與學(xué)習(xí)記憶細(xì)胞機(jī)制的關(guān)鍵組成部分(Chen et al.,2017)。Zielinski等(2011)研究認(rèn)為促炎因子白細(xì)胞介素-1(IL-1)和腫瘤壞死因子(TNF-a)升高及BDNF/TrkB信號(hào)通路功能障礙與睡眠缺失導(dǎo)致的認(rèn)知功能下降有關(guān)。因此可以認(rèn)為,慢性睡眠剝奪大鼠焦慮及認(rèn)知功能受損可能與海馬神經(jīng)炎癥及海馬DG區(qū)BDNF/TrkB信號(hào)通路有關(guān)。
臨床與動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)均證實(shí),體育鍛煉具有增強(qiáng)認(rèn)知功能和學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力的作用(Rimes et al.,2015)。然而,運(yùn)動(dòng)的抗焦慮作用結(jié)論不一,Lalanza等(2012)研究認(rèn)為,跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)加劇睡眠剝奪大鼠的焦慮行為,最近多數(shù)研究表明,運(yùn)動(dòng)預(yù)干預(yù)可以防止嚙齒動(dòng)物因急性睡眠不足而產(chǎn)生的焦慮行為(Vollert et al.,2011)。本課題組前期研究也已證實(shí),4周跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)預(yù)干預(yù)可以通過(guò)增強(qiáng)睡眠剝奪大鼠杏仁核BDNF表達(dá)及抗氧化能力,改善睡眠剝奪大鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力及焦慮樣行為(崔建梅 等,2016)。但是,以前的研究很少涉及中等強(qiáng)度跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)慢性睡眠剝奪大鼠焦慮及認(rèn)知功能的影響。因此,本研究通過(guò)復(fù)制大鼠慢性睡眠剝奪(chronic sleep deprivation,CSD)模型,探討8周中等強(qiáng)度跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)CSD大鼠空間學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力及焦慮樣行為的影響,及確定這些影響是否與海馬炎癥因子(IL-6,TNF-a)和海馬DG區(qū)BDNF及其受體TrkB表達(dá)有關(guān)。
2月齡SD雄性大鼠44只,體質(zhì)量(200~220)g,被放在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鼠籠中飼養(yǎng)(3只/籠),室溫(24±2)℃,濕度(55±10)%, 光暗周期為12 h光照/12 h黑暗,大鼠可自由攝食、飲水。實(shí)驗(yàn)前將大鼠隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組(sedentary group,SG)、運(yùn)動(dòng)組(exercise group,EX)、慢性睡眠剝奪組(chronic sleep deprived group,CSD)和睡眠剝奪運(yùn)動(dòng)組(chronic sleep deprived group with exercise group,CSD+E)。
適應(yīng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室環(huán)境1周后,CSD組及CSD+E組大鼠根據(jù) Alzoubi等(2016)學(xué)者采用的多平臺(tái)水環(huán)境法制作大鼠CSD模型。每天睡眠剝奪18 h(每天中午12:00至次日早上6:00時(shí)),持續(xù)8周。具體方法如下:大鼠被放在一個(gè)大玻璃缸(170 cm×40 cm×55 cm),20個(gè)直徑5 cm的小平臺(tái)(置于水平面上2 cm、水溫24℃)、間隔7 cm,排成2排放置在玻璃缸中,并且大鼠在平臺(tái)上可自由攝食飲水。當(dāng)大鼠進(jìn)入REM階段時(shí),就會(huì)出現(xiàn)肌肉張力失調(diào)導(dǎo)致大鼠觸水驚醒。CSD前大鼠需適應(yīng)水環(huán)境平臺(tái)3天(1 h/天)。
EX及CSD+E組大鼠實(shí)施跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)8周,跑臺(tái)訓(xùn)練時(shí)大鼠跑速(18~21)m/min,5% 坡度運(yùn)動(dòng)8周(60 min/ 天/6天/周,每周一到周六),每周日允許大鼠休息1天(Zielinski et al.,2013)。
1.4.1 高架迷宮(elevated-plus maze,EPM )測(cè)試
跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)束后第2天,根據(jù)Mazor等(2009)描述的EPM實(shí)驗(yàn)評(píng)估大鼠的焦慮樣行為。EPM(距離地面50 cm)包括兩個(gè)開(kāi)放臂和兩個(gè)閉合臂,一中央平臺(tái)連接4臂。正式實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí),大鼠被面對(duì)開(kāi)放臂放置在迷宮中央,自由探索迷宮5 min。
測(cè)試指標(biāo):開(kāi)放臂時(shí)間(open arm time,ORT)及閉合臂時(shí)間(close arm time,CRT);開(kāi)放臂次數(shù)(open arm entries,ORE)及閉合臂次數(shù)(close arm entries,CRE);焦慮指數(shù):1-[(ORT/ORT+CRT) + (ORE/ORE+CRE)]×%,比值越大,表明焦慮程度越嚴(yán)重。
1.4.2 八臂迷宮測(cè)試(eight arm maze test,ERM)
所有大鼠在第9周周一進(jìn)行ERM實(shí)驗(yàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)前大鼠被放置在迷宮中適應(yīng)2天。第1天,將(3~4)只大鼠同時(shí)放在迷宮中央,通向八臂的門(mén)均打開(kāi),大鼠自由活動(dòng);第2天八臂末端均放置食物,允許大鼠自由活動(dòng)及攝食,所有食物攝取完畢后結(jié)束;第3天進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練(2次/天)。每次訓(xùn)練時(shí),只有1、2、5、7號(hào)臂放置餌料,整個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程均維持此順序。訓(xùn)練成功標(biāo)準(zhǔn):在連續(xù)3次訓(xùn)練中,錯(cuò)誤次數(shù)少于2次,為訓(xùn)練成功。正式測(cè)試時(shí),大鼠置于迷宮中央?yún)^(qū),關(guān)住鼠門(mén),20 s后打開(kāi)鼠門(mén)并開(kāi)啟八臂迷宮測(cè)試軟件,測(cè)試時(shí)間10 min。
