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MMP-9與支氣管哮喘氣道重塑的相關(guān)性及其臨床應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展

2019-03-18 01:19葉紅偉梁民勇王小莉吳秀明
中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2019年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:平滑肌上皮標(biāo)志物

葉紅偉 梁民勇 王小莉 吳秀明

[摘要]在中國(guó)支氣管哮喘防治指南(2016)中,支氣管哮喘(哮喘)急性發(fā)作時(shí)的治療仍以其嚴(yán)重程度作為重要參考,以發(fā)病時(shí)癥狀、體征、血?dú)夥治黾胺喂δ艿茸鳛槠鋰?yán)重程度評(píng)估指標(biāo),但存在一定的局限;癥狀、體征的評(píng)估具有很大的主觀性,血?dú)夥治龊头喂δ軝z查在基層醫(yī)院普及率不高,且哮喘急性發(fā)作時(shí)行肺功能檢查不實(shí)際。哮喘氣道重塑發(fā)生于病程早期,隨病情發(fā)展而加重,可反應(yīng)哮喘嚴(yán)重程度。基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)可作為哮喘氣道重塑的生物標(biāo)志物用以評(píng)估哮喘及氣道重塑。

[關(guān)鍵詞]支氣管哮喘;氣道重塑;基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-9;評(píng)估

[中圖分類號(hào)] R562.2 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2019)1(b)-0025-04

[Abstract] The treatment of acute attack of bronchial asthma (asthma) is still based on its severity as an important reference and the severity of the disease was assessed by symptoms, signs, blood gas analysis and pulmonary function at onset in Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of bronchial asthma in China (2016). But there are certain limitations: the assessment of symptoms and signs is very subjective, and the prevalence of blood gas analysis and pulmonary function tests are not high in the primary hospital, and the pulmonary function tests are not practical in acute asthma attacks. Airway remodeling occurs early in the course of asthma and increases with the progression of the disease, which can reflect the severity of asthma. Matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) can be used as a biomarker for airway remodeling in asthma to assess asthma and airway remodeling.

[Key words] Bronchial asthma; Airway remodeling; Matrix metalloproteinase-9; Assessment

哮喘是最常見(jiàn)的肺部疾病之一[1],其致殘率與糖尿病等慢性疾病相當(dāng)[2],致死率為8/100 000,是全球致死50大原因之一[3]。2010年在我國(guó)8省市進(jìn)行的相關(guān)調(diào)查顯示,我國(guó)14歲以上人群哮喘患病率為1.24%,而控制率僅為發(fā)病的40.5%[4],且北京、上海、廣東、遼寧的哮喘患者近10年明顯增多[5]。哮喘急性發(fā)作在臨床工作中仍不少見(jiàn),現(xiàn)對(duì)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)與支氣管哮喘氣道重塑的相關(guān)性及臨床應(yīng)用進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。

1氣道重塑是哮喘的最主要特征

哮喘有可逆性氣流受限、氣道高反應(yīng)性(airway hyperresponsiveness,AHR)、氣道重塑、氣道慢性炎癥等特征。

1.1氣道重塑與氣流受限

可逆性氣流受限主要是氣道平滑肌可逆性收縮所致,這也是β-受體激動(dòng)劑在哮喘治療中的作用基礎(chǔ)。支氣管熱成形術(shù)減少大氣道平滑肌以減少哮喘惡化[6],亦證實(shí)大氣道平滑肌在氣流受限中的作用。哮喘兒童與慢性阻塞性肺病相關(guān)性的縱向前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),哮喘兒童在成年早期出現(xiàn)不可逆氣流受限的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增加[7],而持續(xù)氣流受限與氣道平滑肌等結(jié)構(gòu)變化有關(guān)[8]。2018年全球哮喘預(yù)防和處理策略指南中明確指出,不可逆性氣流受限型哮喘由氣道重塑所致[9]。而在炎癥缺失下,反復(fù)氣管收縮也可通過(guò)氣道上皮壓迫和平滑肌機(jī)械傳感,激活和釋放轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)等,引起細(xì)胞增殖、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)沉積[10],導(dǎo)致氣道重塑[11]。

