張鐵軍 郝艷梅 郝亞飛
[摘要] 目的 通過測(cè)定妊高征患者葉酸干預(yù)前后、血清同型半胱氨酸(HCY)及血清鋅濃度是否變化,探討其與妊高征發(fā)病的關(guān)系,期望為妊高征的防治提供依據(jù)。 方法 采用西門子(xp)化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫分析儀檢測(cè)2017年1—12月包頭地區(qū)妊高癥孕婦49例的血清葉酸及同型半胱氨酸的水平,采用原子光譜法進(jìn)行血清鋅水平檢測(cè),妊高癥的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)依據(jù)《婦產(chǎn)科學(xué)》第8 版,妊高征組包括輕度妊高征組19例,中度妊高征組17例,重度妊高征13例,正常孕婦組為產(chǎn)科門診已經(jīng)建檔的正常孕婦組50例。正常對(duì)照組為該院同期體檢的女性正常人群。3組年齡差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,同時(shí)測(cè)定各組的葉酸、同型半胱氨酸、鋅水平。 結(jié)果 正常孕婦的HCY濃度水平(7.64±3.00)μmol/L低于正常對(duì)照組(9.20±2.32)μmol/L,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=5.46,P<0.05),妊高癥組的HCY水平(19.47±3.88)μmol/L高于前兩組,其差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=26.7,P<0.05),健康對(duì)照組 (10.33±3.12)ng/L與正常孕婦組的血清葉酸水平(9.84±3.00)ng/L無明顯變化(t=1.12,P>0.05)。妊高癥組的葉酸水平(5.66±1.88)g/L明顯低于前兩組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=13.44,P<0.05),正常孕婦組的血清鋅水平(13.84±2.11)μmo/L明顯低于健康對(duì)照組(16.02±3.46)μmo/L,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=7.87,P<0.05),妊高癥組血清鋅(8.21±3.35)μmo/L明顯低于正常孕婦組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=16.98,P<0.05)。對(duì)于正常孕婦組的血清HCY及鋅水平,在葉酸的干預(yù)前后無明顯變化(t=1.07,P>0.05);而妊高癥組的血清HCY及鋅水平,在葉酸干預(yù)前后差異都有顯著的變化(t=17.33,P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 妊高癥患者的血清葉酸及鋅水平都比正常組低,而血清HCY水平增高,口服葉酸能夠降低妊高癥患者的HCY水平并且血清鋅水平也降低,因此妊高癥患者補(bǔ)充葉酸時(shí)考慮適當(dāng)?shù)匮a(bǔ)充鋅,以便更好地保證母嬰的健康。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 葉酸;妊高癥;同型半胱氨酸血清鋅
[中圖分類號(hào)] R714.24 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-0742(2019)01(b)-0001-04
[Abstract] Objective To determine the relationship between serum homocysteine (HCY) and serum zinc concentration before and after folic acid intervention in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension, and to explore its relationship with the incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension, and hope to provide a basis for the prevention and treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Methods Siemens (xp) chemiluminescence immunoassay was used to detect serum folate and homocysteine levels in 49 pregnant women with pregnancy-induced hypertension in Baotou area from January to December 2017. Serum zinc levels were detected by atomic spectrometry. The diagnostic criteria were based on the 8th edition of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The pregnancy-induced hypertension group included 19 patients with mild pregnancy-induced hypertension, 17 patients with moderate pregnancy-induced hypertension, 13 patients with severe pregnancy-induced hypertension, and the normal pregnant group for obstetrics. 