測(cè)試指標(biāo)包括:總記憶錯(cuò)誤次數(shù)(參考記憶錯(cuò)誤次數(shù)+工作記憶錯(cuò)誤次數(shù),total memory errors,TM)、錯(cuò)誤潛伏期(s)、訓(xùn)練達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)次數(shù)及大鼠第一次錯(cuò)誤前正確次數(shù)(correct numbers,CN)。
ERM實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束后,將每組6只大鼠斷頭取腦后,冰上剝離海馬組織并稱(chēng)重,加入生理鹽水制成10%海馬組織勻漿,離心(12 000 rpm/min,10 min)后取上清液,參照試劑盒說(shuō)明(購(gòu)買(mǎi)于美國(guó)Abcam公司)采用ELISA法檢測(cè)海馬炎癥因子IL-6及TNF-a水平。
ERM實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束后,每組剩余大鼠經(jīng)水合氯醛(150 mg/ kg)麻醉后4%多聚甲醛150ml經(jīng)心臟灌注取腦,石蠟包埋腦組織行海馬DG區(qū)冠狀位切片(5 μm),將切片置于烘烤箱內(nèi)烘烤2 h,隨后經(jīng)二甲苯脫蠟(10 min)、乙醇水化后加H2O2(3%)的甲醇溶液室溫孵育30 min,PBS漂洗后滴加BDNF(1:00)、TrkB(1:2000)一抗4℃過(guò)夜,滴加BDNF及TrkB二抗,在37℃恒溫箱內(nèi)孵育30 min,顯色劑顯色10 min,蘇木素復(fù)染,梯度酒精脫水(50%、80%、90%、95%、100%乙醇各5 min),二甲苯透明(20 min),中性樹(shù)脂封片。
光學(xué)顯微鏡下每組每張切片隨機(jī)取5個(gè)視野(400 倍)拍片,測(cè)量大鼠海馬DG區(qū)BDNF及TrkB陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)量(number)及面積(μm2)。
數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)應(yīng)用SPSS 18.0軟件,數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果用±表示,CSD和跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)大鼠行為學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)及海馬炎癥因子和海馬DG區(qū)BDNF及TrkB表達(dá)的影響采用雙因素方差(Two Way ANOVA)分析,組間差異比較采用LSD post hoc法,<0.05表示差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
圖1 實(shí)驗(yàn)流程
Figure 1. Protocols of the Experimental
雙因素方差分析顯示慢性睡眠剝奪和跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)顯著影響了大鼠EPM實(shí)驗(yàn)中ORT(F1,43=28.627,=0.000;F1,43=9.420,=0.004)、ORE(F1,43=55.215,=0.000;F1,43=8.834,=0.005)及焦慮指數(shù)(F1,43=69.773,=0.000;F1,43=28.969,=0.000)。運(yùn)動(dòng)和慢性睡眠剝奪對(duì)ORE(F1,43=7.423,=0.010)和焦慮指數(shù)均有顯著交互效應(yīng)(F1,43=6.061,=0.018),但對(duì)ORT無(wú)顯著交互相應(yīng)(F1,43=0.028,=0.050)。
表1結(jié)果顯示,與SG組比較,CSD組大鼠EPM實(shí)驗(yàn)中ORT、ORE均明顯減少(=0.000,=0.003),焦慮指數(shù)顯著增加(=0.000);而經(jīng)過(guò)8周跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng),CSD運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠與CSD組大鼠比較,ORT顯著增加(=0.028),焦慮指數(shù)顯著下降(=0.045),而ORE無(wú)顯著改變(=0.862);而與SG組比較,EX組大鼠ORT、ORE均明顯增加(=0.047,=0.000),焦慮指數(shù)顯著下降(=0.000)。
表1 各組大鼠高架迷宮實(shí)驗(yàn)中開(kāi)放臂時(shí)間、次數(shù)及焦慮指數(shù)結(jié)果
注:##<0.01,#<0.05,vs SG group;*<0.05,CSD+E vs CSD group。
雙因素方差分析顯示,CSD和跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)顯著影響了大鼠ERM實(shí)驗(yàn)中訓(xùn)練達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)次數(shù)(F1,43=55.442,=0.000;F1,43=25.442,=0.000)、錯(cuò)誤潛伏期(F1,43=43.222,=0.000;F1,43=10.550,=0.002)、第一次錯(cuò)誤前正確次數(shù)(F1,43=21.316,=0.000;F1,43=5.329,=0.026)及總錯(cuò)誤次數(shù)(F1,43=121.121,=0.000;F1,43=5.981,=0.019);運(yùn)動(dòng)和慢性睡眠剝奪除對(duì)訓(xùn)練達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)次數(shù)具有交互效應(yīng)外(F1,43=9.750,=0.003),錯(cuò)誤潛伏期(F1,43=1.591,=0.215)、第一次錯(cuò)誤前正確次數(shù)(F1,43=0.592,=0.446)及總錯(cuò)誤次數(shù)(F1,43=1.495,=0.229)均無(wú)顯著交互效應(yīng)。
圖2顯示,與SG組比較,CSD組大鼠訓(xùn)練達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)次數(shù)(15.72±2.28次)及TM(6.19±1.16次)顯著增多(=0.000,=0.003)、錯(cuò)誤潛伏期(302.37±42.22 s)縮短(=0.003)、第一次錯(cuò)誤前正確次數(shù)(3.18±0.98次)減少(=0.035);而經(jīng)過(guò)8周跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng),與CSD組大鼠比較,CSD運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)次數(shù)(11.09±1.92次)及TM(5.09±0.94次)顯著減少(均=0.000)、錯(cuò)誤潛伏期(357.45±46.25 s)顯著延長(zhǎng)(=0.000)、第一次錯(cuò)誤前正確次數(shù)(4.27±1.10次)增多(=0.000);與SG組比較,EX組大鼠訓(xùn)練達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)次數(shù)及TM顯著減少(=0.045,=0.039),其它指標(biāo)均無(wú)顯著差異(均>0.05)。