1.2氣道重塑與AHR

AHR是氣道對(duì)各種刺激因子過(guò)強(qiáng)或過(guò)早的收縮。2013年美國(guó)胸科學(xué)會(huì)關(guān)于運(yùn)動(dòng)誘發(fā)的支氣管收縮臨床實(shí)踐指南[12]指出,深吸氣時(shí)支氣管擴(kuò)張效應(yīng)喪失可能是運(yùn)動(dòng)型哮喘的發(fā)病機(jī)制,提示哮喘AHR可能與深吸氣時(shí)支氣管擴(kuò)張喪失相關(guān)。支氣管擴(kuò)張取決于氣道平滑肌延長(zhǎng)的能力,而哮喘氣道平滑肌在收縮刺激逐漸減弱時(shí)有維持短縮的內(nèi)在能力,導(dǎo)致持久的氣道狹窄[13]。這可能與氣道平滑肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+轉(zhuǎn)錄偶聯(lián)增加、平滑肌收縮增強(qiáng)有關(guān)[14]。即哮喘AHR與氣道平滑肌在收縮刺激減弱后仍維持收縮的收縮模式相關(guān)。活化的氣道上皮表達(dá)TGF-β1增加,誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮素-1表達(dá),引起平滑肌增生和膠原沉積等氣道重塑改變,誘發(fā)AHR,使用內(nèi)皮素-1抗體可消除AHR[15]。且上皮細(xì)胞旁分泌到平滑肌的信號(hào)對(duì)AHR的產(chǎn)生也有重要作用[16],AHR隨氣道重塑增加而加重[17]。故推測(cè),AHR與氣道重塑及平滑肌擴(kuò)張喪失的收縮特性相關(guān),氣道上皮在AHR形成中也發(fā)揮重要作用,而TGF-β1可能是AHR與氣道重塑聯(lián)系的橋梁[18]。

1.3氣道重塑與氣道炎癥

氣道重塑與氣道炎癥的先后關(guān)系尚無(wú)定論。Holgate等[11]通過(guò)對(duì)氣道活檢和原代細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的研究確定,哮喘是由環(huán)境傷害和修復(fù)反應(yīng)增加所驅(qū)動(dòng)的上皮性疾病,氣道上皮是哮喘起源和持續(xù)性的基礎(chǔ)。氣道屏障功能缺陷與氣道炎癥無(wú)關(guān),是哮喘發(fā)病中心機(jī)制,使氣道早期易受病毒感染而刺激輔助性T細(xì)胞2(help T cell 2,Th2)應(yīng)答和局部過(guò)敏原致敏。氣道上皮細(xì)胞發(fā)出信號(hào)到上皮下間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞鞘,形成上皮-間充質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)單位(the epithelial mesenchymal trophic unit,EMTU),活化的上皮細(xì)胞通過(guò)上皮-間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,使上皮細(xì)胞分化成肌成纖維細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extracellular matrix,ECM)蛋白沉積、上皮下纖維化增強(qiáng)[19-20],導(dǎo)致氣道重塑,這一過(guò)程主要受TGF-β1驅(qū)動(dòng)[18]。上皮基質(zhì)沉積增加反應(yīng)上皮屏障功能持續(xù)障礙,使氣道上皮持續(xù)易感、EMTU持續(xù)激活[21],導(dǎo)致哮喘持續(xù)存在,并提供穩(wěn)定的介質(zhì)和生長(zhǎng)因子微環(huán)境,導(dǎo)致氣道持續(xù)性炎癥和重塑。在氣道炎癥缺失下氣道重塑仍能發(fā)展,即氣道炎癥與氣道重塑平行發(fā)展[11,15,22]?;罨纳掀ぜ?xì)胞表達(dá)大量細(xì)胞因子、趨化因子、金屬蛋白酶等,直接作用于網(wǎng)狀基底膜使其增厚[21]。Th2應(yīng)答增加細(xì)胞因子白介素-4,(IL-4)、IL-13等表達(dá),刺激上皮細(xì)胞TGF-β釋放[19]而影響EMTU功能、發(fā)生上皮-間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化[23]。且活化的上皮細(xì)胞表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體表達(dá)增加[21,24],使氣道局部TGF-β和表皮生長(zhǎng)因子失衡亦活化EMTU、激發(fā)上皮-間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化[23]。而潛在的EMTU可能處于持續(xù)活躍的修復(fù)狀態(tài),促使氣道進(jìn)行性重塑[11]。故TH2細(xì)胞因子與EMTU相互作用,促進(jìn)、加重氣道重塑和炎癥。而TGF-β可刺激MMP-9表達(dá),促進(jìn)成纖維細(xì)胞生成膠原、平滑肌細(xì)胞增生和黏液高分泌、抑制膠原酶表達(dá)及基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶組織抑制劑-1上調(diào)而抑制ECM降解[23]。故推測(cè)氣道上皮功能障礙及Th2介導(dǎo)的炎癥雙重機(jī)制通過(guò)作用于氣道結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)胞釋放TGF-β、增強(qiáng)TGF-β介導(dǎo)的類過(guò)度修復(fù)機(jī)制而導(dǎo)致氣道重塑[25]。通過(guò)4歲以下易患哮喘兒童支氣管活檢發(fā)現(xiàn),氣道重塑可能在很早的年齡、甚至臨床表現(xiàn)出現(xiàn)前即已開(kāi)始[26],且氣道炎癥并不是氣道重塑發(fā)生所必須的[27]?;啄ぴ龊裨谙缙诒氵M(jìn)行性發(fā)展,與其嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)[28],可預(yù)測(cè)其未來(lái)發(fā)展[29]。這些表明哮喘氣道重塑不一定是氣道炎癥的結(jié)果[22,27],哮喘發(fā)病前已有氣道重塑[26],在炎癥缺失時(shí)仍能發(fā)展[15,27]。

