国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

高中英語課堂思維訓(xùn)練活動(dòng)的有效設(shè)計(jì)

2019-03-05 08:29:53
英語教師 2019年17期

李 芳

《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017 年版)》指出:“高中英語課程倡導(dǎo)指向?qū)W科核心素養(yǎng)的英語學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)觀。教師應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)具有綜合性、關(guān)聯(lián)性和實(shí)踐性特點(diǎn)的活動(dòng),使學(xué)生通過獲取與梳理、概括與整合、實(shí)踐與內(nèi)化、分析與評(píng)價(jià)、遷移與創(chuàng)新等一系列學(xué)習(xí)與交流活動(dòng),解讀、闡釋和評(píng)判語篇意義,有效表達(dá)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)、情感和態(tài)度,感知和理解文化異同,發(fā)展多元思維和批判性思維,提高英語學(xué)用能力?!保ń逃?018)

課堂活動(dòng)是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生核心素養(yǎng)的重要途徑。教師應(yīng)著力提高學(xué)生的課堂活動(dòng)參與度,從而提高課堂教學(xué)效率。在高中英語課堂常態(tài)教學(xué)中,課堂活動(dòng)這一重要的教學(xué)手段還沒有得到充分、有效的利用。教師往往急于完成教學(xué)和應(yīng)試內(nèi)容,并不重視課堂活動(dòng),或者課堂缺乏語言的交流和思維的引領(lǐng),使活動(dòng)內(nèi)容與教學(xué)目標(biāo)相脫離。針對(duì)這種情況,教師應(yīng)怎樣提升課堂思維訓(xùn)練活動(dòng)的有效性呢?

一、高中英語課堂教學(xué)活動(dòng)存在的問題

高中英語課堂教學(xué)活動(dòng)存在的問題主要是目標(biāo)針對(duì)性不足。教學(xué)活動(dòng)是持續(xù)不斷提出問題并解決問題的過程,其設(shè)計(jì)必須有意義且可操作,能引導(dǎo)學(xué)生理解文化內(nèi)涵、發(fā)展多元思維,幫助學(xué)生培養(yǎng)正確的價(jià)值觀和掌握學(xué)習(xí)策略。目前,在交際型課堂中,教師大多通過小組討論、角色扮演、辯論等活動(dòng)激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生深入思考。如果忽略了活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)與教學(xué)目標(biāo)的關(guān)聯(lián)性,活動(dòng)就缺少了意義。

二、高中英語課堂教學(xué)活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)

(一)活動(dòng)應(yīng)幫助學(xué)生整合語言技能和文化知識(shí)

教師作為學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的引導(dǎo)者,可以通過活動(dòng)把課堂還給學(xué)生,改變教學(xué)過程中學(xué)生被動(dòng)“聽”課的局面,使每一個(gè)學(xué)生主動(dòng)參與教學(xué)活動(dòng)。教師在設(shè)計(jì)課堂活動(dòng)時(shí),要幫助學(xué)生通過聽、說、讀、看、寫等語言學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng),感知、理解相關(guān)主題意義,提升語言運(yùn)用能力,達(dá)到內(nèi)化語言的目的。教師應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過課堂思維訓(xùn)練活動(dòng)理解文化內(nèi)涵,掌握多元文化知識(shí),進(jìn)行批判和反思。

例如,在教學(xué)牛津版高中《英語》Module 2 Unit 1 Tales of the unexplained 時(shí),教師可以讓學(xué)生以小組合作的形式復(fù)述故事,辨析故事內(nèi)容的真實(shí)性,把握文本主題,輸出語言。步驟如下:

1.板書或用投影呈現(xiàn)一些參考語句,幫助學(xué)生互相修正講述者的故事。如“It’s not quite like that.”“No,she did something else.”“No,what she did was...”等,使學(xué)生有機(jī)會(huì)操練這些短語或句子。

2.將學(xué)生分成兩人一組。學(xué)生A 向?qū)W生B 講述外星人的故事。學(xué)生B 一邊傾聽,一邊記下關(guān)鍵事件發(fā)生的順序和時(shí)間,并在必要的時(shí)候進(jìn)行更正和提示。

3.在學(xué)生A 講完故事后,學(xué)生B 向全班講述更正后的故事。

學(xué)生通過聽、說、讀、寫形成自己的概念、邏輯關(guān)系推斷并表達(dá),實(shí)現(xiàn)了語言學(xué)習(xí)過程中的進(jìn)步。教師和學(xué)生同為課堂評(píng)價(jià)的主體。在表述過程中,學(xué)生推斷邏輯關(guān)系、判斷觀點(diǎn),提升了注意力和好奇心,真正成為課堂的主人。