Figure 2. Results of the Numbers of Achieving Training Standard, Correct Numbers before First Error, Total Memory Errors and the Latency of Memory Error after 8-week Treadmill Exercise or CSD Treatment among SG, EX, CSD and CSD+E Groups
注:##<0.01,<0.05,vs SG group;**<0.01,CSD+E vs CSD group。
雙因素方差分析顯示慢性睡眠剝奪和跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)顯著影響了海馬促炎因子IL-6(F1,43=6.827,=0.017)及TNF-a水平(F1,43=91.792,=0.000),然而運(yùn)動(dòng)和慢性睡眠剝奪對(duì)IL-6及TNF-a均無(wú)交互效應(yīng)(F1,43=0.010,=0.922;F1,43=1.117,=0.303)。
表2 各組大鼠海馬炎癥因子TNF-a及IL-6結(jié)果
注:##<0.01,#<0.05,vs SG group;**<0.01,*<0.05,CSD+E vs CSD group。
與對(duì)照組比較,CSD組大鼠海馬促炎因子IL-6及TNF-a水平明顯增加(=0.003,=0.000);而經(jīng)過(guò)8周跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng),與CSD組大鼠比較,CSD運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠海馬促炎因子IL-6及TNF-a水平顯著減少(=0.039,=0.000);與對(duì)照組比較,運(yùn)動(dòng)組海馬促炎因子IL-6及TNF-a水平顯著下降(=0.046,=0.000)。
雙因素方差分析顯示,慢性睡眠剝奪和跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)顯著影響了海馬DG區(qū)BDNF個(gè)數(shù)(F1,39=111.962,=0.000;F1,39=51.621,=0.000)及面積(F1,39=120.822,=0.000;F1,39=53.980,=0.000),然而運(yùn)動(dòng)和慢性睡眠剝奪對(duì)海馬DG區(qū)BDNF個(gè)數(shù)及面積均無(wú)交互效應(yīng)(F1,39=1.382,=0.247;F1,39=1.118,=0.297)。
圖3和圖6顯示,與對(duì)照組比較,CSD組大鼠海馬DG區(qū)BDNF個(gè)數(shù)(8.18±1.16個(gè))及面積(901.58±124.81μm2)均明顯減少(均=0.000),減少幅度分別為33.33%及33.72%;而經(jīng)過(guò)8周跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng),與CSD組大鼠比較,CSD運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠海馬DG區(qū)BDNF個(gè)數(shù)(11.09±1.22個(gè))及面積(1221.64±139.59μm2)均明顯增加(均=0.000),增加幅度為26.24%、26.19%;與對(duì)照組比較,運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠海馬DG區(qū)BDNF個(gè)數(shù)(14.36±1.28個(gè))及面積(1599.98±134.62μm2)均明顯增加(均=0.000),增加幅度分別為17.03%、17.61%。
圖3 對(duì)照組(SG)、運(yùn)動(dòng)組(EX)、CSD組及CSD運(yùn)動(dòng)組(CSD+E)大鼠海馬DG區(qū)BDNF比較
Figure 3. Results of BDNF Expression in Hippocampus DG among SG, EX, CSD and CSD+E Groups
注:##<0.01,<0.05,vs SG group;**<0.01,*<0.05,CSD+E vs CSD group。
雙因素方差分析顯示,CSD明顯影響了海馬DG區(qū)TrkB個(gè)數(shù)(F1,39=64.167,=0.000)及面積(F1,39=58.005,=0.000),而運(yùn)動(dòng)顯著影響了海馬DG區(qū)TrkB個(gè)數(shù)(F1,39=4.804,=0.035),對(duì)TrkB面積(F1,39=3.346,=0.076)無(wú)明顯影響,并且運(yùn)動(dòng)和慢性睡眠剝奪對(duì)海馬DG區(qū)BDNF個(gè)數(shù)及面積均無(wú)交互效應(yīng)(F1,39=2.775,=0.104;F1,39=1.121,=0.297)。
圖4和圖7顯示,與對(duì)照組比較,CSD組大鼠海馬DG區(qū)TrkB個(gè)數(shù)(7.10±0.99個(gè))及面積(883.28±119.71μm2)均明顯減少(均=0.000),減少幅度分別為40.83%及38.45%;而經(jīng)過(guò)8周跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng),與CSD組大鼠比較,CSD運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠海馬DG區(qū)TrkB個(gè)數(shù)(9.30±1.94個(gè))及面積(1074.49±223.62μm2)均明顯增多(=0.010,=0.049);與對(duì)照組比較,運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠海馬DG區(qū)TrkB個(gè)數(shù)(12.30±2.00個(gè))及面積(1486.24±252.02μm2)均無(wú)明顯差異(=0.712,=0.589)。
圖4 對(duì)照組(SG)、運(yùn)動(dòng)組(EX)、CSD組及CSD運(yùn)動(dòng)組(CSD+E)大鼠海馬DG區(qū)BDNF及TrkB比較
Figure 4. Results of BDNF and TrkB Expression in Hippocampus DG among SG, EX, CSD and CSD+E Groups
注:##<0.01,vs SG group;*<0.05,CSD+E vs CSD group。
圖5 冠狀位下海馬DG截面圖(A,箭頭所示)及DG區(qū)BDNF及TrkB陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元分布
Figure 5. Coronal Section for Dissection in Hippocampus DG(A, arrow), Distribution of BDNF and TrkB in Hippocampus DG(B-C, 10×10, 10×40)
圖6 海馬DG區(qū)BDNF陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元分布的免疫組織化學(xué)圖
Figure 6. The Distribution of BDNF Immunoreactive Neurons in Hippocampus DG
