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巧用高考真題 擴(kuò)大英語(yǔ)詞匯量

2019-01-10 14:22:29廣東
教學(xué)考試(高考英語(yǔ)) 2019年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:構(gòu)詞法短語(yǔ)單詞

廣東

英國(guó)的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家魏爾金斯曾說(shuō):“沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法,不能很好地表達(dá);沒(méi)有詞匯,則什么也表達(dá)不了。”這說(shuō)明了詞匯在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中的重要性。但是,在高三英語(yǔ)第二輪復(fù)習(xí)中,學(xué)生被試卷包圍,盲目地刷題;教師也不斷地講解試題答案和解題技巧。學(xué)生和老師都忙得焦頭爛額,卻收效甚微。

沒(méi)抓詞匯,豈有回報(bào)?教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過(guò)高考試題中的閱讀理解來(lái)復(fù)習(xí)詞匯和擴(kuò)大詞匯量。這樣的話(huà),英語(yǔ)瓶頸,豈能不破?下面筆者結(jié)合2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ閱讀理解第一節(jié)A、B、C、D四篇文章來(lái)分析高三英語(yǔ)第二輪復(fù)習(xí)中如何巧用試題進(jìn)行高考詞匯復(fù)習(xí)。

一、破舊詞,尋新義

在復(fù)習(xí)中,教師覺(jué)得初中的詞匯是“雞肋”,棄之可惜,食之無(wú)味。然而舊瓶能裝新酒,舊詞能尋新義,初中詞匯這碗“冷飯”一樣可以炒得有滋有味。例如讓學(xué)生猜測(cè)下列劃線(xiàn)部分單詞的意義:

1.Which tour do you need to book in advance?(A篇)

2.Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D.C.(A篇)

3....with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste,...(B 篇)

4....Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.(B篇)

5.When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers,small, tightly knit (聯(lián)系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.(C 篇)

6.Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three)or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.(C 篇)

7.“The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, ...” (D 篇)

8.They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.(D 篇)

答案:1.book vt.預(yù)訂(熟義:n.書(shū));2.heart n.中心(熟義:n.心臟);3.top adj.最重要的(熟義:n.頂部);4.value n.劃算程度(熟義:n.價(jià)值);5.independent adj.不受……的影響(熟義:adj.獨(dú)立的);6.pick v.舉例(熟義:v.撿起);7.plant vt.穩(wěn)固地放置(熟義:n.植物);8.cut v.減少(熟義:vt.切)

二、攻難詞,貴反復(fù)

深入了解簡(jiǎn)單的單詞后,學(xué)生要想有一個(gè)質(zhì)的飛躍,達(dá)到一個(gè)更高的層次,就必須攻下高頻難詞。2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ的四篇閱讀中都有不少高頻難詞,例如下列8道根據(jù)中文填寫(xiě)適當(dāng)單詞的練習(xí)題:

1.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they _____(開(kāi)花).(A篇)

2.This bike tour is the perfect tour for D.C.newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington, D.C.in a healthy way with _____(最小的)effort.(A篇)

3.With food our biggest weekly household _____(費(fèi)用), Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week.(B 篇)

4.The team ____(轉(zhuǎn) 變 )the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.(B 篇)

5.In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal_____(義務(wù)的)education,...(C篇)

6.None of these seems to have much chance of _____ (幸存).(C篇)

7.As these outdated devices _____(消費(fèi))much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.(D 篇)

8.As we _____ (積累 )more devices, however, we didn’t throw out our old ones.(D 篇)

答案:1.blossom ;2.minimum ;3.expense;4.transforms;5.compulsory;6.survival;7.consume;8.accumulated