(二)活動(dòng)應(yīng)促進(jìn)學(xué)生多元化思維的發(fā)展

在創(chuàng)設(shè)課堂活動(dòng)時(shí),教師應(yīng)注重創(chuàng)設(shè)關(guān)聯(lián)性的語境,突出活動(dòng)的主題意義,并提出從理解到應(yīng)用、從分析到評(píng)價(jià)等有層次的問題,幫助學(xué)生運(yùn)用判斷、分析、歸納、推理等方法,深刻認(rèn)識(shí)問題的本質(zhì),使學(xué)生在課堂活動(dòng)中提高理性思維和思辨能力,建構(gòu)多元文化視角?;谝陨锨疤幔w教學(xué)環(huán)境和相應(yīng)的教學(xué)活動(dòng)會(huì)變得更生動(dòng),使學(xué)生敢于分析、質(zhì)疑和給出結(jié)論,并嘗試使用英語解決問題,進(jìn)行深度學(xué)習(xí),真正實(shí)現(xiàn)思維品質(zhì)和學(xué)習(xí)能力的同步發(fā)展。

例如,在教學(xué)譯林牛津版高中《英語》Module 1 Unit 3 中Looking good,feeling good 時(shí),教師可以組織學(xué)生進(jìn)行Questions and comments 的活動(dòng),結(jié)合相關(guān)話題引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行思辨,帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生討論“是否應(yīng)該減肥”。步驟如下:

1.給出關(guān)鍵詞lose weight,讓8 名學(xué)生分兩次在黑板上畫出聽到關(guān)鍵詞后首先想到的內(nèi)容,并分別說出所畫內(nèi)容的意義。

2.板書Questions,并在屏幕上打出Comments。

3.讓學(xué)生閱讀課文Dying to be thin 并進(jìn)行討論。如果他們對(duì)文本語言和內(nèi)容有任何問題,都可以寫到黑板上的Questions 部分,并留出空間給其他人回答。學(xué)生可以將自己對(duì)對(duì)話內(nèi)容的看法打到屏幕上的Comments 下。

4.課后,要求學(xué)生選擇一個(gè)論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行闡述并整理、潤色,呈現(xiàn)一篇“言之有物”的文章。

這種方式成功地將課堂還給學(xué)生。每個(gè)學(xué)生不僅僅回答某一個(gè)問題,還客觀分析信息之間的關(guān)聯(lián),不斷處理新問題,學(xué)會(huì)從多個(gè)視角認(rèn)識(shí)世界,提出批判性問題,作出合理評(píng)價(jià),逐步形成獨(dú)立的思想。在整個(gè)過程中,教師幫助學(xué)生完成一些有難度的表達(dá),從而有效地進(jìn)行思維品質(zhì)訓(xùn)練。

(三)活動(dòng)應(yīng)幫助學(xué)生掌握學(xué)習(xí)策略、提升學(xué)習(xí)能力

發(fā)展學(xué)生運(yùn)用學(xué)習(xí)策略的能力是提高其學(xué)習(xí)能力的主要途徑。教師要?jiǎng)?chuàng)設(shè)實(shí)踐性、創(chuàng)新性強(qiáng)的課堂活動(dòng),有效推進(jìn)主題,實(shí)現(xiàn)教學(xué)目標(biāo);同時(shí)幫助學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性地表達(dá)個(gè)人意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度,提高理解和表達(dá)效果。

例如,在讀寫課教學(xué)中,教師可以嘗試Creative plagiarism:manipulating a text 的活動(dòng),教授新詞匯和句型,讓學(xué)生通過模仿、修改,使文章更規(guī)范、達(dá)意。步驟如下:

1.教師將某一語篇投射在屏幕上,畫出重要的單詞和短語,提醒學(xué)生關(guān)注銜接詞、句型結(jié)構(gòu)等,并要求學(xué)生替換畫線部分的內(nèi)容。

2.全班將可替換內(nèi)容添加到黑板或投影上,并剔除使用不當(dāng)?shù)木渥?。教師將原有畫線的詞匯和句子刪掉,讓學(xué)生填空。

3.經(jīng)過操練,教師將原有文本徹底清除并要求學(xué)生就原有主題以書面形式闡述論點(diǎn),同時(shí)互評(píng)和展示。課后讓學(xué)生寫一篇相關(guān)主題的文章進(jìn)行鞏固。