注:1)CSD組大鼠海馬DG區(qū)BDNF(→)表達(dá)降低;跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)8周后CSD+E組大鼠BDNF(→)表達(dá)增強(qiáng);2)bar=50μm(6A-6D);A:對(duì)照組(SG);B:運(yùn)動(dòng)組(EX);C:慢性睡眠剝奪組(CSD);D:睡眠剝奪運(yùn)動(dòng)組(CSD+E)。
Figure 7. The Distribution of TrkB Immunoreactive Neurons in Hippocampus DG
注:1)CSD組大鼠海馬DG區(qū)TrkB(→)表達(dá)降低;跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)8周后CSD+E組大鼠TrkB(→)表達(dá)與CSD組比較顯著增強(qiáng);2)bar=50μm(7A-7D);A:對(duì)照組(SG);B:運(yùn)動(dòng)組(EX);C:慢性睡眠剝奪組(CSD);D:睡眠剝奪運(yùn)動(dòng)組(CSD+E)。
在全球范圍內(nèi),缺乏睡眠已成為一個(gè)重要的健康和公共安全問(wèn)題。臨床研究表明,長(zhǎng)期睡眠不足會(huì)導(dǎo)致健康個(gè)體出現(xiàn)一般性和特異性焦慮癥狀,并且睡眠剝奪患者70%患焦慮癥(Babson et al.,2010)。Baum等(2014)發(fā)現(xiàn)5天睡眠剝奪(每晚睡眠6.5 h)使青少年的焦慮情緒增加、控制負(fù)面情緒的能力下降。另一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),連續(xù)56 h的睡眠剝奪會(huì)導(dǎo)致健康個(gè)體出現(xiàn)緊張、躁動(dòng)等焦慮、抑郁情緒及偏執(zhí)癥狀(Kahn-Greene et al.,2007)。Manchanda等(2018)通過(guò)動(dòng)物睡眠剝奪模型證實(shí),慢性睡眠剝奪21天(每天剝奪18 h)可導(dǎo)致大鼠焦慮樣行為。本研究得到相同結(jié)果,大鼠經(jīng)過(guò)8周慢性睡眠剝奪(多平臺(tái)水環(huán)境法,每天剝奪18 h),與對(duì)照組比較,CSD組大鼠進(jìn)入開(kāi)放臂次數(shù)和停留時(shí)間顯著減少,焦慮指數(shù)增加,說(shuō)明長(zhǎng)期睡眠不足可導(dǎo)致大鼠焦慮水平升高。然而有些研究與本研究結(jié)果相反,Novati等(2011)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),將幼鼠在旋轉(zhuǎn)滾筒上慢性睡眠剝奪1個(gè)月(每天睡眠剝奪20 h)對(duì)焦慮樣行為沒(méi)有影響。且Wegner等(2014)最近的一項(xiàng)研究表明,連續(xù)3天不完全睡眠剝奪后小鼠表現(xiàn)出類(lèi)焦慮樣行為,如果被剝奪7天小鼠的焦慮樣行為顯著增強(qiáng)。結(jié)合當(dāng)前的研究可以認(rèn)為,慢性睡眠剝奪是否引起焦慮樣行為可能與CSD誘導(dǎo)模型及持續(xù)時(shí)間有關(guān)。
研究表明,體育鍛煉對(duì)改善抑郁、焦慮等心理障礙均有積極作用。Youngstedt等(2006)認(rèn)為焦慮癥狀改善或許是運(yùn)動(dòng)有益于睡眠的可能機(jī)制。Pietrelli等(2011)通過(guò)高架迷宮實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)使CSD大鼠開(kāi)放臂時(shí)間顯著增加,結(jié)果表明運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛練顯著削弱了CSD大鼠的焦慮樣行為。本研究得到相同結(jié)果,經(jīng)過(guò)8周中等強(qiáng)度跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng),CSD運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠焦慮行為顯著削弱,表現(xiàn)為與CSD組大鼠比較,EPM實(shí)驗(yàn)中CSD運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠開(kāi)放臂次數(shù)及時(shí)間均顯著增加,焦慮指數(shù)下降。然而,Lalanza等(2012)通過(guò)高架迷宮行為學(xué)測(cè)試發(fā)現(xiàn),11周跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)CSD小鼠沒(méi)有抗焦慮作用,研究結(jié)果的差異可能與物種、運(yùn)動(dòng)頻率和運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度有關(guān)。
睡眠對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力很重要,在覺(jué)醒時(shí)被激活的神經(jīng)元,在非快速眼動(dòng)(NREM)和快速眼動(dòng)(REM)睡眠中被重新激活,因此,睡眠可能參與了對(duì)空間信息的鞏固和編碼(Poe et al.,2000)。而多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí),睡眠剝奪對(duì)注意力、工作記憶和其他認(rèn)知任務(wù)均會(huì)產(chǎn)生不良影響,尤其會(huì)削弱記憶的保持及鞏固過(guò)程。Van等(2003)研究認(rèn)為,輕度(~3 h/天)和重度(~7 h/天)的睡眠限制持續(xù)1~2周會(huì)對(duì)注意力和認(rèn)知能力產(chǎn)生不良影響,而Guzman-Marin等(2007)通過(guò)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),少于24 h睡眠剝奪不影響海馬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞增值,而≧72 h睡眠限制可能會(huì)有累積效應(yīng),可降低30%~80% 海馬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞增值,最終,通過(guò)破壞海馬的可塑性和細(xì)胞功能導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知障礙,結(jié)果提示,睡眠限制對(duì)大鼠認(rèn)知功能損害呈時(shí)間依賴(lài)性。Alzoubi等(2017)通過(guò)八臂迷宮實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),6周慢性睡眠剝奪會(huì)損害海馬依賴(lài)的短時(shí)和長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶,并且學(xué)習(xí)之前睡眠剝奪會(huì)減少對(duì)知識(shí)的獲取并損害記憶鞏固功能。且Yoo等(2007)認(rèn)為,學(xué)習(xí)前睡眠缺失會(huì)導(dǎo)致情景記憶編碼過(guò)程中海馬活動(dòng)明顯減弱,導(dǎo)致后期記憶能力下降,圖像識(shí)別能力下降19%??傊?,各種形式的睡眠剝奪已被證明會(huì)對(duì)保留新信息和破壞記憶鞏固能力產(chǎn)生不利影響,本研究采用多平臺(tái)水環(huán)境法建立大鼠CSD模型,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),與對(duì)照組比較,CSD組大鼠訓(xùn)練達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)次數(shù)及總錯(cuò)誤次數(shù)顯著增多、錯(cuò)誤潛伏期顯著縮短、第一次錯(cuò)誤前正確次數(shù)減少,說(shuō)明慢性睡眠剝奪 8周損害了大鼠海馬依賴(lài)的空間學(xué)習(xí)與記憶能力,與前期學(xué)者研究結(jié)果一致。