50 cases of normal pregnant women who have been filed. The normal medical examination group is the normal female population of the same physical examination in our hospital. There was no statistically significant difference in age between the three groups. The levels of folic acid, homocysteine and zinc in each group were also determined. Results The level of HCY in normal pregnant women (7.64±3.00)μmol/L was lower than that in the normal control group(9.20±2.32)μmol/L. The difference was statistically significant (t=5.46, P<0.05). The HCY level in the pregnancy-induced hypertension group(19.47±3.88)μmol/L was significantly higher than the former two groups(t=26.7, P<0.05), serum folate levels in healthy controls (10.33±3.12)ng/L and normal pregnant women(9.84±3.00)ng/L. There was no significant change in ng/L) (t=1.12, P>0.05). The folic acid level in the pregnancy-induced hypertension group (5.66±1.88)g/L was significantly lower than that in the former two groups (t=13.44,P<0.05), and the serum zinc level in the normal pregnant group (13.84±2.11)μmo/L significantly lower than the healthy control group (16.02±3.46)μmo/L, the difference was statistically significant (t=7.87, P<0.05), serum zinc (8.21±3.35)μmo/L in the pregnancy-induced hypertension group was significantly lower than the normal pregnant group The difference was statistically significant (t=16.98,P<0.05). Serum HCY and zinc levels in the normal pregnant women group did not change significantly before and after folic acid intervention (t=1.07, P>0.05), while serum HCY and zinc levels in the pregnancy-induced hypertension group showed significant changes before and after folic acid intervention. (t=17.33, P<0.05). Conclusion Serum folate and zinc levels in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension are lower than those in the normal group, and serum HCY levels are increased. Oral folic acid can reduce HCY levels in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension and serum zinc levels are also reduced. Therefore, patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension should consider folic acid supplementation of appropriate zinc supplementation to better ensure the health of mothers and children.