綜上所述,氣道重塑始于哮喘早期,是其主要特征,根據(jù)氣道重塑的有無(wú)及程度,可預(yù)測(cè)哮喘發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、評(píng)估其有無(wú)及輕重、預(yù)測(cè)其預(yù)后。而吸入類固醇可能無(wú)法預(yù)防哮喘氣道重塑[30],易于或已有氣道重塑的患者可能需要與之不同的治療。

2 MMP-9可作為哮喘氣道重塑的特異性生物標(biāo)志物

2.1哮喘氣道重塑特異性

哮喘氣道重塑的病理改變有[31]:氣道上皮假?gòu)?fù)層結(jié)構(gòu)受損、腺體肥大增生、上皮下網(wǎng)狀基底膜增厚和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)增加、平滑肌增生肥厚、新生血管形成。在包括慢性支氣管炎、肺氣腫、支氣管擴(kuò)張及哮喘的慢性阻塞性肺疾病中[32],只有哮喘氣道重塑有基底膜增厚、平滑肌增生等改變。在整個(gè)呼吸道壁的定位和結(jié)構(gòu)變化中,哮喘氣道重塑不同于其他慢性阻塞性肺疾病[25]。故用氣道重塑來(lái)評(píng)估哮喘是可行的、特異性的。

2.2哮喘氣道重塑生物標(biāo)志物MMP-9

氣道基底膜增厚是哮喘氣道重塑的特征性改變[33]。上皮下ECM蛋白大量沉積—上皮下纖維化,是哮喘氣道重塑的重要組成部分[34],與病情嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)[28]?;|(zhì)金屬蛋白酶是一組結(jié)構(gòu)相似的蛋白酶家族,負(fù)責(zé)ECM重塑等[23],可選擇性地降解ECM成分,其中最主要的是MMP-9[35]。中性粒細(xì)胞對(duì)過(guò)敏原的暴露產(chǎn)生MMP-9[35],Th2細(xì)胞因子IL-4、IL-13增加TGF-β1[19]表達(dá)刺激MMP-9生成[23]。ECM合成與分解代謝呈動(dòng)態(tài)平衡,MMP-9可降解Ⅳ型膠原、纖維連接蛋白等ECM,其抑制劑TIMP-1抑制MMP-9而使基質(zhì)沉積,兩者按比例釋放以維持ECM穩(wěn)定[25]。若其比例失衡,則ECM沉積使上皮下纖維化[36]。Barbaro等[37]通過(guò)測(cè)定呼出氣冷凝液中MMP-9表達(dá)與第一秒用力呼氣容積等相關(guān)性的研究證實(shí),MMP-9在不同的哮喘表型中有不同程度的釋放,隨哮喘及氣道重塑的加重而增加并在哮喘急性發(fā)作時(shí)表達(dá)進(jìn)一步增加,可作為哮喘持續(xù)氣道重塑的標(biāo)志物。且MMP-9表達(dá)與哮喘患者肺功能成負(fù)相關(guān)[38],提示MMP-9可用于評(píng)估哮喘嚴(yán)重程度、監(jiān)測(cè)氣道重塑。而基底膜增厚在兒童哮喘早期、甚至發(fā)病前就已出現(xiàn)[26-27],提示在哮喘早期即可通過(guò)檢測(cè)MMP-9來(lái)評(píng)估氣道重塑及哮喘。哮喘兒童MMP-9基因3′末端變體的DNA測(cè)序也從基因?qū)用孀C實(shí),MMP-9值得作為哮喘的預(yù)測(cè)性生物標(biāo)志物[39]。