為了高效攻下這些高頻難詞,學(xué)生需采取如下的方法:第一,每天利用零碎時(shí)間背誦高頻難詞,化零為整。在不斷跟它們碰面的過(guò)程中,從“陌生人”到“好朋友”是水到渠成的事。第二,學(xué)生要緊跟時(shí)代的潮流,利用實(shí)用有效的背詞app軟件。如百詞斬,里面生動(dòng)形象的圖片、簡(jiǎn)短實(shí)用的例句非常有助于學(xué)生掌握高頻詞匯。第三,鞏固詞匯,閱讀是王道。沒(méi)有閱讀,何來(lái)積累?在不斷地閱讀中,學(xué)生既收獲了詞匯,也提高了語(yǔ)感、擴(kuò)大了視野、增長(zhǎng)了知識(shí),何樂(lè)而不為?在閱讀過(guò)程中,學(xué)生更需把題干和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的高頻難詞收入囊中,因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)谖恼轮谐霈F(xiàn)的可能性比較大,這樣就有了至少2次的碰面機(jī)會(huì)。例如,D篇中consumption出現(xiàn)了3次,分別在文章的第三段、第四段和第33題的D選項(xiàng);consumer出現(xiàn)了2次,分別在文章的最后一段和第33題的C選項(xiàng);consume在第一段出現(xiàn)了1次。在跟此篇閱讀的碰撞中,豈能不跟這三個(gè)同根詞擦出美麗的火花?

此外,即使是高頻難詞,也需要注重其一詞多義。例如B篇閱讀的第一段第一句“Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, ...”中的grill在此處表示“追問(wèn),盤(pán)問(wèn)”,而不是“燒烤”。

三、抓短語(yǔ),需分類(lèi)

舊詞和高頻難詞的復(fù)習(xí)十分重要,短語(yǔ)的復(fù)習(xí)亦不可忽視。短語(yǔ)里面的單詞簡(jiǎn)單易懂,很多學(xué)生不以為然,卻因此吃了大虧。例如B篇的第一段第一句“..., but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.”中的“cook up a storm”表示“盡情、起勁地做飯”,它是B篇第24題的解題關(guān)鍵。還有C篇第二段的最后一句“increasingly taking over(越來(lái)越占據(jù)統(tǒng)治地位)”中的短語(yǔ)“take over”是第29題(詞義猜測(cè)題)的解題關(guān)鍵,take over 和dominant(占優(yōu)勢(shì)的)是同義表達(dá),學(xué)生往往因?yàn)闆](méi)掌握這2個(gè)短語(yǔ)而失分。

在復(fù)習(xí)短語(yǔ)時(shí),學(xué)生可以根據(jù)詞性來(lái)劃分,如劃分為動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)、名詞短語(yǔ)、形容詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)等,特別要熟記16個(gè)高頻動(dòng)詞(break, bring, call, come, cut, give, go,get, hold, look, make, put, set, take, turn, set)構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)的用法。2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ的閱讀理解中出現(xiàn)了1個(gè)take的合成詞和2個(gè)含take的短語(yǔ),如下:

takeaway:“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant,”she explains.(B 篇)

take over: ...Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.(C 篇)

take apart:Take them apart.(D篇第35題的B選項(xiàng))

復(fù)習(xí)take構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)勢(shì)在必行:take after與……相像;take along攜帶;take...apart拆開(kāi);take away 拿走,帶走,消除;take away from...從……帶/拿走;take back 退回,拿回,收回;take down 拿下,記下;take for...當(dāng)作……,誤以為是……;take in 吸收,接納,上當(dāng);take off(飛機(jī))起飛,脫掉(衣帽/鞋),成功,休息;take on 呈現(xiàn);take out 取得,拔除,邀請(qǐng)(某人)外出;take over 接管,接替。

四、擴(kuò)詞匯,巧借力

(一)巧用構(gòu)詞法,詞匯連連翻

高考考綱要求考生掌握3500個(gè)詞匯。學(xué)生巧用構(gòu)詞法,詞匯翻倍特輕松。最常見(jiàn)的構(gòu)詞法有派生法、合成法和轉(zhuǎn)化法。根據(jù)以下練習(xí)來(lái)鞏固這3種方法:

1.派生法

(1)Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—_____ (appear)!(A 篇)

(2)In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious ______(inspire)on a budget.(B篇)

(3)The distribution of these languages is hugely _____(even).(C 篇)

(4)We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something _____(shine)and new,...(D 篇)

2.合成法

(5)Visit ______(著名的)museums.(A篇第22題的C選項(xiàng))