[Key words] Folic acid; Pregnancy-induced hypertension; Homocysteine serum zinc
美國衛(wèi)生部要求凡是生育年齡的婦女,不管何時(shí)懷孕,每天必須攝足400 μg的葉酸,才能保證日后寶寶的健康、聰明。葉酸是胎兒腦部細(xì)胞和脊柱發(fā)育時(shí)不可缺乏的營養(yǎng)素檢查妊高癥患者葉酸及同型半胱氨酸水平確保妊高癥患者母子的安全。鋅在體內(nèi)能與多種血漿蛋白結(jié)合,并且是鋅-銅超氧歧化酶的活性中心,此氧歧化酶可以清除機(jī)體內(nèi)的氧自由基。如果鋅缺乏和SOD活性降低,那么氧自由基就不能及時(shí)清除進(jìn)而增多:氧自由基增多,導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞受損。進(jìn)而使NO 分泌減少,血管阻力增加,造成血管痙攣,微小血栓就會(huì)形成;氧自由基增多還可以抑制前列腺素合成酶,導(dǎo)致前列環(huán)素下降,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮素的合成與釋放的增加,引起血栓素合成酶的激活,增加血栓素的釋放,導(dǎo)致血管收縮舒張的失衡、血管痙攣、局部缺血、引起全身各系統(tǒng)各臟器灌流減少等一系列病理生理的變化[1]。此外同型半胱氨酸向蛋氨酸轉(zhuǎn)化的障礙可以由人體中葉酸的缺乏引起,形成高同型半胱氨酸血癥,進(jìn)而引起一系列的血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的損傷,導(dǎo)致妊高癥的發(fā)生[2]。該研究從2017年1—12月對(duì)包頭地區(qū)49例妊高癥患者進(jìn)行葉酸干預(yù),觀察干預(yù)前后同型半胱氨酸及血清鋅水平變化。
1 資料與方法
1.1 資料來源
該研究經(jīng)過倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有研究對(duì)象來源于產(chǎn)科門診已經(jīng)建檔的正常孕婦組50例,年齡21~38歲,同時(shí)選取來自該院住院妊高癥孕婦49例為妊高癥組,年齡22~36歲,孕周33~40周;妊高征組包括輕度妊高征組19例,中度妊高征組17例,重度妊高征13例。正常對(duì)照組為該院同期體檢的女性正常人群,年齡,20~37歲。各組成員均無糖尿病、心臟病、風(fēng)濕病、原發(fā)性高血壓、肝腎功能不全以及腫瘤等病史。3組年齡差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。妊高癥的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)依據(jù)《婦產(chǎn)科學(xué)》第8 版。所有研究對(duì)象均簽署知情同意書,志愿參加本研究,近3個(gè)月內(nèi)未使用過影響血清Hcy的藥物,如抗癲癇藥、葉酸、甲氨蝶呤和維生素B6、B12等藥物。
1.2 血清HCY、葉酸、血清鋅水平的測(cè)定
采集各組婦女的清晨空腹外周靜脈血4 mL(干燥管),待凝固后4 000 r/min離心10 min分離血清,脂血、溶血標(biāo)本排除。HCY水平檢測(cè)Hcy試劑盒和儀器(ADVIA Centaur xp 全自動(dòng)化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫儀)由西門子醫(yī)學(xué)診斷產(chǎn)品(上海)有限公司提供。葉酸試劑盒儀器(美國貝克曼DXi一800全自動(dòng)化學(xué)發(fā)光儀)由貝克曼公司提供。血清鋅由使用全自動(dòng)生化分析BH5100(北京博輝公司),采用原子光譜法進(jìn)行檢測(cè),以上檢測(cè)均嚴(yán)格按試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行操作,同時(shí)質(zhì)控在控。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
①比較分析妊高癥組與正常孕婦組及正常體檢組的血清葉酸、同型半胱氨酸、血清鋅水平的含量。②葉酸干預(yù)前后3組的血清HCY及鋅指標(biāo)的變化水平。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS 17.0 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,進(jìn)行t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 不同組別血清同型半胱氨酸、葉酸、血清鋅的水平的比較
血清HCY3組比較:正常妊娠組與正常對(duì)照組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);妊高癥組高于正常孕婦組及健康對(duì)照組(P<0.05);血清葉酸水平3組的比較:正常對(duì)照組與正常孕婦組之間的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),妊高癥組低于其他兩組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);血清鋅水平的3組比較:妊高癥低于正常孕婦組和正常對(duì)照組,其差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,正常孕婦組低于正常對(duì)照組,其差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
