劉坤 徐貴成 尹倚艱
[摘要] 目的 觀察天麻舒心方對(duì)自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠(SHR)血壓及腸系膜三級(jí)動(dòng)脈組織血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶(ACE)、ACE2及Mas的mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)的影響,探討SHR阻力血管富營養(yǎng)重塑及天麻舒心方的干預(yù)機(jī)制。 方法 80只SHR按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為中藥高、中、低劑量組,西藥對(duì)照組,模型對(duì)照組,每組各16只,分別予天麻舒心浸膏液高劑量[11.592 g/(kg·d)]、中劑量[5.796 g/(kg·d)]、低劑量[2.898 g/(kg·d)]、氯沙坦鉀混懸液、蒸餾水,15只Wistar大鼠作為正常對(duì)照。每2周測(cè)量1次鼠尾動(dòng)脈血壓。18周后處死動(dòng)物,分離腸系膜三級(jí)動(dòng)脈,采用Western blot和RT-PCR檢測(cè)各組ACE、ACE2及Mas的蛋白和mRNA表達(dá)。 結(jié)果 給藥2周后,各給藥組血壓均顯著低于模型對(duì)照組(P < 0.01)。相對(duì)于正常對(duì)照組,模型對(duì)照組ACE mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)顯著增加(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),ACE2 mRNA及Mas mRNA含量及蛋白表達(dá)顯著減少(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。與模型對(duì)照組比較,中藥高劑量組ACE mRNA表達(dá)降低(P < 0.05),Mas mRNA表達(dá)增加(P < 0.05),ACE2、Mas蛋白表達(dá)增加(P < 0.01);中藥中劑量組ACE mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)均降低(P < 0.05),ACE2 mRNA表達(dá)增加(P < 0.05),Mas蛋白表達(dá)增加(P < 0.01);中藥低劑量組ACE mRNA表達(dá)降低(P < 0.05),Mas mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)增加(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。 結(jié)論 天麻舒心方對(duì)SHR血壓具有較好控制作用。ACE合成增多,ACE2及Mas合成減少可能是高血壓阻力血管富營養(yǎng)重塑病理機(jī)制之一。平肝活血中藥可逆轉(zhuǎn)ACE、ACE2比例失衡,增加Mas表達(dá),通過ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas通路的干預(yù),逆轉(zhuǎn)RAS失衡,改善高血壓阻力血管富營養(yǎng)重塑,減輕靶器官損害。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 天麻舒心方;高血壓;血管緊張素;阻力血管
[中圖分類號(hào)] R544.1 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)04(c)-0004-05
Effect of Tianma Shuxin Granules on the blood pressure and the mRNA and protein expression of ACE, ACE2 and Mas in the spontaneous hypertensive rats′ third-order branches of mesenteric arteries
LIU Kun XU Guicheng YIN Yijian PAN Limin WANG Yang
Department of General Internal, Guang′anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the effect of Tianma Shuxin Granules (TSG) to spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs) on the blood pressure (BP), as well as the mRNA and protein expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2 and Mas in the third-order branches of mesenteric arteries, and investigate the possible mechanisms of SHRs′ resistance vascular eutrophic remodeling and the intervention of TSG. Methods Eighty male SPF SHRs were divided into five groups with 16 rats in each group according to the random number table method: high dosage traditional Chinese medicine group [11.592 g/(kg·d) TSG], medium dosage traditional Chinese medicine group [5.796 g/(kg·d) TSG] and low dosage traditional Chinese medicine group [2.898 g/(kg·d) TSG], Western medicine control group and model control group were treated with TSG, Losartan Potassium Suspension and distilled water respectively. Fifteen Wistar rats were taken as normal control group. The BP of rat tail artery was measured fortnightly. After 18 weeks, rats in each group were killed and the mesenteric arteries were separated. The protein and mRNA expression of ACE, ACE2 and Mas were measured by Western blot and RT-PCR respectively. Results After 2 weeks of administration, the BP of the Western medicine control group, the high dosage traditional Chinese medicine group and the middle dosage traditional Chinese medicine group were significantly lower than that of the model control group (P < 0.01). Compared with the normal control group, the mRNA and protein expression of ACE in the model control group were increased significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and the content and the protein expression of mRNA of ACE2 and Mas were decreased significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Compared with the model control group, the mRNA expression of ACE in the high dosage traditional Chinese medicine group was decreased (P < 0.05), the mRNA expression of Mas was increased (P < 0.05), the protein expression of ACE2 and Mas were increased (P < 0.01). The mRNA and protein expression of ACE were decreased (P < 0.05), the mRNA expression of ACE2 and the protein expression of Mas were increased in the medium dosage traditional Chinese medicine group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The mRNA expression of ACE was decreased (P < 0.05), the mRNA and protein expression of Mas were increased in the low dosage traditional Chinese medicine group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Conclusion TSG has markedly effect in lowering SHRs′ BP. Increased synthesis of ACE, and decreased synthesis of ACE2 and Mas may be one of the pathological mechanisms of vascular nutrition-rich remodeling in hypertension resistance. TSG can reverse the imbalance of ACE and ACE2, increase the expression of Mas, it can reverse the imbalance of RAS by means of interfering the ACE2 - Ang (1-7) - Mas pathways, it is beneficial to improve the vascular hypertension resistance eutrophic remodeling and reduce the target-organ damage.