臨床研究證實(shí),體育鍛煉可改善失眠患者睡眠質(zhì)量,對(duì)神經(jīng)功能具有保護(hù)作用。且本課題組前期研究證實(shí),4周跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)預(yù)干預(yù)可通過(guò)增強(qiáng)前額葉皮質(zhì)氧化應(yīng)激能力改善急性睡眠剝奪(72 h睡眠剝奪)大鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力。Zielinski等(2013)通過(guò)水迷宮實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),11周中等強(qiáng)度跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)(1 h/天/6天/周)可改善慢性睡眠剝奪引起的小鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶障礙。本研究得到相同結(jié)果,與CSD組大鼠比較,經(jīng)過(guò)8周跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng),八臂迷宮實(shí)驗(yàn)中CSD運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠訓(xùn)練達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)次數(shù)及總錯(cuò)誤次數(shù)顯著減少、錯(cuò)誤潛伏期顯著延長(zhǎng)、第一次錯(cuò)誤前正確次數(shù)增多。而且8周跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)正常大鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力也有較大益處,具體表現(xiàn)為與對(duì)照組比較,運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠訓(xùn)練達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)次數(shù)及總錯(cuò)誤次數(shù)均顯著減少,說(shuō)明跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)正常大鼠及CSD大鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力均有顯著改善。
據(jù)報(bào)道,睡眠不足會(huì)增加免疫功能障礙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),導(dǎo)致大腦炎癥反映增強(qiáng)(Rico-Rosillo et al.,2018),在炎癥反應(yīng)過(guò)程中,小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞被激活,影響細(xì)胞因子的釋放(促炎因子增加、抗炎因子減少),而細(xì)胞因子水平的不平衡被發(fā)現(xiàn)是導(dǎo)致抑郁及焦慮的主要原因(Braun et al.,2012)。TNF-a、IL-6屬于促炎細(xì)胞因子,TNF-a是較早釋放的具有多種生物效應(yīng)的重要促炎細(xì)胞因子,可誘發(fā)“次級(jí)”炎癥因子的產(chǎn)生,導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)元損傷,使機(jī)體學(xué)習(xí)、記憶能力減退(Zhu et al.,2012)。臨床及動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),睡眠缺失可增加血液及大腦(海馬及前額葉皮質(zhì)等)炎癥標(biāo)志物IL-6、TNF-α及IL-1β 水平(Manchanda et al.,2018)。前期學(xué)者研究證實(shí),短時(shí)間睡眠剝奪(1 h和3 h)對(duì)雄性成年小鼠大腦IL-1β,TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA水平無(wú)顯著影響];在另一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,Zielinski等(2013)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),完全睡眠剝奪72 h 大鼠海馬回和基底前腦TNF-α 及IL-6水平顯著升高。而Wisor等(2011)認(rèn)為,慢性睡眠剝奪結(jié)束后3周海馬體中炎癥因子IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α 仍呈不同程度升高,結(jié)果表明,慢性睡眠剝奪即使在較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間恢復(fù)后,神經(jīng)炎癥因子對(duì)大腦損害仍會(huì)持續(xù)。本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),與對(duì)照組比較,8周慢性睡眠剝奪使大鼠海馬促炎因子IL-6及TNF-α水平顯著增加。近期學(xué)者研究認(rèn)為,腦組織IL-1、TNF、及IL-6等炎癥因子水平升高可能與情緒和認(rèn)知功能障礙有關(guān)(Manchanda et al.,2018)。并且Souza等(2012)研究認(rèn)為,TNF-a及IL-6水平升高可增加血腦屏障的通透性,產(chǎn)生氧自由基并引起凋亡蛋白 caspase-3和Bax的表達(dá)增高,導(dǎo)致海馬神經(jīng)元凋亡率增加,加速神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的死亡。海馬被認(rèn)為是炎癥損傷的大腦區(qū)域之一,與學(xué)習(xí)和記憶密切相關(guān)。因此可以認(rèn)為,本研究CSD大鼠焦慮行為及海馬依賴(lài)的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力下降可能與睡眠不足引起的海馬神經(jīng)促炎因子水平升高導(dǎo)致大腦抗氧化能力下降、引起細(xì)胞凋亡甚至死亡,損害海馬結(jié)構(gòu)和功能,從而導(dǎo)致CSD大鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力下降。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,睡眠剝奪作為一種應(yīng)激源可激活HPA軸活性增加糖皮質(zhì)激素過(guò)度分泌,在一定程度上可增強(qiáng)促炎因子IL-1、TNF-α及IL-6水平(Rhen et al.,2005)。另外,睡眠剝奪可能會(huì)引起大鼠腦不同部位的血腦屏障受到損害尤其是海馬體的血腦屏障更具有滲透性從而使促炎細(xì)胞因子更容易進(jìn)入海馬體,削弱海馬神經(jīng)發(fā)生、損害CSD大鼠認(rèn)知功能,然而這些指標(biāo)本實(shí)驗(yàn)均未涉及,需要進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。