2.2 妊高癥組不同分型的血清葉酸、HCY、鋅水平的比較
血清HCY水平在妊高癥輕度低于中度,其差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。中度低于重度,其差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。血清葉酸在3種不同程度的妊高癥患者中逐步降低,其差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。血清鋅水平也逐漸降低,其差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。
2.3 葉酸干預(yù)前后各組的血清HCY及鋅水平變化
把各組分為葉酸干預(yù)組和葉酸未干預(yù)組。葉酸干預(yù)組給予0.4 mg/d,未干預(yù)組同時(shí)給予安慰劑。連續(xù)口服1個(gè)月,見表3。
3 討論
近些年研究發(fā)現(xiàn):血清同型半胱氨酸的升高與妊娠期高血壓的發(fā)生與發(fā)展關(guān)系密切,HCY可作為預(yù)測(cè)妊高癥的非常重要的檢測(cè)指標(biāo)[3]。目前認(rèn)為,引起高HCY血癥的兩大因素是遺傳和環(huán)境因素。遺傳因素是不能人為控制,而營養(yǎng)因素是可以干預(yù)的[4]。適時(shí)補(bǔ)充葉酸可以減少高HCY的發(fā)生,孕周注射同型半胱氨酸對(duì)大鼠胚胎有明顯致畸作用,鋅元素能夠有效地拮抗同型半胱氨酸的致畸作用,并且有可能是通過抑制氧化反應(yīng)的發(fā)生來發(fā)揮作用的。鋅參與酶的合成。是合成蛋白質(zhì)的重要物質(zhì),對(duì)孕早期胎兒的器官形成、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育有重大的影響。鋅缺乏是全球的公共衛(wèi)生問題,在發(fā)達(dá)和發(fā)展中國家都有報(bào)道。特別是我們國家,妊娠期婦女鋅缺乏較為嚴(yán)重,尤其在農(nóng)村,邊緣性鋅缺乏相當(dāng)普遍[5],所以在補(bǔ)充葉酸的同時(shí)考慮適當(dāng)?shù)匮a(bǔ)充鋅,保證母嬰健康。
該實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示:正常孕婦的HCY濃度水平(7.64±3.00)μmol/L低于正常對(duì)照組(9.20±2.32)μmol/L,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),妊高癥組的HCY水平(19.47±3.88)μmol/L高于前兩組,其差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),健康對(duì)照組(10.33±3.12)ng/L與正常孕婦組的血清葉酸水平(9.84±3.00)ng/L無明顯變化(P>0.05)。妊高癥組的葉酸水平(5.66±1.88)g/L明顯低于前兩組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),正常孕婦組的血清鋅水平(13.84±2.11)μmo/L明顯低于健康對(duì)照組(16.02±3.465)μmo/L,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),妊高癥組血清鋅(8.21±3.35)μmo/L明顯低于正常孕婦組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。對(duì)于正常孕婦組的血清HCY及鋅水平,在葉酸的干預(yù)前后無明顯變化(P>0.05);而妊高癥組的血清HCY及鋅水平,在葉酸干預(yù)前后差異都有顯著的變化(P<0.05)。說明正常孕婦懷孕后葉酸及HCY及鋅都有所下降,這可能由于懷孕后需要較多的營養(yǎng)素有關(guān)。而妊高癥患者存在高HCY水平,由于高HCY水平與妊高癥的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。妊高癥患者的葉酸和鋅水平較正常對(duì)照及正常孕婦都低,說明鋅及葉酸對(duì)孕婦有保護(hù)作用。這與國內(nèi)吳立濤[6]研究一致,吳立濤認(rèn)為:孕婦給予葉酸及多種微量元素的補(bǔ)充,有效地減少孕婦出現(xiàn)妊娠期高血壓,吳立濤實(shí)行葉酸及多種微量元素補(bǔ)充的試驗(yàn)組中出現(xiàn)妊娠期高血壓患者的比例(2%)小于對(duì)照組(11%),比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。Lianping He等[7]認(rèn)為補(bǔ)鋅能夠降低妊高癥的發(fā)生及孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率。
