劉光德?呂志誠(chéng)
【摘要】免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑目前由于其療效的優(yōu)越性,在抗腫瘤治療方面的應(yīng)用越來越廣泛,消化系統(tǒng)不良反應(yīng)是免疫檢查點(diǎn)阻斷引起免疫相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)的主要表現(xiàn)之一。這些不良事件可能嚴(yán)重到需要中斷或停止免疫檢查點(diǎn)阻斷治療。免疫相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)的患者需要及早識(shí)別,并進(jìn)行評(píng)估,排除其他病因,采取有效的治療措施,以盡量減少并發(fā)癥。該文綜述了靶向免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑的胃腸毒性和肝胰毒性,并探討了其診斷和治療,為臨床提供參考。
【關(guān)鍵詞】免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑;胃腸道反應(yīng);肝損傷;胰腺損傷;治療
Incidence and treatment of gastrointestinal adverse reaction induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors Liu Guangde, Lyu Zhicheng. Pre-outpatient Service Department of the Lanzhou Military Area, Lanzhou 730000, China
Corresponding author, Lyu Zhicheng, E-mail: 408832303@ qq. com
【Abstract】Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been widely applied in anti-cancer therapy due to high clinical efficacy. Gastrointestinal toxicity is one of the main immune adverse reactions caused by immune checkpoint blockage. These adverse events may suspend or terminate the immune checkpoint blockage therapy. It is necessary to timely identify patients with immune adverse reactions and deliver comprehensive evaluation to exclude other causes and select effective treatment to minimize the risk of complications. In this article, the gastrointestinal and hepatopancreatic toxicities induced by targeted immune checkpoint inhibitors were reviewed, aiming to provide evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
【Key words】Immune checkpoint inhibitor;Gastrointestinal toxicity;Liver injury;
Pancreatic injury;Treatment
免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑主要包括抗程序性細(xì)胞死亡蛋白-1(PD-1)及其配體(PD-L1)或細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞抗原4(CTLA-4)。這些藥物的抗腫瘤活性源于它們對(duì)免疫檢查點(diǎn)的影響,這些免疫檢查點(diǎn)通常用來抑制免疫反應(yīng),防止有害的炎癥和自身免疫。它們阻斷免疫抑制分子,從而使癌細(xì)胞有免疫增強(qiáng)作用[1]。因?yàn)樗鼈兊哪繕?biāo)是T淋巴細(xì)胞而不是癌細(xì)胞,所以可以用于各種惡性腫瘤[2]。但由于免疫反應(yīng)不受抑制,這也可能導(dǎo)致一系列波及系統(tǒng)性和器官特異性的免疫相關(guān)不良事件(irAEs),幾乎所有器官均可波及到,但皮膚、胃腸道、肝臟和內(nèi)分泌腺irAEs發(fā)生率較高,而心血管、肺、腎、血液和肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)的發(fā)生率較低。在檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑中,與PD-1或PD-L1抑制劑相比,CTLA-4抑制劑給藥后irAEs發(fā)生率高,表現(xiàn)也更嚴(yán)重。