綜上所述,MMP-9可作為哮喘氣道重塑的生物標(biāo)志物用以評(píng)估哮喘氣道重塑,而有助于哮喘的臨床診治與評(píng)估。

3哮喘氣道重塑和MMP-9的檢測(cè)和評(píng)估

目前檢測(cè)氣道重塑的方法主要有侵入性檢查:支氣管活檢、肺泡灌洗液、電子支氣管鏡超聲;非侵入性檢查:高分辨率CT(HRCT)、氣道反應(yīng)性和肺功能檢查及誘導(dǎo)痰、體液檢查。其中,有的獲取的信息有限、誘導(dǎo)不夠敏感、時(shí)效性差或輻射暴露,有的設(shè)備昂貴、操作難、不易推廣。MMP-9可作為哮喘氣道重塑的標(biāo)志物,在哮喘氣道黏膜、痰、呼出氣冷凝液、血液及肺泡灌洗液中均有升高[25,30,40],但哮喘急性發(fā)作時(shí)行支氣管活檢、肺泡灌洗很難配合,唾液中MMP-9的表達(dá)亦影響痰標(biāo)本評(píng)估[41]。而呼出氣冷凝液及血液檢查,操作簡(jiǎn)單、設(shè)備要求不高、患者易接受,同時(shí)又避免了其他檢查的不足,故可優(yōu)先從檢測(cè)呼出氣冷凝液、血液中MMP-9來(lái)評(píng)估哮喘氣道重塑。

常規(guī)檢測(cè)MMP-9的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)酶譜法不能精確測(cè)定其活性,其研究結(jié)果不能提供足夠的數(shù)據(jù)。而結(jié)合在溶液中或通過(guò)特異性抗體固定后檢測(cè)天然酶,然后與標(biāo)記的底物一起溫育的體外測(cè)定,其靈敏度與超敏ELISA相當(dāng),甚至高出20倍。因此,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)酶譜法+體外測(cè)定可能是最好的MMP-9測(cè)定方法[30]。

4結(jié)語(yǔ)

目前仍無(wú)簡(jiǎn)便、可靠評(píng)估哮喘有無(wú)或其急性發(fā)作期嚴(yán)重程度的方法。哮喘氣道重塑具有其特異性,始于病程早期,隨哮喘的加重而加重。MMP-9可作為哮喘氣道重塑生物標(biāo)志物,若能類似腦鈉肽評(píng)估心力衰竭一樣定性或定量評(píng)估哮喘,則對(duì)臨床明確診斷、評(píng)估嚴(yán)重程度、制定個(gè)體化治療方案、預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)后都將產(chǎn)生重大意義。

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(收稿日期:2018-07-20 ?本文編輯:崔建中)

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