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預(yù)防性護(hù)理對(duì)老年脊柱骨折術(shù)中壓瘡的預(yù)防效果分析

2019-01-22 04:36蘇桂娣曾國(guó)華丁美蘭
關(guān)鍵詞:預(yù)防效果

蘇桂娣 曾國(guó)華 丁美蘭

【摘要】 目的:分析預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式構(gòu)建對(duì)老年脊柱骨折術(shù)中壓瘡的預(yù)防效果。方法:選取本院2016年1月-2018年12月收治的76例行老年脊柱骨折術(shù)患者,按抽簽方法分為對(duì)照組與預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組,各38例,對(duì)照組給予常規(guī)干預(yù),預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組開(kāi)展預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式。比較兩組滿意水平、壓瘡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度積分、生存質(zhì)量評(píng)分、焦慮及抑郁情緒評(píng)分、手術(shù)實(shí)施時(shí)間、臥床時(shí)間、老開(kāi)始康復(fù)鍛煉時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間及壓瘡發(fā)生率。結(jié)果:預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組滿意水平(100%)高于對(duì)照組(78.95%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。護(hù)理前,兩組壓瘡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度積分與生存質(zhì)量、焦慮及抑郁評(píng)分比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);護(hù)理后,預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組壓瘡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度積分、生存質(zhì)量、焦慮及抑郁評(píng)分均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組手術(shù)實(shí)施時(shí)間、臥床時(shí)間、開(kāi)始康復(fù)鍛煉時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組壓瘡發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:對(duì)行老年脊柱骨折術(shù)患者實(shí)施預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式效果確切,可使患者早期下床活動(dòng),降低壓瘡發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),減輕患者的不良情緒和改善患者的生存質(zhì)量,縮短住院的時(shí)間。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式 老年脊柱骨折術(shù)中壓瘡 預(yù)防效果

Preventive Effect of Preventive Nursing on Pressure Ulcer During Operation of Spine Fracture in the Elderly/SU Guidi, ZENG Guohua, DING Meilan. //Medical Innovation of China, 2019, 16(29): 0-084

[Abstract] Objective: To analyze the preventive effect of preventive nursing model on the prevention of pressure ulcer in elderly patients with spinal fracture. Method: A total of 76 cases of elderly patients with spinal fracture from January 2016 to December 2018 in our hospital were selected and divided into the control group and the preventive care model group according to the method of lottery, 38 cases in each group. The control group was given routine intervention and the preventive care model group carried out preventive care mode. The satisfaction level, risk score of pressure ulcer, quality of life score, anxiety and depression score, operation time, bedridden time, rehabilitation exercise time, hospitalization time and incidence of pressure ulcer were compared between the two groups. Result: The satisfaction level of the preventive care model group (100%) was higher than that of the control group (78.95%), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Before nursing, there were no statistically significant difference in risk score of pressure ulcer, quality of life, anxiety and depression scores between the two groups (P>0.05); after nursing, the risk score of pressure ulcer, quality of life, anxiety and depression scores of the preventive nursing model group were better than those of the control group (P<0.05). The operation time, bedridden time, rehabilitation exercise time and hospitalization time in the preventive nursing mode group were better than? those of the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of pressure sore in the preventive care group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The implementation of preventive nursing mode in elderly patients with spinal fractures is effective, it can make the patient early out of bed activity, reduce the risk of pressure ulcers and the patients bad mood, improve the quality of life of patients and shorten the hospitalization time.

[Key words] Preventive nursing model Pressure ulcer during operation of spine fracture in the elderly Prevention effect

First-authors address: Peoples Hospital of Ganzhou City, Ganzhou 341000, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2019.29.021

壓瘡是局部組織的長(zhǎng)期壓迫,阻礙血液循環(huán),缺血,缺氧,組織營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良和潰瘍或壞死。老年脊柱骨折需要及時(shí)實(shí)施手術(shù)治療,老年脊柱骨折手術(shù)有時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、術(shù)后臥床時(shí)間長(zhǎng)等特點(diǎn),術(shù)中壓瘡指壓迫性潰瘍引起的局部組織皮膚壓迫在特定的手術(shù)情況下,患者不能在手術(shù)體位下翻身。脊柱手術(shù)是創(chuàng)傷性的,患者的全身抵抗力會(huì)受到影響。此外,老年患者的皮膚缺乏彈性,皮下組織萎縮更容易引起壓瘡[1-2]。因老年脊柱骨折患者壓瘡發(fā)生率高,需要采取預(yù)防性護(hù)理干預(yù)。本研究選取本院2016年1月-2018年12月的76例行老年脊柱骨折術(shù)患者,分析了預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式構(gòu)建對(duì)老年脊柱骨折術(shù)中壓瘡的預(yù)防效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料 選取院2016年1月-2018年12月本行老年脊柱骨折術(shù)患者76例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):符合老年脊柱骨折診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),可配合本次治療。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):手術(shù)治療禁忌、合并其他疾病影響本次研究結(jié)果觀察者。按抽簽方法分為對(duì)照組與預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組,各38例。所有患者及家屬均知情同意并簽署知情同意書(shū)。本研究已經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。