研究認(rèn)為,體育鍛煉可通過(guò)抗炎作用起到神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用。Chennaoui等(2015)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),7周跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)可減少正常睡眠大鼠海馬TNF-α和IL-6蛋白含量,與本研究結(jié)果一致。Wannamethee等(2002)對(duì)4252名年齡在60到79歲老年男性進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),體育鍛煉與促炎因子呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。Gomes等(2013)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉可通過(guò)降低海馬IL1β/IL10,IL6/IL10及TNFα/IL10 比率降低神經(jīng)炎癥相關(guān)疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。而Chennaoui 等(2015)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),7周跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)預(yù)干預(yù)可減少睡眠剝奪大鼠(24h)海馬TNF-α、IL-6蛋白含量,但是對(duì)外周TNF-α含量無(wú)顯著影響。然而有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)慢性睡眠剝奪引起的神經(jīng)炎癥方面的作用還沒(méi)有得到廣泛的研究。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與CSD組比較,CSD運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)8周海馬促炎因子TNF-α、IL-6水平顯著下降,說(shuō)明此運(yùn)動(dòng)具有一定的抗神經(jīng)炎癥作用。因此本研究海馬抗炎能力增強(qiáng)在一定程度上可能與跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)改善CSD大鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力及焦慮樣行為有關(guān),具體機(jī)制需進(jìn)一步研究。
睡眠在正常的生理功能中起著關(guān)鍵作用,睡眠不足可能會(huì)激活機(jī)體應(yīng)激系統(tǒng),與焦慮、抑郁及認(rèn)知功能下降有關(guān)。有證據(jù)表明,BDNF/TrkB信號(hào)通路可調(diào)節(jié)REM及NREM,并且在睡眠不足導(dǎo)致的相關(guān)精神障礙發(fā)病機(jī)制中起著關(guān)鍵作用(Garner et al.,2018)。BDNF是一種中樞神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子,在整個(gè)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)都有表達(dá),海馬表達(dá)尤其豐富,并且強(qiáng)有力的證據(jù)表明BDNF在調(diào)節(jié)睡眠中起著重要作用(Faraguna et al.,2008),但是睡眠剝奪對(duì)海馬BDNF水平變化的研究存在爭(zhēng)議。Fujihara等(2003)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)短期非選擇性睡眠剝奪可顯著增加海馬BDNFmRNA表達(dá),但對(duì)小腦和腦干BDNF表達(dá)無(wú)顯著影響。而另一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),8到48 h的睡眠剝奪可導(dǎo)致海馬齒狀回BDNFmRNA水平下降(Alhaider et al.,2010),且本課題組前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)72 h急性睡眠剝奪可顯著降低前額葉皮質(zhì)及杏仁核BDNF的表達(dá)(崔建梅 等,2016)。研究表明,海馬DG區(qū)在突觸可塑性及神經(jīng)元編碼中扮演著關(guān)鍵角色,并且對(duì)睡眠剝奪高度敏感。因此本研究聚焦海馬DG 區(qū),通過(guò)8周慢性睡眠剝奪(每天睡眠剝奪18 h),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),與正常大鼠比較,CSD組大鼠海馬齒狀回BDNF及TrkB表達(dá)顯著減少。另外有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),慢性睡眠剝奪21天,大鼠血清皮質(zhì)醇水平顯著增加,并表現(xiàn)出焦慮樣行為。而且,Wang等(2018)認(rèn)為急慢性應(yīng)激可降低海馬DG區(qū)BDNF的表達(dá)與應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)的糖皮質(zhì)激素水平升高有關(guān),因此可以認(rèn)為本實(shí)驗(yàn)中CSD大鼠焦慮樣行為及學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力下降可能與CSD作為一種應(yīng)激源抑制海馬DG區(qū)BDNF和TrkB表達(dá)及抑制TrkB磷酸化有關(guān),表明BDNF-TrkB信號(hào)通路參與了慢性睡眠剝奪導(dǎo)致的大鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶障礙。然而有研究認(rèn)為,睡眠不足會(huì)導(dǎo)致海馬體積減小,而不會(huì)引起 HPA軸的激活,并且長(zhǎng)時(shí)間CSD會(huì)導(dǎo)致明顯的學(xué)習(xí)障礙,這些障礙并不能通過(guò)切除腎上腺來(lái)預(yù)防,這表明CSD大鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力下降可能與應(yīng)激激素?zé)o關(guān)(Novati et al.,2010; Tiba et al.,2010)。因此針對(duì)CSD大鼠BDNF及其受體TrkB水平下降機(jī)制需進(jìn)一步研究。