最近的報(bào)告顯示[8-14],葉酸補(bǔ)充能夠減少缺氧誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞損傷模型的TNF-a的mRNA水平和蛋白質(zhì);所有微量營養(yǎng)素鋅的補(bǔ)充能夠使后代肝臟中TNF-a的mRNA的水平標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。隨著妊高癥的嚴(yán)重程度,血清HCY逐漸升高,表明HCY水平與妊高癥疾病的發(fā)生有聯(lián)系,并且其濃度的高低反映病情輕重的程度這與國外學(xué)者[15-16]觀點(diǎn)一致,而葉酸和鋅水平逐漸下降。說明低葉酸及低鋅與妊高癥密切相關(guān)。同時(shí)葉酸干預(yù)后妊高癥患者的血清鋅水平更加降低,說明補(bǔ)充葉酸必須補(bǔ)充鋅。滕凱等[17]認(rèn)為孕婦體內(nèi)同型半胱氨酸的水平升高,導(dǎo)致妊娠期高血壓的發(fā)生,葉酸干預(yù)前后、正常對(duì)照組及正常孕婦組的HCY及鋅水平的變化無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異;而葉酸干預(yù)妊高癥患者前后的HCY及鋅水平都降低的變化有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。王榀華等[18]認(rèn)為:孕婦體內(nèi)HCY的濃度的升高,能夠促進(jìn)氧的自由基的生成,引起孕婦體內(nèi)低密度脂蛋白發(fā)生氧化,導(dǎo)致血管的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷,使其功能出現(xiàn)異常 。Almeida Pimenta E等[19]認(rèn)為:HCY可以促進(jìn)孕婦體內(nèi)血小板的黏附、聚集,對(duì)孕婦的凝血及纖溶系統(tǒng)的平衡造成破壞,引起子癇前期發(fā)生。服用葉酸以及多種維生素可以有效地補(bǔ)充身體中缺乏的物質(zhì),從而預(yù)防孕婦出現(xiàn)妊娠期高血壓的發(fā)生。戴玲等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)低葉酸、高同型半胱氨酸與妊娠期高血壓疾病發(fā)病的密切相關(guān)。有人對(duì)地中海民族的法國婦女的高半胱氨酸血癥25例進(jìn)行葉酸維生素補(bǔ)充治療后,22例在高半胱氨酸血癥恢復(fù)正常后的第3個(gè)月內(nèi)懷孕了,20例在停經(jīng)第16周之后仍然能繼續(xù)妊娠。表明如果孕期補(bǔ)充葉酸,可以有效地拮抗HCY的引起毒性從而減低妊高癥的發(fā)生[21]。既往研究表明:葉酸是HCY代謝過程中非常重要的甲基供體,葉酸影響HCY代謝通路發(fā)揮作用,其缺乏能夠形成高HCY血癥。該研究設(shè)計(jì):葉酸干預(yù)妊高癥患者,結(jié)果提示葉酸對(duì)正常對(duì)照組及正常孕婦組的HCY及鋅水平的無影響;而對(duì)妊高癥患者的HCY及鋅水平都降低。說明孕期補(bǔ)充葉酸的同時(shí)需補(bǔ)充鋅,提示妊高癥時(shí)大量的消耗鋅元素,葉酸降低HCY時(shí)也需要消耗血清鋅元素,鋅是通過抑制氧化應(yīng)激,進(jìn)而拮抗HCY水平,來保護(hù)妊高癥患者,鋅元素的抗氧化反應(yīng)的作用遠(yuǎn)比葉酸顯著。國內(nèi)外研究表明:葉酸是通過影響HCY代謝通路起作用的,而本實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn):鋅元素則更傾向于改變機(jī)體內(nèi)氧化效應(yīng)而起作用。因?yàn)殇\是世界公認(rèn)的體內(nèi)的抗氧化劑,其通過以下方面來發(fā)揮抗氧化作用:①鋅能夠拮抗鉛、鎘等對(duì)機(jī)體細(xì)胞的損傷,起到穩(wěn)定細(xì)胞膜的作用;②鋅還可以誘導(dǎo)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生具有抗氧化作用的一些物質(zhì),其中研究最多是金屬硫蛋白(MT),其抗氧化能力很強(qiáng),在多種情況下,發(fā)揮抗氧化作用;③鋅通過抑制和消除過多的自由基、使細(xì)胞上的不飽和脂肪酸不能發(fā)生過氧化反應(yīng)和脂質(zhì)過氧化物,維持細(xì)胞膜系的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的穩(wěn)定。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道表明:MT與HCY有密切相關(guān)的作用。缺鋅能夠使葉酸的吸收能力降低,并且葉酸的補(bǔ)充效果會(huì)受到影響。因此補(bǔ)充葉酸的同時(shí)補(bǔ)充鋅,能夠有效的降低妊娠期高血壓的發(fā)病率,改善妊娠結(jié)局,是預(yù)防妊娠期高血壓的理想方案。
該項(xiàng)研究在國內(nèi)首次揭示:葉酸、血清同型半胱氨酸及血清鋅水平變化與妊高征之間的關(guān)系,同時(shí)以上研究結(jié)果還可應(yīng)用于臨床,為指導(dǎo)妊高征的治療,降低發(fā)病率,改善患者預(yù)后提供理論指導(dǎo)。
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(收稿日期:2018-10-10)