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脊髓背角P物質(zhì)、ERK1/CREB信號通路激活在大鼠椎間盤源性內(nèi)臟痛形成機(jī)制中的作用

2019-05-28 11:30唐元章孫晨力郭玉娜
中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào) 2019年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:信號通路椎間盤

唐元章 孫晨力 郭玉娜

[摘要] 目的 探討大鼠自體退變髓核注射導(dǎo)致椎間盤源性內(nèi)臟痛的發(fā)生機(jī)制。 方法 將24只雄性SD大鼠按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為空白對照組、假手術(shù)組、髓核注射組,每組8只。髓核注射組大鼠在X線下行右側(cè)腰交感干自體退變髓核懸液注射,假手術(shù)組注射同等劑量生理鹽水,空白對照組不做任何處理。注射后14 d收集各組大鼠L1~3脊髓節(jié)段,采用免疫印跡法半定量分析P物質(zhì)(SP)和細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶1/2(ERK1/2)、p-ERK1/2和cAMP反應(yīng)元件蛋白(CREB)、p-CREB表達(dá)的變化。 結(jié)果 髓核注射組大鼠脊髓SP及p-ERK1、p-CREB表達(dá)較假手術(shù)組及空白對照組明顯增多(P < 0.05),三組p-ERK2表達(dá)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 大鼠自體退變髓核注射導(dǎo)致椎間盤源性內(nèi)臟痛的產(chǎn)生可能與相應(yīng)脊髓節(jié)段SP釋放及ERK1/CREB磷酸化信號傳導(dǎo)通路的激活有關(guān)。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 脊髓背角;內(nèi)臟痛;椎間盤;大鼠;信號通路

[中圖分類號] R338.21 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)04(a)-0007-04

Effect of substance P and ERK1/CREB signaling pathway activation in spinal dorsal horn on the mechanism of discogenic visceral pain development in rats

TANG Yuanzhang SUN Chenli GUO Yu′na YANG Liqiang WU Baishan WEI Ya NI Jiaxiang▲

Department of Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the molecular mechanisms of discogenic visceral pain resulted from autologous degenerative nucleus pulposus (NP) injection. Methods A total of 24 male SD rats were divided into na?觙ve group (n = 8), sham group (n = 8) and NP-treated group (n = 8) according to random number table method, with 8 rats in each group. Under fluoroscopic, autologous degenerative NP suspension was injected into right sympathetic trunk of rats in NP-treated group and the same dose of saline was administrated to right sympathetic trunk of animals in sham group, while the rats in the na?觙ve group did not receive any treatment. After 14 days postoperatively, the expression of substance P (SP), extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), p-ERK1/2, cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) and p-CREB in the L1-L3 spinal cord of each group was analyzed by Western blot. Results The SP, p-ERK1, p-CREB expression in NP-treated group was significantly increased compared with those in na?觙ve group and control group (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in p-ERK2 expression among the three groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion The development of discogenic visceral pain induced by autologous degenerative NP injection is concerned with SP release and p-ERK1/CREB signaling pathway activation.

[Key words] Spinal dorsal horn; Visceral pain; Intervertebral disc; Rat; Signaling pathway

椎間盤前突出導(dǎo)致的交感神經(jīng)炎癥是頑固性內(nèi)臟痛的原因,稱為“腰椎間盤源性內(nèi)臟痛”[1],采取連續(xù)腰交感神經(jīng)抗炎治療消除神經(jīng)炎癥,取得了確定的治療效果。為了更好地揭示該疾病的機(jī)制,有研究采用大鼠自體退變髓核懸液交感神經(jīng)干注射,證實(shí)了退變髓核可導(dǎo)致腰交感神經(jīng)干炎癥的形成[2]。脊髓P物質(zhì)(substance P,SP)的釋放和細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK)、cAMP反應(yīng)元件蛋白(cyclic AMP response element binding protein,CREB)磷酸化傳導(dǎo)通路的激活會導(dǎo)致疼痛的形成,因此可以作為標(biāo)志性物質(zhì)來反映疼痛的形成[3-5]。因此,本研究擬采用大鼠椎間盤源性內(nèi)臟痛模型,探討腰交感神經(jīng)干炎癥對脊髓SP釋放及ERK/CREB疼痛信號傳導(dǎo)途徑的影響,揭示椎間盤源性內(nèi)臟痛的產(chǎn)生機(jī)制。

1 材料與方法

1.1 主要試劑

抗ERK1/2(ab17942)、p-ERK1/2(ab76165)、CREB(ab32515)、p-CREB(ab32096)抗體購于美國Abcam公司;抗SP抗體購于美國Santa Cruz(sc-9758)公司;造影劑(omnipaque-180 dye)購于通用電氣藥業(yè)(上海)有限公司。