多數(shù)學(xué)者研究認(rèn)為,運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉可以增加與可塑性相關(guān)的生長(zhǎng)因子的表達(dá),腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子BDNF與其受體TrkB結(jié)合在LTP的誘導(dǎo)及神經(jīng)發(fā)生中發(fā)揮重要作用,被認(rèn)為是運(yùn)動(dòng)改善海馬依賴(lài)的認(rèn)知功能的重要調(diào)節(jié)因子(Cotman et al.,2007)。前期研究表明,跑步、游泳等體育活動(dòng)均可以增加嚙齒動(dòng)物大腦BDNF及TrkB的表達(dá)(Radak et al.,2006),然而本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),8周跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)顯著增加了正常大鼠海馬DG區(qū)BDNF表達(dá),但對(duì)海馬DG區(qū)TrkB表達(dá)無(wú)顯著影響。Tripp等(2012)通過(guò)臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),重度抑郁癥患者杏仁核BDNF的表達(dá)減少,而TrkB表達(dá)無(wú)顯著改變,認(rèn)為BDNF水平變化與其上游及下游通路復(fù)雜整合有關(guān)。因此,本研究跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)正常大鼠BDNF水平上調(diào)可能與此運(yùn)動(dòng)激活BDNF上游通路有關(guān),具體機(jī)制需進(jìn)一步研究。
研究認(rèn)為,適度跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)已被證明可以改善睡眠缺失引起的情緒障礙及認(rèn)知功能下降,而海馬BDNF活性增加可能介導(dǎo)這些效應(yīng),有助于維持大腦健康和突觸可塑性(Zagaar et al.,2013)。Saadati等(2014)發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)可能通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)海馬BDNF表達(dá)而對(duì)去卵巢睡眠剝奪大鼠海馬相關(guān)功能起保護(hù)作用。Zagaar等(2013)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)預(yù)干預(yù)4周,可通過(guò)上調(diào)海馬BDNF及P-CREB(環(huán)磷腺苷結(jié)合蛋白)水平防止24 h完全睡眠剝奪引起的短期記憶和E-LTP損害。本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),與CSD組大鼠比較,CSD運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠海馬DG區(qū)BDNF 及TrkB表達(dá)顯著增多。BDNF可以保護(hù)中樞神經(jīng)元免受損傷,通過(guò)強(qiáng)迫游泳實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),腦室內(nèi)注射BDNF和TrkB受體激動(dòng)劑可降低習(xí)得性無(wú)助大鼠海馬CA3及DG的損傷,從而改善大鼠抑郁樣行為;此外,當(dāng)BDNF表達(dá)或TrkB信號(hào)中斷時(shí),抗抑郁藥物的療效會(huì)顯著降低甚至消失,提示BDNF-TrkB信號(hào)通路對(duì)抗抑郁藥物的治療效果至關(guān)重要(Liu et al., 2010);Zheng等(2018)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),多奈哌齊可通過(guò)激活BDNF/TrkB信號(hào)通路改善阿爾茨海默氏癥引起的認(rèn)知障礙。因此,本實(shí)驗(yàn)中跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)改善CSD大鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力可能與此運(yùn)動(dòng)激活海馬DG區(qū)BDNF/TrkB信號(hào)通路有關(guān),BDNF與TrkB結(jié)合可以誘導(dǎo)大量突觸可塑性相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),這些基因可能在結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上啟動(dòng)突觸,調(diào)節(jié)突觸穩(wěn)定性,參與學(xué)習(xí)記憶的調(diào)節(jié),從而增強(qiáng)CSD大鼠的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力(Song et al.,2013)。研究證明,促炎細(xì)胞因子可抑制腦內(nèi)BDNF的表達(dá),大鼠腦室內(nèi)注射TNF-α可抑制大腦皮層及海馬BDNF的表達(dá),并且腦室內(nèi)注射IL-1β可增強(qiáng)海馬TNF-α表達(dá),同時(shí)會(huì)抑制BDNF表達(dá)(Zielinski et al.,2014)。Yang等(2017)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病大鼠海馬環(huán)氧酶-2表達(dá)增強(qiáng)(其產(chǎn)物前列腺素E是重要的炎癥介質(zhì))可導(dǎo)致海馬慢性炎癥損害海馬BDNF-TrkB信號(hào)通路,與糖尿病大鼠的記憶缺失有關(guān)。此外,Xu等(2017)研究認(rèn)為BDNF預(yù)處理可抑制腦膜炎大鼠海馬TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平,增加抗炎因子IL-10的表達(dá),從而認(rèn)為BDNF治療可能是細(xì)菌性腦膜炎的一種潛在的治療策略。以上研究表明,神經(jīng)炎癥與BDNF-TrkB信號(hào)通路相互影響可能在認(rèn)知功能及情緒障礙的病理發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要作用。因此可以推測(cè),跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)增強(qiáng)CSD大鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力及改善焦慮樣行為可能與此運(yùn)動(dòng)增強(qiáng)海馬抗炎能力、激活海馬DG區(qū)BDNF-TrkB信號(hào)通路從而糾正慢性睡眠剝奪誘導(dǎo)的海馬功能紊亂起到腦保護(hù)作用有關(guān),而神經(jīng)炎癥是否介導(dǎo)了跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)CSD大鼠海馬DG區(qū)BDNF-TrkB信號(hào)通路的激活,需要進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。