1.2 方法 對(duì)照組給予常規(guī)干預(yù),常規(guī)根據(jù)脊柱骨折手術(shù)的實(shí)施流程進(jìn)行術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備、術(shù)中配合和術(shù)后護(hù)理。預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組開(kāi)展預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式。第一,評(píng)估壓力性潰瘍的危險(xiǎn)因素。潰瘍?cè)u(píng)分表用于評(píng)估術(shù)前第1天綜合性壓瘡的危險(xiǎn)因素,為壓力性潰瘍高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)脊柱骨折老年患者建立預(yù)見(jiàn)性報(bào)告系統(tǒng)。Norton壓瘡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估表:>25分無(wú)危險(xiǎn),19~25分輕度危險(xiǎn),14~18分高度危險(xiǎn),≤13分極危險(xiǎn),即分?jǐn)?shù)越低,壓瘡發(fā)生的可能性越大。第二,正確定位。插入麻醉管后,醫(yī)務(wù)人員站在脊柱骨折老年患者兩側(cè),握住脊柱骨折老年患者的背部,胸部,臀部和下肢,并將脊柱骨折老年患者轉(zhuǎn)移到手術(shù)床上。注意軸翻身,避免身體扭曲,增加脊柱損傷。第三,預(yù)防壓瘡。脊柱骨折老年患者采用俯臥位,頭部置于頭架上,前額用繃帶包裹,內(nèi)襯為棉毛,小腿用楔墊填充,膝關(guān)節(jié)用墊填充。海綿墊或自制水囊墊,兩個(gè)膝關(guān)節(jié)由化妝棉隔開(kāi),溫水袋安裝在里面。將女性脊柱骨折老年患者的乳房放置在身體體位墊的空腔上以避免壓力。男性生殖器也應(yīng)放在空洞中以避免擠壓。在放置體位之前,在容易受壓的部位,如肱骨,胸部?jī)蓚?cè)和兩膝,根據(jù)手術(shù)時(shí)間,采用康惠爾敷料或者泡沫敷料,其既能緩沖壓力又能節(jié)省手術(shù)費(fèi)用[3-5]。第四,術(shù)中巡視護(hù)士密切注意脊柱骨折老年患者皮膚焦點(diǎn)的顏色變化,注意是否有壓力,體位移,每2小時(shí)抬一次壓迫部位。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)與判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)比較兩組滿意水平,采用本院自制問(wèn)卷調(diào)查,分為滿意和不滿意。(2)比較兩組護(hù)理前和護(hù)理1周后壓瘡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度積分,采用10分制,0~10分,分值越低,危險(xiǎn)程度越低。(3)比較兩組生存質(zhì)量評(píng)分。采用本院自制生存質(zhì)量量表評(píng)分,分值越高則患者的生存質(zhì)量越高。(4)比較焦慮以及抑郁情緒,采用焦慮自評(píng)量表(self-rating anxiety scale,SAS)與抑郁自評(píng)量表(self-rating depression scale,SDS)評(píng)價(jià),總分20~80分,焦慮超過(guò)50分代表焦慮,超過(guò)53分代表抑郁,分值越低越好。(5)比較兩組手術(shù)實(shí)施時(shí)間、臥床時(shí)間、開(kāi)始康復(fù)鍛煉時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間。(6)比較兩組壓瘡發(fā)生率。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 15.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組一般資料比較 預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組,男18例,女20例;年齡61~84歲,平均(68.24±2.80)歲。對(duì)照組,男19例,女19例;年齡62~84歲,平均(68.57±2.57)歲。兩組一般資料比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。

2.2 兩組滿意水平比較 預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組滿意38例(100%),對(duì)照組滿意30例(78.95%)。預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組滿意水平高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=5.722,P<0.05)。