(6)“..., so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican_______________ (外賣(mài)的 )restaurant,” she explains.(B篇)

(7)When the world was still populated by _____(采集狩獵的人), ...(C篇)

(8)...as these ______(過(guò)時(shí)的)devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.(D篇)

3.轉(zhuǎn)化法

在括號(hào)中寫(xiě)出下列劃線(xiàn)詞在句子中的漢語(yǔ)意思。

(9)Get up close to the monuments and memorials as you bike (______)the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall.(A篇)

(10)In tonight’s Easter special (______)they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget.(B 篇)

(11)In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread (_____) of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, ...(C 篇)

(12)Devices were grouped (______)by generation.(D篇)

答案:(1)disappear;(2)inspiration;(3)uneven;(4)shiny;(5)well-known;(6)takeaway;(7)hunter-gatherers;(8)outdated;(9)vt.騎自行車(chē);(10)n.特別節(jié)目;(11)n.傳播,普及;(12)vt.分組

4.詳細(xì)講解

根據(jù)上面的練習(xí),教師可以重點(diǎn)選取一種構(gòu)詞法進(jìn)行詳細(xì)介紹,如轉(zhuǎn)化法。名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞的詞一般分為五類(lèi):

(1)表示物件的名詞可用作動(dòng)詞

【例1】He is about to chair an important meeting.(chair v.擔(dān)任主席)

【例2】She pictured herself with long hair.(picture v.想象)

(2)表示身體部位的名詞可用作動(dòng)詞

【例1】Many people backed his plan.(back v.支持)

【例2】Our monitor shouldered great responsibility.(shoulder v.承擔(dān))

(3)表示一類(lèi)人的名詞可用作動(dòng)詞

【例1】Don’ t be fooled by his appearance.(fool v.欺騙)

【例2】Professor Tom pioneered DNA tests.(pioneer v.倡導(dǎo))

(4)一些其他實(shí)物名詞也可用作動(dòng)詞

【例1】His home houses up to nine people.(house v.為……提供住房)

【例2】Their relationship flowered.(flower v.變得更好)

(5)有些抽象名詞可用作動(dòng)詞

【例1】Their decision angered him.(anger v.使氣憤)

【例2】He hungered for adventure.(hunger v.渴望)

(二)巧用歸類(lèi)法,詞匯倍倍增

在復(fù)習(xí)階段,為了進(jìn)一步鞏固學(xué)生詞匯復(fù)習(xí)的效果,教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生巧用分類(lèi)法進(jìn)行詞匯鞏固。例如:2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ閱讀理解的A篇是活動(dòng)介紹,B篇是飲食節(jié)目介紹,C篇是語(yǔ)言的消失,而D篇是新舊電子設(shè)備的能耗。通過(guò)歸類(lèi)整理這四篇不同話(huà)題文章中的詞匯,學(xué)生可以高效記憶相關(guān)詞匯。如B篇涉及的是飲食節(jié)目類(lèi),教師可以指導(dǎo)學(xué)生整理他們熟悉的“飲食類(lèi)”詞匯,如:beef n.牛肉;chicken n.雞肉;fish n.魚(yú);mutton n.羊肉;pork n.豬肉;steak n.牛排;vegetable n.蔬菜;dessert n.點(diǎn)心;buffet n.自助餐;cafeteria n.自助餐廳;recipe n.食譜;nutrition n.營(yíng)養(yǎng);chew v.咀嚼;digest v.消化;delicious adj.美味的;tasteless adj.無(wú)味道的;sour adj.酸的;sweet adj.甜的;bitter adj.苦的;hot adj.辣的;salty adj.咸的。

在高三英語(yǔ)第二輪復(fù)習(xí)中,學(xué)生不能迷失在一片試卷的海洋中,要學(xué)會(huì)利用試卷檢驗(yàn)和擴(kuò)大自己的詞匯量。同時(shí),教師也要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生巧用高考真題,每次有重點(diǎn)地介紹復(fù)習(xí)單詞的方法,這樣學(xué)生的詞匯量才能不斷地?cái)U(kuò)大、學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的能力才能更上一層樓!

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