與單藥治療相比,抗CTLA-4和抗PD-1/PD-L1抗體聯(lián)合治療的患者出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng)更為頻繁和嚴(yán)重。絕大多數(shù)irAEs發(fā)生在注射檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑后1 ~ 2個(gè)月,但有些會(huì)發(fā)生于用藥開始時(shí)或用藥結(jié)束后的幾個(gè)月[3]。irAEs根據(jù)美國(guó)國(guó)家癌癥研究所《不良事件通用術(shù)語標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(AE)3.0版進(jìn)行分類:一級(jí),輕度不良事件;二級(jí),中度不良事件;三級(jí),重度不良事件;四級(jí),危及生命或致殘不良事件;五級(jí),與不良事件有關(guān)的死亡。中度到重度irAEs的患者通常需要停止免疫治療。本文主要探討消化系統(tǒng)不良反應(yīng)及其治療。
一、免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑的胃腸道不良反應(yīng)及治療
1.胃腸道不良反應(yīng)
腹瀉是免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑治療后最常見的胃腸道相關(guān)事件。免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑治療后的免疫相關(guān)性腹瀉通常是潛在結(jié)腸炎癥的結(jié)果,而胃腸道相關(guān)事件中尤以抗CTLA-4給藥后的胃腸道反應(yīng)最為明顯,可以從輕度腹瀉到嚴(yán)重的結(jié)腸炎、腸穿孔甚至死亡[4-5]。CTLA-4抑制劑治療后腹瀉發(fā)生率為27% ~ 31%,而抗PD-1和抗PD-L1治療后腹瀉發(fā)生率低于4%[6]。高達(dá)12%的irAEs患者可能會(huì)發(fā)展為嚴(yán)重的小腸結(jié)腸炎,會(huì)出現(xiàn)出血、穿孔或頑固性腹瀉??筆D-1治療后低于2%的患者會(huì)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重結(jié)腸炎,CTLA-4抑制劑治療后約5%的患者會(huì)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重結(jié)腸炎。結(jié)腸炎可能與克羅恩結(jié)腸炎或潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎相似,也可能與腹內(nèi)膿腫、肛裂和瘺有關(guān)[7]。免疫抑制劑聯(lián)合治療引起腹瀉和免疫相關(guān)結(jié)腸炎的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著增加44%[8]。也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,腹瀉和結(jié)腸炎可能與自身免疫性疾病、長(zhǎng)期使用NSAID、血漿IL-17升高和癌胚抗原相關(guān)細(xì)胞黏附分子1表達(dá)升高有關(guān)[9]。
糞便常規(guī)檢查可排除潛在的感染。如果為中度以上腹瀉或者是超過1周的腹瀉,需要停用免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑,同時(shí)需要對(duì)患者糞便的細(xì)菌學(xué)、寄生蟲學(xué)以及病毒學(xué)進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)[10]。沒有使用糖皮質(zhì)激素和(或)TNF-α抑制劑的情況下,接受免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑治療的患者發(fā)生嚴(yán)重感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低。但是排除潛在的傳染病因仍然很重要。
通過腹部影像學(xué)檢查可以為中度腹瀉出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重癥狀或腹痛的患者提供臨床有用信息。腹部CT掃描結(jié)果對(duì)免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑結(jié)腸炎不具有特異性,但影像學(xué)可以排除一些并發(fā)癥如腸穿孔、膿腫和中毒性巨結(jié)腸[11]。