[Key words] Tianma Shuxin Granules; Hypertension; Angiotensin; Resistance vessel
高血壓是危害人類健康的重要疾病,早期累及小動(dòng)脈,隨病情進(jìn)展可遷延至大動(dòng)脈。其發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)(renin-angiotensin system,RAS)是關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)[1-2],在維持血壓及心血管微環(huán)境穩(wěn)定中占據(jù)重要地位[3]。血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)增加,血管緊張素(angiotensinⅡ,AngⅡ)升高并與血管緊張素Ⅱ1型受體(angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor,AT1R)相結(jié)合,RAS激活,導(dǎo)致血壓升高、心血管重塑和靶器官損傷[4]。ACE2可剪切AngⅠ轉(zhuǎn)化為Ang-(1-9),進(jìn)一步在ACE的作用下轉(zhuǎn)化為Ang-(1-7)[5],另可高效水解AngⅡ直接轉(zhuǎn)化為Ang-(1-7),Ang-(1-7)通過激活其受體Mas,發(fā)揮舒張血管作用,由此推斷,ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas可能在平衡ACE/AngⅡ/AT1R的縮血管作用方面發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用[6]。前期研究顯示天麻舒心方在降壓同時(shí)具有改善阻力血管富營養(yǎng)重塑作用[7-8]。本研究以阻力血管腸系膜三級(jí)動(dòng)脈為切入點(diǎn),采用自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠(spontaneously hypertensive rat,SHR)模型,觀察天麻舒心方降壓作用并探討其可能機(jī)制,為天麻舒心方臨床應(yīng)用提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 主要材料與試劑
1.1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物 SHR 80只,Wistar大鼠15只,雄性,鼠齡14周,動(dòng)物級(jí)別:SPF級(jí),許可證號(hào):SCXK(京)2012-0001。均購自北京維通利華實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物技術(shù)有限公司,購置后于中國中醫(yī)科學(xué)院廣安門醫(yī)院動(dòng)物中心飼養(yǎng),該中心環(huán)境設(shè)施符合二級(jí)動(dòng)物(清潔動(dòng)物CL)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
1.1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)藥物 天麻舒心浸膏液(方由天麻、牛膝、牡蠣、赤芍、防己、玄參、水蛭、澤瀉組成),中國中醫(yī)科學(xué)院廣安門醫(yī)院制劑室生產(chǎn)。氯沙坦鉀(科素亞),杭州默沙東制藥有限公司生產(chǎn)(生產(chǎn)批號(hào):H20030654),研碎,無菌蒸餾水溶解,制成2 mg/mL溶液。
1.1.3 主要試劑 單克隆小鼠抗大鼠ACE抗體(Millipore,Cat No:MAB3502-1),單克隆兔抗大鼠ACE2抗體(Abcam,Cat No:ab108252),單克隆兔抗大鼠MAS1抗體(Santa Cruz,Cat No:sc-135063)
1.1.4 主要儀器 動(dòng)物無創(chuàng)血壓測(cè)量系統(tǒng)(成都泰盟科技有限公司BP-6),PCR儀(Long Gene MyGene MG96+),熒光定量PCR儀(Line-Gene K),凝膠成像系統(tǒng)(Gel Ocumentuteon Systern Beosens SC 805),低溫冷凍離心機(jī)(Thermo Fresco21),酶標(biāo)儀(Thermo Multiskan MK3),電泳槽(Cavoy Mini P-4),濕轉(zhuǎn)電泳槽(Tanon VE186),電泳儀(北京六一 DYY-7C)。
1.2 給藥方法
80只SHR依據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為中藥高、中、低劑量組,西藥對(duì)照組,模型對(duì)照組,每組各16只。中藥高、中、低劑量組分別予天麻舒心浸膏液11.592、5.796、2.898 g/(kg·d),相當(dāng)于成人用生藥量[0.414 g/(kg·d)]的28、14、7倍;西藥對(duì)照組給予氯沙坦鉀混懸液17.5 mg/(kg·d);模型對(duì)照組給予同體積蒸餾水。15只Wistar大鼠作為正常對(duì)照組給予同體積蒸餾水。灌胃給藥,每日1次。共18周。
