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hnRNPA2/B1在惡性腫瘤中的研究進(jìn)展

2019-05-28 11:31劉雅雯張尤歷徐岷
關(guān)鍵詞:惡性腫瘤

劉雅雯 張尤歷 徐岷

[摘要] 核內(nèi)不均一核糖核蛋白(hnRNPs)是一類RNA結(jié)合蛋白,主要參與RNA剪切、mRNA的加工、端粒合成、DNA修復(fù)、基因表達(dá)調(diào)控及蛋白質(zhì)翻譯等復(fù)雜多樣的生物進(jìn)程。hnRNPA2/B1屬于該蛋白家族中的成員之一,其在人體大多數(shù)組織中表達(dá)且具有多種功能。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)hnRNPA2/B1在多種惡性腫瘤中均存在差異性表達(dá),并且可參與調(diào)控基因的表達(dá)、促進(jìn)增殖與遷移能力、抑制凋亡及調(diào)控腫瘤耐藥,在惡性腫瘤的診斷、治療以及預(yù)后判斷等方面都具有重要的臨床價(jià)值。本文就hnRNPA2/B1在肺癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌及肝癌等多種惡性腫瘤中的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 核內(nèi)不均一核糖核蛋白;hnRNPA2/B1;惡性腫瘤

[中圖分類號(hào)] R730 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)04(c)-0023-04

[Abstract] Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are a group of RNA-binding proteins that play a key role in complex and various biological processes such as RNA splicing, mRNA processing, telomere synthesis, modulation of gene expression, translation of mRNAs. Heteregeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (hnRNPA2/B1) is a member of this proteins family. hnRNPA2/B1 abundantly and ubiquitously expresses in most human tissues and has various functions. Researches indicate that hnRNPA2/B1 is abnormally expressed in diverse malignant tumors, and it can modulate the expression of genes, promote the abilities of proliferation and migration, inhibit apoptosis and regulate tumor resistance in tumors. It also shows that hnRNPA2/B1 has important clinical value in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of malignant tumors. Therefore, this paper reviews the development of hnRNPA2/B1 in diverse cancers, such as lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer and so on.

[Key words] Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins; hnRNPA2/B1; Malignant tumor

核內(nèi)不均一核糖核蛋白(heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins,hnRNPs)屬于RNA結(jié)合蛋白,其分子結(jié)構(gòu)高度保守,該蛋白家族中至少含有20種蛋白,按照其分子量大小依次從A1至U進(jìn)行命名[1]。每種hnRNP蛋白都至少包含一個(gè)RNA結(jié)合區(qū)域,如RNA識(shí)別元件(RNA recognition motif,RRM)、KH區(qū)(K-Homology domain,KH domain)及富含精氨酸/甘氨酸區(qū)等均為較常見的RNA結(jié)合區(qū)域[2]。研究表明hnRNPs在mRNA的加工[3]、可變剪切[4]、轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控[5]、端粒合成[6]、細(xì)胞的增殖和凋亡[7-8]等過(guò)程中均發(fā)揮著重要的生物學(xué)功能。hnRNPA2和B1是兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)同源蛋白,都屬于hnRNPs蛋白家族,在大多數(shù)人類組織中廣泛表達(dá)并具有重要的功能[2]。近年來(lái)研究表明hnRNPA2/B1在肺癌[15]、乳腺癌[16]、胰腺癌[19]和肝癌[23]等多種腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展中均發(fā)揮了至關(guān)重要的作用。