盡管腹瀉是與免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑治療相關(guān)的最常見的irAEs,但內(nèi)鏡手術(shù)本身也會(huì)有相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),結(jié)腸鏡檢查僅推薦用于血性腹瀉和持續(xù)2級(jí)或更嚴(yán)重腹瀉的非血性腹瀉患者[12]。內(nèi)鏡檢查可排除其他病因(如巨細(xì)胞病毒感染、脫水時(shí)的缺血性結(jié)腸炎),可以明確診斷是否為免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑結(jié)腸炎,同時(shí)為指導(dǎo)治療提供幫助[13]。伊匹單抗(Ipilimumab)引起的結(jié)腸炎一般時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),內(nèi)鏡檢查表現(xiàn)為非特異性,可有黏膜水腫、紅斑和彌漫性但較淺的潰瘍。而PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑的小腸和結(jié)腸炎癥則較輕,表現(xiàn)為小腸或結(jié)腸的孤立性炎癥,黏膜可能正常。組織病理學(xué)特征包括活動(dòng)性結(jié)腸炎伴中性粒細(xì)胞炎癥,上皮內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞增多,凋亡的隱窩上皮細(xì)胞增多,而肉芽腫較為罕見[12]。
2.治 療
輕度腹瀉可在不停止免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑的情況下給予口服補(bǔ)液鹽保守治療,同時(shí)注意避免高脂飲食。如果腹瀉持續(xù)5 ~ 7 d或惡化,應(yīng)停止使用檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑,排除可識(shí)別的感染原因后,使用口服糖皮質(zhì)激素進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)性治療[15]。如果治療有效,則不用行結(jié)腸鏡檢查。如果患者對(duì)保守治療沒有反應(yīng),或者出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重腹瀉,并伴有嚴(yán)重和持續(xù)的腹痛、發(fā)熱、直腸出血或腸梗阻,應(yīng)進(jìn)行靜脈補(bǔ)液和注射糖皮質(zhì)激素。開始應(yīng)避免使用諸如洛哌丁胺和洛莫替爾(二苯氧基酸鹽/阿托品)等抗腹瀉藥[16]。同時(shí)應(yīng)進(jìn)行腹部CT以評(píng)估結(jié)腸炎(穿孔和腹膜炎)的嚴(yán)重程度和并發(fā)癥。如果患者的腹瀉對(duì)糖皮質(zhì)激素不敏感,或結(jié)腸鏡檢查顯示有嚴(yán)重結(jié)腸炎、多發(fā)性結(jié)腸潰瘍或全腸炎,應(yīng)添加抗TNF治療或抗整合素治療[17-18]。如果合并細(xì)菌、病毒或艱難梭菌感染應(yīng)同時(shí)治療。
二、免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑的肝臟不良反應(yīng)及治療
1.肝臟不良反應(yīng)
免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑引起免疫性肝炎的發(fā)生率不到5%。盡管這種情況在患者接受免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑治療時(shí)隨時(shí)可能發(fā)生,最常發(fā)生于治療后6 ~ 7周。大多數(shù)情況下,患者僅有血清轉(zhuǎn)氨酶升高,而無任何不適癥狀。但部分患者可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱、虛弱、疲勞、肝腫大和高膽紅素血癥等肝炎癥狀,常與急性病毒性肝炎和自身免疫性肝炎混淆,需要通過血清學(xué)和肝活組織檢查(活檢)排除。在伊匹單抗單藥和抗PD-1/PD-L1抗體納武單抗(nivolumab)或派姆單抗(pembrolizumab)治療的患者中肝炎發(fā)生率約在1% ~ 7%之間,但后者3級(jí)或4級(jí)毒性的發(fā)生率較低(1% ~ 3%)。然而聯(lián)合治療的患者發(fā)生肝毒性的幾率較高(13% ~ 30%,其中6% ~ 19%為3級(jí)以上)[19-20]。因此在用免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑治療中,監(jiān)測(cè)肝功能以及肝臟超聲或者CT檢查是必要的。如果患者治療期間出現(xiàn)肝功能異常,影像學(xué)檢查一般不會(huì)有異常,但嚴(yán)重者會(huì)出現(xiàn)肝腫大、肝門周圍水腫、肝實(shí)質(zhì)變薄和肝門周圍淋巴結(jié)腫大,而病理檢查可見主要肝實(shí)質(zhì)損傷伴泛小葉肝炎或主要膽管損傷伴增殖性膽管周圍的單核細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)。有時(shí)很難同自身免疫性肝炎和藥物性肝炎相區(qū)分。在自身免疫性肝炎中,腺泡內(nèi)和門脈內(nèi)的漿細(xì)胞具有玫瑰花結(jié)形成和黃疸,而嗜中性粒細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)更常見于藥物性肝損傷。
2.治 療