1.3 鼠尾動(dòng)脈壓測(cè)量
采用動(dòng)物無創(chuàng)血壓測(cè)量箱。大鼠于箱內(nèi)預(yù)熱15 min,待尾動(dòng)脈充分?jǐn)U張后將鼠尾套入尾袖中,動(dòng)物安靜后充氣,待圖像平穩(wěn)后勻速放氣,重復(fù)3次,取平均值,測(cè)定大鼠清醒安靜狀態(tài)下尾動(dòng)脈的收縮壓。實(shí)驗(yàn)開始及之后每2周測(cè)量1次。
1.4 RT-PCR法檢測(cè)腸系膜三級(jí)動(dòng)脈組織ACE、ACE2及Mas的mRNA水平
給藥18周后,處死動(dòng)物并留取腸系膜三級(jí)動(dòng)脈標(biāo)本并保存于-80℃冰箱。取-80℃冰箱保存的大鼠腸系膜三級(jí)動(dòng)脈組織100 mg,Trizol一步法提取總RNA,比色法測(cè)定總RNA濃度和純度,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄反應(yīng)后進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增各基因PCR,擴(kuò)增引物序列見表1。凝膠成像系統(tǒng)檢測(cè)各組mRNA表達(dá)強(qiáng)度。
1.5 Western blot法檢測(cè)腸系膜三級(jí)動(dòng)脈組織ACE、ACE2和Mas蛋白表達(dá)水平
取材方法同前。取-80℃冰箱保存的腸系膜三級(jí)動(dòng)脈組織提取蛋白,以BCA法測(cè)蛋白濃度,經(jīng)聚丙烯酰胺瓊脂糖凝膠電泳后,轉(zhuǎn)移到PVDF膜上,封閉液封閉。用5% BSA-TBST稀釋一抗,室溫孵育1 h,放4℃過夜。洗膜。二抗孵育。ECL加到膜上后反應(yīng)3~5 min,膠片曝光:10 s~5 min(曝光時(shí)間隨不同光強(qiáng)度而調(diào)整),顯影2 min,定影。凝膠圖像分析系統(tǒng)照相和條帶密度掃描,按相對(duì)系數(shù)=目的帶表達(dá)強(qiáng)度/β-actin表達(dá)強(qiáng)度,計(jì)算目的蛋白表達(dá)相對(duì)水平。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,兩組間比較采用LSD檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 天麻舒心方對(duì)SHR血壓動(dòng)態(tài)變化的影響
實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中,中藥高、中、低劑量組,西藥對(duì)照組,模型對(duì)照組,正常對(duì)照組分別死亡4、1、2、3、1、1只大鼠,死亡原因?yàn)檠獕簻y(cè)量時(shí)掙扎脫水、灌胃不慎藥物進(jìn)入氣管窒息、同籠動(dòng)物打斗致死等。
給藥前,模型對(duì)照組血壓水平高于正常對(duì)照組(P < 0.01),說明高血壓模型確立。無藥物干預(yù)下,SHR血壓水平隨鼠齡增加呈上升趨勢(shì)。給藥2周后,西藥對(duì)照組、中藥高劑量組、中藥中劑量組血壓均顯著低于模型對(duì)照組(P < 0.01),給藥14周后,各中藥組及西藥對(duì)照組血壓均顯著低于模型對(duì)照組(P < 0.01),見表2。
2.2 天麻舒心方對(duì)自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠腸系膜三級(jí)動(dòng)脈組織中ACE、ACE2及Mas的蛋白表達(dá)及mRNA水平的影響
與正常對(duì)照組比較,模型對(duì)照組ACE的蛋白表達(dá)顯著增加(P < 0.01),ACE2及Mas蛋白表達(dá)顯著減少(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。與模型對(duì)照組比較,中藥高劑量組ACE2、Mas蛋白表達(dá)增加(P < 0.01);中藥中劑量組ACE 蛋白表達(dá)降低(P < 0.05),ACE2的Mas蛋白表達(dá)增加(P < 0.01);中藥低劑量組Mas的蛋白表達(dá)增加(P < 0.01)。見圖1,表3。
與正常對(duì)照組比較,模型對(duì)照組ACE mRNA含量顯著增加(P < 0.05),ACE2及Mas的mRNA含量顯著減少(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。與模型對(duì)照組比較,中藥高劑量組ACE mRNA含量降低(P < 0.05),Mas mRNA含量增加(P < 0.05);中藥中劑量組ACE mRNA含量降低(P < 0.05),ACE2 mRNA含量增加(P < 0.05);中藥低劑量組ACE mRNA含量降低(P < 0.05),Mas mRNA含量增加(P < 0.05)。見表4。
3 討論