1 hnRNPA2/B1與肺癌

在針對(duì)hnRNPA2/B1與肺癌的多項(xiàng)研究中表明,hnRNPA2/B1可作為檢測(cè)早期肺癌潛在的生物標(biāo)志物[2]。早期有研究[9-10]在患者痰液及支氣管灌洗液標(biāo)本中針對(duì)性地檢測(cè)hnRNPA2/B1表達(dá)水平,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高表達(dá)的hnRNPA2/B1可用于檢測(cè)肺癌,并且其敏感度和特異性均高于痰液和支氣管灌洗液中細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查及影像學(xué)檢查。此外,免疫組化檢測(cè)的結(jié)果表明,hnRNPA2/B1在肺癌患者的血清及組織中明顯高表達(dá),尤其在鱗癌中更為顯著[11]。通過(guò)血清蛋白組學(xué)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)hnRNPA2/B1肺癌中可以引發(fā)自身免疫應(yīng)答,其自身抗體不僅能夠診斷沒(méi)有臨床癥狀的早期肺癌患者,還可用于識(shí)別肺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的高危人群[12]。這為早期肺癌的診斷提供了新的途徑。

進(jìn)一步探究hnRNPA2/B1作用的具體分子機(jī)制發(fā)現(xiàn),hnRNPA2/B1可直接與轉(zhuǎn)錄輔激活因子p300相互作用,被p300乙?;蟮膆nRNPA2/B1能夠促進(jìn)與環(huán)氧合酶-2(COX-2)啟動(dòng)子的結(jié)合,從而能夠提高COX-2的表達(dá),并可促進(jìn)非小細(xì)胞肺癌細(xì)胞的增殖能力[13]。在非小細(xì)胞肺癌中,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA CACNA1G-AS1作為hnRNPA2/B1的上游分子,可通過(guò)促進(jìn)hnRNPA2/B1的表達(dá)來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化的過(guò)程,參與調(diào)控非小細(xì)胞肺癌的侵襲與遷移能力[14]。另有報(bào)道[15]指出轉(zhuǎn)移抑制基因Nm23-H1能夠增加hnRNPA2/B1蛋白質(zhì)的穩(wěn)定性,可共同募集到特異性蛋白-1(Sp1)mRNA的5′UTR,增強(qiáng)Sp1的翻譯活性。由于Sp1在早期肺癌被誘導(dǎo)表達(dá)上調(diào),晚期階段表達(dá)下調(diào)。因此,Nm23-H1、hnRNPA2/B1和Sp1都可以被認(rèn)為是肺癌的早期生物標(biāo)志物,并且可用于評(píng)估肺癌的預(yù)后情況。以上研究結(jié)果表明,hnRNPA2/B1不僅可能成為診斷早期肺癌的生物標(biāo)志物,可作為判斷肺癌患者預(yù)后的指標(biāo),而且有望成為治療肺癌的新靶點(diǎn)。

2 hnRNPA2/B1與乳腺癌

Hu等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在乳腺癌組織樣本中,hnRNPA2/B1顯著高表達(dá),此外,還發(fā)現(xiàn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞中hnRNPA2/B1的表達(dá)較正常乳腺上皮細(xì)胞明顯上調(diào),這表明hnRNPA2/B1能夠作為臨床生物標(biāo)志物來(lái)診斷乳腺癌。在體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中,下調(diào)hnRNPA2/B1能夠抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖能力,并且使細(xì)胞S期延長(zhǎng),從而誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。進(jìn)一步探究其機(jī)制發(fā)現(xiàn)下調(diào)hnRNPA2/B1可降低細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)及磷酸化轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)與磷酸化的細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶(extra-cellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2,ERK1/2)的表達(dá)。這表明,hnRNPA2/B1可通過(guò)激活STAT3和ERK1/2所介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞信號(hào)通路來(lái)促進(jìn)乳腺癌的發(fā)生。另外,hnRNPA2/B1作為剪切子能夠與凋亡蛋白Bcl-x前mRNA相互作用并調(diào)節(jié)其選擇性剪接,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNABC200不僅可以促進(jìn)兩者的結(jié)合作用,而且能夠通過(guò)結(jié)合位點(diǎn)形成BC200-Bcl-x-hnRNPA2/B1復(fù)合物抑制Bcl-xS的表達(dá),與此同時(shí),促進(jìn)Bcl-xL的表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖能力并且能夠降低癌細(xì)胞對(duì)化療藥物的敏感性[17]。這為闡明乳腺癌的發(fā)生機(jī)制以及解決乳腺癌化療耐藥問(wèn)題提供了一定的幫助。