這種方法要求明確,使學(xué)生寫作并進(jìn)行自評(píng)、互評(píng)和有針對(duì)性的修改,整合、運(yùn)用已有語言知識(shí)準(zhǔn)確、熟練地表達(dá)事件和觀點(diǎn),達(dá)到提升思維品質(zhì)和學(xué)習(xí)能力的目的。

三、高中英語課堂教學(xué)思維訓(xùn)練活動(dòng)的有效設(shè)計(jì)

在設(shè)計(jì)課堂思維訓(xùn)練活動(dòng)時(shí),教師應(yīng)圍繞主題語境,創(chuàng)設(shè)盡可能真實(shí)的情境,提出從理解到應(yīng)用、從分析到評(píng)價(jià)等有層次的問題,啟發(fā)學(xué)生進(jìn)行多元思維,表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)、情感和態(tài)度,促進(jìn)學(xué)生核心素養(yǎng)的形成。下面,以一堂課外閱讀課為例,具體介紹如何通過不同層次的問題引導(dǎo)學(xué)生積極思考、質(zhì)疑、批判和反思,從而達(dá)到提升思維品質(zhì)的目的。

教學(xué)文本To Kill a Mockingbird(Excerpt),見附錄,是To kill a mockingbird(作者妮爾·哈珀·李Nelle Harper Lee)的節(jié)選,因考慮教學(xué)難度,節(jié)選部分刪除了一些段落,改動(dòng)了某些單詞。本堂課的教學(xué)目標(biāo)是挖掘主人公阿提克斯(Atticus)的人物性格,理解小說的象征手法,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生批判、客觀地評(píng)價(jià)他人,并培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的文學(xué)閱讀興趣。在學(xué)生快速閱讀、深入理解關(guān)于阿提克斯外形、工作、愛好細(xì)節(jié)的句子并總結(jié)出主人公的性格是weak,unskilled,unmanly 后,教師通過三種類型的問題啟發(fā)學(xué)生思維,進(jìn)行深層次的思維訓(xùn)練。

(一)展示性問題

1.What did her father do?

2.What was the reaction of the whole school to his defending Tom Robinson?

3.After hearing bad remarks about her father,what did Scout do?

4.What did he think of shooting a mockingbird?

【設(shè)計(jì)說明】幫助學(xué)生掌握基本語言知識(shí),根據(jù)上下文分析信息之間的關(guān)聯(lián)和差異,推斷簡單的邏輯關(guān)系,并能對(duì)自己找出的答案進(jìn)行簡單求證,以此提高對(duì)文本的理解水平和表達(dá)能力,為回答參閱式和評(píng)估性問題作好準(zhǔn)備。

(二)參閱式問題

1.Was Scout proud of her father?Why?

S:No.Because he did not do the things our schoolmates’fathers did:he never went hunting,he did not play poker or fish or...

T:So we can find Scout compared her father with her schoolmates,and how did she feel about her father?

S:Her father was not energetic enough or acted like a strong man.And she was ashamed of her father!

T:Wonderful!This is a reasonable conclusion!

2.Why wouldn’t he remain unnoticeable as his children wished?

3.What is Atticus’s attitudes towards Scout’s fight?

4.What kind of person can be described as the mockingbirds?

S:Maybe the mockingbirds refer to people who are kind and friendly because mockingbirds don’t do one thing but make music for us to enjoy.They don’t eat up people’s gardens,don’t nest in corncribs...

T:If a man is described as a mockingbird,what kind of person is he?

S:Harmless and innocent.

【設(shè)計(jì)說明】引導(dǎo)學(xué)生找出為什么父親為湯姆(Tom)辯護(hù)并思考阿提克斯為何會(huì)有如此大的反差,總結(jié)出阿提克斯這位白人律師在種族歧視背景下堅(jiān)持正義,這與前文中他的形象形成反差,引發(fā)學(xué)生思考。通過師生問答啟發(fā)學(xué)生要思考事實(shí)背后的關(guān)聯(lián),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生邏輯思維和批判性思維。參閱式問題能引導(dǎo)學(xué)生賞析修辭手法,為后面探討其與主題意義的關(guān)聯(lián)、評(píng)判作者的觀點(diǎn)打下基礎(chǔ)。

(三)評(píng)估性問題

1.What do you think of Atticus?