RAS存在兩條相互拮抗的通路,即ACE/AngⅡ/AT1R通路和ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas通路[9],前者主要通過AngⅡ引起血管收縮、血壓升高、促進(jìn)心肌細(xì)胞和血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增生等效應(yīng)[10];后者作用與前者作用相反,Ang(1-7)可抑制AngⅡ誘導(dǎo)的平滑肌細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移[11],降低Ⅳ型膠原、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子(TGF)-β1、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子等表達(dá)[12]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ACE2及其產(chǎn)物Ang(1-7)可減少細(xì)胞增殖及炎性反應(yīng)從而具有改善動(dòng)脈硬化作用[13-14]。使用ACE抑制劑或AT1R拮抗劑可升高Ang-(1-7)水平并激活Mas受體改善血管重塑[15]、產(chǎn)生心腎保護(hù)作用[16]。以外源性Ang(1-7)干預(yù)高血壓射血分?jǐn)?shù)保留心力衰竭大鼠模型,可上調(diào)ACE2及Mas受體的表達(dá),但不影響ACE表達(dá),提示Ang(1-7)與其特異性受體Mas受體結(jié)合而發(fā)揮心血管保護(hù)作用[17]。采用體外培養(yǎng)人腎小球內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞發(fā)現(xiàn),Ang(1-7)可通過Mas受體拮抗AngⅡ誘導(dǎo)的腎小球內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷及氧化應(yīng)激[18]。采用股動(dòng)脈血管損傷模型小鼠更進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)[19],Mas敲除小鼠與野生型小鼠比較,股動(dòng)脈新內(nèi)膜形成、細(xì)胞增殖、MCP-1、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、超氧化物歧化酶水平均顯著增高,而阿齊沙坦治療可顯著改善??梢姡琑AS雙通路在高血壓及其靶器官損害的研究中具有重要意義。
高血壓導(dǎo)致的血管病變?cè)谄浒衅鞴贀p害的前期發(fā)揮著重要作用[20]。本課題組既往研究顯示,SHR阻力血管出現(xiàn)了以管腔內(nèi)徑、外徑減少,中膜厚度、中膜厚度/內(nèi)半徑增加為特點(diǎn)的富營養(yǎng)重塑[8]。天麻舒心方干預(yù)后,SHR腸系膜三級(jí)動(dòng)脈管徑增加,平滑肌細(xì)胞增生、內(nèi)彈力層變形及膠原纖維增生得到一定的抑制,高血壓阻力血管富營養(yǎng)重塑在顯微形態(tài)及超微結(jié)構(gòu)層面得到改善[7],由此推測(cè),天麻舒心方通過調(diào)節(jié)阻力血管局部ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas及ACE/AngⅡ/AT1R軸,發(fā)揮改善高血壓阻力血管富營養(yǎng)重塑的作用。
本研究建立SHR模型,并以天麻舒心方進(jìn)行干預(yù),監(jiān)測(cè)血壓,并觀察阻力血管腸系膜三級(jí)動(dòng)脈的RAS雙通路變化。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),高血壓阻力血管局部出現(xiàn)RAS失衡,主要表現(xiàn)為ACE合成增多、ACE2及Mas合成減少,天麻舒心方除有效降壓外,可逆轉(zhuǎn)ACE、ACE2比例失衡,增加Mas表達(dá),在血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶及受體層面,通過對(duì)ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas通路的干預(yù),逆轉(zhuǎn)RAS失衡。研究初步揭示了中醫(yī)藥治療高血壓早期血管重塑的分子機(jī)制和科學(xué)內(nèi)涵,為高血壓血管重塑特點(diǎn)及病理機(jī)制研究提供新的證據(jù),為中醫(yī)藥早期干預(yù)高血壓血管重塑提供科學(xué)依據(jù);另一方面,將高血壓血管損傷的干預(yù)節(jié)點(diǎn)前移至早期富營養(yǎng)重塑階段,充分發(fā)揮了中醫(yī)“治未病”的優(yōu)勢(shì),為早期干預(yù)高血壓靶器官損害提供了新的思路。
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(收稿日期:2018-08-07 本文編輯:任 念)