3 hnRNPA2/B1與胰腺癌

研究[18]表明,hnRNPA2/B1能夠通過(guò)參與胰腺癌的增殖、遷移、侵襲、凋亡以及耐藥等多種生物學(xué)進(jìn)程,在胰腺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中發(fā)揮了至關(guān)重要的作用。通過(guò)雙向差異凝膠電泳技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn),胰腺上皮內(nèi)瘤變組和胰腺癌組大鼠模型中hnRNPA2/B1的表達(dá)較正常胰腺組相比均顯著上調(diào)[18]。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,上調(diào)hnRNPA2/B1的表達(dá)可以促進(jìn)胰腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖能力,進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)hnRNPA2/B1可通過(guò)激活ERK/snail細(xì)胞信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路下調(diào)上皮細(xì)胞的標(biāo)志分子鈣黏蛋白E(E-cadherin)、上調(diào)神經(jīng)型鈣黏蛋白N(N-cadherin)及波形蛋白(vimentin)的表達(dá)來(lái)促進(jìn)胰腺癌細(xì)胞發(fā)生上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,從而促進(jìn)胰腺癌的侵襲能力[19]。hnRNPA2/B1在KRAS依賴性的胰腺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展中也扮演了重要的角色,hnRNPA2/B1可通過(guò)抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR信號(hào)通路誘導(dǎo)KRAS依賴性的胰腺癌細(xì)胞系凋亡[20]。在胰腺癌耐藥性研究[21]中發(fā)現(xiàn),抑制hnRNPA2/B1表達(dá)可以誘導(dǎo)胰腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡,并能夠提高胰腺癌細(xì)胞對(duì)吉西他濱、氟脲嘧啶和奧沙利鉑的化療藥物的敏感性[21]。這不僅為hnRNPA2/B1作為胰腺癌治療的潛在分子靶點(diǎn)奠定了基礎(chǔ),而且為hnRNPA2/B1用于預(yù)測(cè)胰腺癌患者化療的敏感性提供了理論依據(jù),但這仍需進(jìn)一步的臨床研究來(lái)證明。

4 hnRNPA2/B1與肝癌

與正常肝臟細(xì)胞相比,hnRNPA2/B1的mRNA及蛋白水平在肝癌細(xì)胞中高度表達(dá),此外,相比于正常肝組織,hnRNPA2/B1在肝炎病毒陽(yáng)性的肝組織和肝癌組織中過(guò)表達(dá)也十分顯著[22]。此外,在肝炎病毒感染的肝組織中,hnRNPA2/B1僅存在于細(xì)胞核,而當(dāng)肝癌從高分化階段進(jìn)展到低分化階段時(shí),hnRNPA2/B1在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中表達(dá)增加,而細(xì)胞核內(nèi)的表達(dá)明顯降低[22]。另一報(bào)道通過(guò)臨床病理分析,結(jié)果顯示hnRNPA2/B1在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的表達(dá)量與腫瘤分化程度、微血管浸潤(rùn)程度以及肝癌患者的總體生存率顯著相關(guān),與僅在細(xì)胞核中表達(dá)hnRNPA2/B1的肝癌患者相比較,在細(xì)胞核與細(xì)胞質(zhì)中均表達(dá)hnRNPA2/B1的患者的生存率明顯降低[23]。這些研究結(jié)果提示檢測(cè)hnRNPA2/B1的表達(dá)及其在胞質(zhì)內(nèi)定位情況不僅可用于肝癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分層和治療監(jiān)測(cè),而且可以作為肝癌患者總體生存率的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因子,是非常有前景的診斷性生物標(biāo)志物。