1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)動物及分組

實(shí)驗(yàn)動物為8~10周的雄性SD大鼠,體重250~300 g,由北京維通利華實(shí)驗(yàn)動物中心提供,動物質(zhì)量合格證號:SCXK(京)2016-0006。所有實(shí)驗(yàn)動物適應(yīng)環(huán)境3 d后進(jìn)入實(shí)驗(yàn)。將24只大鼠按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為空白對照組(na?觙ve組)、假手術(shù)組(sham組)和髓核注射組(NP-treated組),每組8只。

1.3 動物模型制作

本研究設(shè)計(jì)及流程經(jīng)首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院倫理委員會審議通過。按照之前本課題組報(bào)道進(jìn)行自體退變髓核腰交感干注射建立椎間盤源性內(nèi)臟痛模型[2],穿刺位置確定后,緩慢注射預(yù)先準(zhǔn)備的Co4/5到Co8/9椎間盤髓核的0.5 mL髓核混懸液于腰交感干周圍。注射完畢后,緩慢退針,穿刺點(diǎn)局部壓迫止血。sham組腰交感干周圍同樣方法注射0.5 mL生理鹽水。na?觙ve組不行任何處理。

1.4 免疫印跡

各組大鼠在腰交感干注射后14 d采用Western blot法檢測脊髓L1~3節(jié)段SP、ERK1/2、p-ERK1/2、CREB和p-CREB的含量。各樣本于液氮中取出,先放入勻漿液中低溫勻漿,4℃靜置10 min,加入90 μL NP-40(10%)后劇烈振蕩30 s,4℃ 800 g離心15 min,取上清,即為胞漿蛋白。按lowry法測定樣本蛋白濃度后加入4倍樣本緩沖液,95℃ 5 min變性,等量的樣本加在10%硝酸纖維素膜上,3%牛血清封閉3 h后分別給予多克隆兔抗p-ERK1/2、ERK1/2抗體(1∶1000),多克隆兔抗CREB、p-CREB(1∶1000),多克隆羊抗SP(1∶200),4℃孵育過夜,TBST沖洗,3×15 min,加入堿性磷酸酶標(biāo)記二抗(1∶1000),室溫振蕩孵育2 h,TBST沖洗,3×15 min,用NBT/BCIP顯色反應(yīng)條帶,圖像分析軟件(Labworks software,Uvp Upland,CA,美國)分析條帶灰度值,光密度法半定量分析數(shù)據(jù)。

1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,單因素方差分析用于三組間比較,組間兩兩比較采用Dunnett-t法。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

大鼠自體退變髓核腰交感干注射后14 d,NP-treated組大鼠脊髓SP含量(圖1A)、p-ERK1含量(圖1B)及p-CREB含量(圖1C)較na?觙ve組和sham組升高(P < 0.05)。但是三組p-ERK2含量比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。

3 討論

椎間盤突出癥是臨床上較為常見的脊柱疾病之一,髓核漏出引起的脊神經(jīng)炎癥椎間盤后突出導(dǎo)致的脊神經(jīng)根痛性癥狀的主要原因[6];而部分頑固型內(nèi)臟痛患者可在腰椎核磁影像上發(fā)現(xiàn)椎間盤前突出及腰交感神經(jīng)干炎癥影像,稱之為“椎間盤源性內(nèi)臟痛”。我們在前期研究中應(yīng)用CT引導(dǎo)下腰交感干置管,連續(xù)抗炎治療椎間盤源性內(nèi)臟痛患者,取得了明顯效果[1],并在大鼠盤源性內(nèi)臟痛模型中,證實(shí)了椎間盤源性內(nèi)臟痛的交感神經(jīng)炎癥機(jī)制[2]。

本研究進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證了椎間盤源性內(nèi)臟痛的脊髓痛覺信號傳導(dǎo)通路。結(jié)果顯示,腰交感干注射后14 d,NP-treated組大鼠脊髓SP、p-ERK1、p-CREB含量較na?觙ve組及sham組升高,但是三組p-ERK2含量比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