2.3 兩組壓瘡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度積分及生存質(zhì)量評(píng)分比較 對(duì)照組護(hù)理前壓瘡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度積分為(3.11±0.12)分和生存質(zhì)量評(píng)分為(62.65±3.11)分。護(hù)理后分別為(1.78±0.21)分和(78.13±3.67)分。預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組護(hù)理前壓瘡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度積分為(3.13±0.15)分,生存質(zhì)量評(píng)分為(62.12±3.21)分。護(hù)理后分別為(0.42±0.11)分和(96.33±3.11)分。護(hù)理前兩組壓瘡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度積分及生存質(zhì)量評(píng)分比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=0.215、0.145,P>0.05);護(hù)理后預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組壓瘡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度積分與生存質(zhì)量評(píng)分均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=6.924、7.843,P<0.05)。

2.4 兩組焦慮及抑郁情緒比較 護(hù)理前兩組焦慮及抑郁評(píng)分比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);護(hù)理后預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組焦慮及抑郁評(píng)分均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。

2.5 兩組手術(shù)實(shí)施時(shí)間、臥床時(shí)間、開(kāi)始康復(fù)鍛煉時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間比較 預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組手術(shù)實(shí)施時(shí)間、臥床時(shí)間、開(kāi)始康復(fù)鍛煉時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。

2.6 兩組壓瘡發(fā)生率 預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組壓瘡發(fā)生1例(2.63%),對(duì)照組壓瘡發(fā)生8例(21.05%)。預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組壓瘡發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=6.813,P<0.05)。

3 討論

壓瘡是常見(jiàn)的臨床并發(fā)癥,多為老年脊柱骨折患者,長(zhǎng)期臥床和手術(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況低下的脊柱骨折患者為高危人群。壓瘡會(huì)加重病人的病情,延長(zhǎng)治療時(shí)間,導(dǎo)致身心痛[6-8]。壓瘡的發(fā)生會(huì)影響所有護(hù)理的質(zhì)量。因此,預(yù)防壓瘡是評(píng)估醫(yī)院和科室護(hù)理工作水平的重要指標(biāo)。預(yù)防術(shù)中壓瘡是手術(shù)室護(hù)理質(zhì)量的重要體現(xiàn)[9-11]。脊柱骨折患者在手術(shù)前評(píng)估壓瘡風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并根據(jù)年齡,體重,皮膚和運(yùn)動(dòng)能力篩選在手術(shù)期間易患?jí)函彽母呶H巳?,重點(diǎn)關(guān)注任務(wù)的預(yù)防知識(shí)和發(fā)展預(yù)防計(jì)劃。術(shù)中手術(shù)為老年人脊柱骨折的特點(diǎn),合理的體位,選擇適當(dāng)?shù)捏w位墊,促使受力部位的壓力得到緩解,巡回護(hù)士在操作過(guò)程中注意應(yīng)力部位的皮膚變化[12-16]。在手術(shù)過(guò)程中,根據(jù)手術(shù)時(shí)間,將透明壓力或泡沫敷料涂在易壓部位,對(duì)預(yù)防壓瘡效果明顯,術(shù)后壓瘡監(jiān)測(cè)護(hù)士加強(qiáng)監(jiān)測(cè)反饋工作,防止術(shù)中壓瘡發(fā)生。通過(guò)上述預(yù)防性護(hù)理措施的實(shí)施,可有效預(yù)防和減少壓瘡的發(fā)生,促使脊柱骨折患者術(shù)后獲得更好的康復(fù)質(zhì)量[17-22]。

本研究結(jié)果顯示,預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組滿意水平(100%)高于對(duì)照組(78.95),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。護(hù)理前兩組壓瘡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度積分與生存質(zhì)量、焦慮及抑郁評(píng)分比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);護(hù)理后預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組壓瘡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度積分、生存質(zhì)量、焦慮及抑郁評(píng)分均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組手術(shù)實(shí)施時(shí)間、臥床時(shí)間、開(kāi)始康復(fù)鍛煉時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式組壓瘡發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。

綜上,老年脊柱骨折術(shù)患者實(shí)施預(yù)防性護(hù)理模式效果確切,可早期下床活動(dòng),降低壓瘡發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),減輕患者的不良情緒和改善患者的生存質(zhì)量,縮短住院的時(shí)間。

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(收稿日期:2019-03-05) (本文編輯:田婧)

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