1)8周CSD可導(dǎo)致大鼠焦慮樣行為及認(rèn)知功能下降,海馬神經(jīng)炎癥反應(yīng)加深,海馬DG區(qū)BDNF及TrkB表達(dá)下降。提示,海馬可能是CSD引起大鼠行為學(xué)改變的作用腦區(qū)之一,且這一作用可能是由海馬炎癥反應(yīng)加強(qiáng)、海馬DG區(qū)BDNF-TrkB信號(hào)通路下調(diào)共同介導(dǎo)的。
跑臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)增強(qiáng)CSD大鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力及改善焦慮樣行為可能與此運(yùn)動(dòng)增強(qiáng)海馬抗炎能力、激活海馬DG區(qū)BDNF-TrkB信號(hào)通路從而糾正慢性睡眠剝奪誘導(dǎo)的海馬功能紊亂起到腦保護(hù)作用有關(guān)。
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Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Behavior Changes, Hippocampal Inflammation and BDNF/TrkB Pathway in the Hippocampus Dentate Gyrus ofChronic Sleep Deprived Rats
CUI Jianmei1*, GUO Yanlan1, LI Zhonghua1, Yangjie1, YU Fang1, LI Hongtao2, SU Xiaoyun3
: Physical exercise is known to improve the cognitive function decline and emotional disorders induced by chronic sleep deprivation (CSD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks treadmill exercise on CSD induced spatial memory and anxiety-like behavior by measuring hippocampus inflammatory biomarkers levels (IL-6 and TNF-α) and hippocampus DG (dentate gyrus) BDNF and TrkB expression levels.: 44 rats were randomly allocated into either a sedentary control group (SG), an exercise group (EX), a chronic sleep deprived group (CSD), or a CSD+exercise group (CSD+E). The sleep deprivation was induced by using modified multiple platform method (18 h/day, for 8 weeks) in CSD and CSD+E groups. Simultaneously, the rats in EX and CSD+E groups were conducted treadmill exercise training for 8 weeks (1 h/day, 6 d/week). Thereafter, the anxiety-related behavior was assessed with the elevated-plus maze (EPM), and the spatial learning and memory were assessed by using the eight arm maze test (ERM). Additionally, the hippocampus inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6 and TNF-α) and hippocampus DG BDNF and TrkB expression levels were measured.: 1) Compared to the sedentary control rats, the latency of memory error was shorted in CSD rats, the numbers of achieving training standard and total memory errors were significantly increased (<0.01, respectively); in addition, the correct numbers before the first error was decreased (<0.05) in the ERM test. In the EPM test, the time and entries of open arm was significantly decreased in CSD rats by comparing with SG group, and the anxiety index was increased (<0.01, respectively); the TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations in hippocampus were increased (<0.01), and the expression levels of BNDF and TrkB in hippocampus DG were decreased (<0.01). 2) 8 week treadmill exercise training was significantly attenuated anxiety-related behavior and prevented spatial learning and memory impairment; the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in hippocampus were decreased; moreover, the expression levels of BDNF and TrkB in hippocampus DG were significantly increased after exercise training.: Moderate-intensity treadmill exercise improved the learning and memory ability and attenuate anxiety like behavior in the CSD rats. The possible mechanisms might be related to the exercise preventing pro-inflammatory responses in hippocampus, and increasing BDNF and TrkB expression in hippocampus DG and improving the nerve protective effect via BDNF/TrkB pathway.
2018-11-07;
2019-06-06
山西省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(2014011041-6)
崔建梅(1972-),女,副教授,碩士,主要研究方向?yàn)檫\(yùn)動(dòng)與慢性病, E-mail: cuijm224@qq.com。
G840.7
A
1000-677X(2019)06-0062-11
10.16469/j.css.201906008