免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑導(dǎo)致的肝損傷的治療包括以下幾個(gè)方面,對(duì)于無癥狀或輕度癥狀患者,但肝功能檢查AST/ALT < 2.5×正常上限(ULN),總膽紅素 < 1.5×ULN的患者,不需要停用免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑,但需檢測(cè)肝功能[21]。如果患者有癥狀(發(fā)熱、不適、疲勞),肝功能檢查顯示AST/ALT在(2.5 ~ 5.0)×ULN,總膽紅素在(1.5 ~ 3.0)×ULN,治療上仍可以繼續(xù)用免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑,但需要排除病毒性肝炎、自身免疫性肝炎和藥物性肝炎,同時(shí)口服糖皮質(zhì)激素。如果患者有上述癥狀,肝功能顯示AST/ALT > 5.0×ULN、總膽紅素> 3.0×ULN,需要永久停用免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑,同時(shí)靜脈用糖皮質(zhì)激素;如果5 ~ 7 d后癥狀沒有改善,應(yīng)增加藥物劑量。
三、免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑的胰腺不良反應(yīng)及治療
1.胰腺不良反應(yīng)
免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑引起的典型急性胰腺炎并不常見,但出現(xiàn)單純的胰酶升高的幾率卻很常見,這些病例并不具備胰腺炎的其他指標(biāo),如胰腺炎診斷所必需的腹痛和胰腺的影像學(xué)變化[22]。急性胰腺炎的診斷需要以下3項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的其中2項(xiàng):急性發(fā)作的持續(xù)性、嚴(yán)重的胃脘痛,并常放射到背部;血清脂肪酶/淀粉酶升高至ULN的3倍以上;B超、CT或者其他影像學(xué)檢查出現(xiàn)典型的急性胰腺炎的特征性表現(xiàn)。在不滿足急性胰腺炎診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的情況下,可能出現(xiàn)無癥狀的淀粉酶和脂肪酶升高。由于該實(shí)驗(yàn)室異常的臨床意義尚不清楚,因此不推薦常規(guī)測(cè)定血清淀粉酶和脂肪酶[23]。然而,免疫介導(dǎo)的胰腺炎伴胰腺功能不全的報(bào)道一般發(fā)生在免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑治療后的幾個(gè)月,如果患者有腹痛或惡心的癥狀,應(yīng)通過檢查淀粉酶和脂肪酶水平并進(jìn)行影像學(xué)研究來考慮免疫介導(dǎo)的胰腺炎[24]。
2.治 療
對(duì)于該類胰腺炎或者胰酶升高的患者,糖皮質(zhì)激素的應(yīng)用仍然存在爭(zhēng)議,靜脈輸液可預(yù)防長(zhǎng)期不良反應(yīng),但糖皮質(zhì)激素似乎不會(huì)影響免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑誘導(dǎo)的胰腺損傷的結(jié)果[23-25]。無癥狀免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑誘導(dǎo)的胰腺損傷可能低估免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑引起的胰腺損傷的程度而導(dǎo)致治療不足,因此靜脈輸液可能有助于預(yù)防無癥狀患者的遠(yuǎn)期不良結(jié)果。
四、結(jié) 論
免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑是目前惡性腫瘤的新型免疫療法。由于顯著改善了幾種不同惡性腫瘤患者的預(yù)后,適應(yīng)癥逐漸擴(kuò)大,應(yīng)用日漸廣泛。因此了解由此引起的消化系統(tǒng)不良反應(yīng)及其治療顯得非常重要。及時(shí)認(rèn)識(shí)到這些不良反應(yīng),給予全身免疫抑制治療和支持性護(hù)理,可以在不影響免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑效益的情況下改善臨床結(jié)果。與伊普利單抗相比,抗PD-1/PD-L1單克隆抗體的免疫相關(guān)胃腸、肝臟和胰腺不良反應(yīng)似乎不那么嚴(yán)重,但聯(lián)合應(yīng)用免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑的不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率高于單藥。隨著對(duì)免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑不良反應(yīng)的認(rèn)識(shí),可能會(huì)促進(jìn)新的治療策略的發(fā)展。隨著我們使用新的免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑積累更多的經(jīng)驗(yàn),其不良反應(yīng)的預(yù)防、診斷和治療將得到進(jìn)一步完善。
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(收稿日期:2019-05-18)
(本文編輯:楊江瑜)