SP是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)疼痛的重要調(diào)質(zhì)和遞質(zhì),它被認(rèn)為是脊髓傷害性信息的傳遞物質(zhì)[7-8],可以用SP作為疼痛發(fā)生的標(biāo)志物來推測疼痛的發(fā)生。ERK分為ERK1和ERK2,統(tǒng)稱為ERK1/2,是絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信號通路成員之一。ERK主要分布于胞漿,磷酸化后的ERK起到將胞外信號傳到核內(nèi)的介導(dǎo)作用。近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)磷酸化ERK引起CREB的磷酸化激活(p-CREB),在炎性痛敏的產(chǎn)生和維持中發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用[9-10]。在多種疼痛模型(辣椒素或完全弗氏佐劑致炎、內(nèi)臟痛、電刺激等)中發(fā)現(xiàn)ERK信號通路參與脊髓水平傷害性信號調(diào)制和中樞敏感化的形成[11-15],而ERK激活引起CREB磷酸化核內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)位誘導(dǎo)新的突觸形成及多種因子、受體表達(dá)是主要途徑之一[16-18]。因此,ERK1/2-CREB的磷酸化激活(p-ERK1/2)已經(jīng)作為疼痛標(biāo)志物來反映疼痛的形成[13]。

既往對于疼痛刺激的研究顯示,ERK1/2磷酸化信號傳導(dǎo)途徑多呈同向變化,但是,近年來發(fā)現(xiàn),ERK1和ERK2兩種信號途徑可能有不同的功能,ERK1和ERK2細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號傳導(dǎo)途徑對于Ras依賴性細(xì)胞的信號傳導(dǎo)和增殖有不同的作用,ERK2對于促進(jìn)Ras依賴性細(xì)胞的增殖有促進(jìn)作用,但是ERK1可以影響整個信號傳導(dǎo)途徑抑制ERK2的激活,影響細(xì)胞增殖[19]。后來又有研究者證實(shí)ERK1和ERK2分子結(jié)構(gòu)N端的不同造成了信號傳導(dǎo)途徑的差異,進(jìn)而影響細(xì)胞增殖及突觸可塑性變化等[20]。在關(guān)于疼痛方面的研究中,Cheng等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)在雌激素缺乏的大鼠中,間質(zhì)性膀胱炎(內(nèi)臟痛)可使ERK1磷酸化增多,但是對于ERK2磷酸化沒有影響。本研究結(jié)果和他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)類似,髓核懸液交感干注射引起的交感神經(jīng)炎性內(nèi)臟痛使ERK1磷酸化明顯增多,對ERK2磷酸化無影響,而且ERK1和ERK2的總量表達(dá)沒有增多。雖然機(jī)制不清,但是或許提示ERK1/2信號通路的激活在內(nèi)臟痛產(chǎn)生過程中有不同的作用。

腰交感干注射后14 d,脊髓SP和p-ERK1、p-CREB表達(dá)明顯增多,我們推測:通過髓核注射使腰交感干產(chǎn)生炎癥后,長時間重復(fù)的炎癥刺激及異位電活動可導(dǎo)致脊髓釋放大量的傷害性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)或調(diào)質(zhì)如SP等,從而觸發(fā)一系列胞內(nèi)信號通路的級聯(lián)反應(yīng),例如ERK1的磷酸化,使疼痛信號傳至細(xì)胞內(nèi),轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(CREB)磷酸化而調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)錄活性并影響蛋白質(zhì)的合成最終在細(xì)胞水平表現(xiàn)為脊髓神經(jīng)元的敏感化,導(dǎo)致痛覺傳導(dǎo)通路及激活。

本研究結(jié)果提示:大鼠自體退變髓核腰交感注射導(dǎo)致交感神經(jīng)炎癥,可誘導(dǎo)脊髓SP釋放及ERK1/CREB磷酸化信號傳導(dǎo)通路的激活。提示SP釋放及ERK1/CREB磷酸化信號傳導(dǎo)通路參與了椎間盤源性內(nèi)臟痛的形成,為椎間盤源性內(nèi)臟痛的治療選擇新靶點(diǎn)提供了理論依據(jù)。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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[12] Aley KO,Martin A,McMahon T,et al. Nociceptor sensitization by extracellular signal-regulated kinases [J]. J Neurosci,2001,21(17):6933-6999.

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[14] Luo X,F(xiàn)itzsimmons B,Mohan A,et al. Intrathecal administration of antisense oligonucleotide against p38alpha but not p38beta MAP kinase isoform reduces neuropathic and postoperative pain and TLR4-induced pain in male mice [J]. Brain Behav Immun,2017. [Epub ahead of print]

[15] Wu XB,Cao DL,Zhang X,et al. CXCL13/CXCR5 enhances sodium channel Nav1.8 current density via p38 MAP kinase in primary sensory neurons following inflammatory pain [J]. Sci Rep,2016,6:34-36.

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(收稿日期:2018-06-19 本文編輯:張瑜杰)

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