S1:I think he is a brave lawyer because nearly all lawyers want to win the case to prove their ability,but he chose justice despite the failure of the case.

T:Very good.We can feel his sense of justice.

S2:And I think he is a good father!He showed his good qualities through his behavior and correct choice.Although the children thought little of him,they changed their opinion gradually because he set a good example to his children.

T:Fantastic!You gave us a good point of view!

2. How can we make a comprehensive judgement of a person?

【設(shè)計(jì)說明】讓學(xué)生通過小組討論分析人物特點(diǎn),梳理、概括信息,培養(yǎng)批判性思維和多元思維。創(chuàng)設(shè)新語境,引發(fā)學(xué)生思考如何對(duì)他人進(jìn)行全面評(píng)價(jià),使其思維由低階向高階發(fā)展,形成新的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu),樹立正確的人生觀和價(jià)值觀。

結(jié)束語

愛爾蘭詩人葉芝(Yeats)說:“教育不是裝滿籃子,而是點(diǎn)燃火焰。”在高中英語教學(xué)中,教師應(yīng)通過多種課堂活動(dòng),以由淺入深的問題為引導(dǎo),與學(xué)生對(duì)話,啟發(fā)學(xué)生反思,幫助學(xué)生積極、主動(dòng)地參與探究主題意義的學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng),學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用所學(xué)語言知識(shí)分析問題和解決問題,掌握適合自己的學(xué)習(xí)策略,提高自主學(xué)習(xí)能力和思維品質(zhì),實(shí)現(xiàn)英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的提升。引用文獻(xiàn)

教育部.2018.普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017 年版)[S].北京:人民教育出版社.教研文化的美學(xué)建構(gòu)與課堂實(shí)踐”(L/2016/278)的階段性研究成果。

附錄

To Kill a Mockingbird(Excerpt)

Atticus was weak:he was nearly fifty.When Jem and I asked him why he was so old,he said he got started late,which we felt reflected upon his abilities and manliness.He was much older than the parents of our school contemporaries,and there was nothing Jem or I could say about him when our classmates said,“My father—”

Jem was football crazy.Atticus was never too tired to play keep-away,but when Jem wanted to tackle him Atticus would say,“I’m too old for that,son.”

Our father didn’t do anything.He worked in an office,not in a drugstore.Atticus did not drive a dump-truck for the county,he was not the police officer,he did not farm,work in a garage,or do anything that could possibly arouse the admiration of anyone.

Besides that,he wore glasses.He was nearly blind in his left eye,and said left eyes were the tribal curse of the Finches.Whenever he wanted to see something well,he turned his head and looked from his right eye.

He did not do the things our schoolmates’fathers did:he never went hunting,he did not play poker or fish or drink or smoke.He sat in the living room and read.

With these characteristics,however,he would not remain as unnoticeable as we wished him to:that year,the whole school talked about him defending Tom Robinson,none of which was complimentary.After my fight with Cecil Jacobs when I committed myself to a policy of chicken,word got around that Scout Finch wouldn’t fight any more,her daddy wouldn’t let her.This was not entirely correct:I wouldn’t fight publicly for Atticus,but the family was private ground.I would fight anyone from a third cousin upwards tooth and nail.

When he gave us our air-guns Atticus wouldn’t teach us to shoot.Uncle Jack instructed us in the therefore;he said Atticus wasn’t interested in guns.Atticus said to Jem one day,“I’d rather you shot at tin cans in the back yard,but I know you’ll go after birds.Shoot all the blue jays you want,if you can hit them,but remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird.”

That was the only time I ever heard Atticus say it was a sin to do something,and I asked Miss Maudie about it.

“Your father’s right,”she said.“Mockingbirds don’t do one thing but make music for us to enjoy.They don’t eat up people’s gardens,don’t nest in corncribs,they don’t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us.That’s why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird.”

台湾省| 潞城市| 吉首市| 榆中县| 广元市| 莲花县| 遂昌县| 元氏县| 治县。| 太原市| 玛纳斯县| 满洲里市| 阳西县| 濉溪县| 岗巴县| 福建省| 南溪县| 青海省| 北碚区| 志丹县| 五寨县| 饶河县| 宜章县| 常熟市| 磴口县| 康乐县| 玛沁县| 巴青县| 娄底市| 金山区| 疏附县| 名山县| 福清市| 务川| 南漳县| 南丰县| 曲靖市| 鄂托克旗| 枣庄市| 高青县| 灵山县|