端粒位于真核生物染色體末端,保持染色體的完整性和控制細(xì)胞分裂周期,是控制細(xì)胞凋亡的重要因素。端粒酶可對(duì)端粒起修復(fù)作用,在正常情況下端粒酶的活性被抑制,但在腫瘤中可被重新激活參與惡性轉(zhuǎn)化。通過(guò)免疫共沉淀實(shí)驗(yàn)分析肝癌細(xì)胞系樣本時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),hnRNPA2/B1可與端粒酶逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶相互作用,在肝癌細(xì)胞中下調(diào)hnRNPA2/B1的表達(dá)可抑制端粒酶的活性,縮短端粒的長(zhǎng)度,從而進(jìn)一步影響肝癌細(xì)胞的增殖[23]。hnRNPA2/B1不僅可以影響端粒的合成,還可以作為RNA結(jié)合蛋白在肝癌的進(jìn)展過(guò)程中起重要作用。通過(guò)RNA結(jié)合蛋白免疫沉淀實(shí)驗(yàn)(RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation,RIP)發(fā)現(xiàn),長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA uc002mbe.2在曲古霉素A的誘導(dǎo)下可直接與hnRNPA2/B1結(jié)合并促進(jìn)其降解,下調(diào)hnRNPA2/B1通過(guò)介導(dǎo)抑癌基因p21表達(dá)以及AKT失活,可使G2/M期的肝癌細(xì)胞增多,進(jìn)而抑制肝癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)增殖作用,并且能夠誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡過(guò)程[24]。另有研究[25]表明hnRNPA2/B1可以與長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA miR503HG相結(jié)合,miR503HG可通過(guò)泛素蛋白酶體途徑使hnRNPA2/B1降解,抑制肝細(xì)胞癌的轉(zhuǎn)移能力。這些研究更加深入地闡明了肝癌的發(fā)病機(jī)制,同時(shí)也為肝癌的治療提供了新的思路。

5 hnRNPA2/B1與其他腫瘤

Deng等[26]用免疫組化技術(shù)檢測(cè)40例人腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織及正常腦組織中hnRNPA2/B1的表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織中hnRNPA2/B1的表達(dá)明顯高于正常腦組織,且hnRNPA2/B1的表達(dá)程度與腦膠質(zhì)瘤的不良預(yù)后有關(guān),這意味著hnRNPA2/B1可以作為判斷腦膠質(zhì)瘤預(yù)后的指標(biāo)。干擾hnRNPA2/B1的表達(dá)可抑制體外膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、減弱其遷移及侵襲能力并且能夠誘導(dǎo)腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞凋亡。在hnRNPA2/B1與胃癌的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),hnRNPA2/B1在胃癌組織中異常高表達(dá),并且可通過(guò)與癌基因和腫瘤抑制基因的相互作用影響腫瘤細(xì)胞分化[27]。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著胃癌不斷地分化,hnRNPA2/B1可以從細(xì)胞核轉(zhuǎn)移至細(xì)胞質(zhì)中[28]。體內(nèi)外實(shí)驗(yàn)均證明降低宮頸癌細(xì)胞中hnRNPA2/B1的表達(dá),可以抑制癌細(xì)胞的增殖能力,還能夠增加宮頸癌細(xì)胞對(duì)伊立替康聯(lián)合洛鉑化療的敏感性,這些作用主要與PI3K/AKT信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路有關(guān)[29]。

6 小結(jié)與展望

綜上所述,hnRNPA2/B1在多種惡性腫瘤組織與細(xì)胞系中均存在差異性表達(dá),并且與腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)、轉(zhuǎn)移及化療耐藥有關(guān)。此外,hnRNPA2/B1還可通過(guò)參與腫瘤相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)調(diào)控、mRNA的選擇性剪切、端粒合成及調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞周期等多種方式影響腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展。這些研究結(jié)果對(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)新的腫瘤生物標(biāo)志物及詮釋腫瘤的發(fā)生機(jī)制有重要意義,但其作用機(jī)制存在復(fù)雜性,有待進(jìn)一步深入研究闡明。相信隨著對(duì)hnRNPA2/B1研究日益展開,hnRNPA2/B1有望成為惡性腫瘤中新型生物標(biāo)志物、基因治療靶點(diǎn)及預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè)因子,在診斷、預(yù)后判斷及治療上均具有重要價(jià)值。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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(收稿日期:2018-10-25 本文編輯:金 虹)

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