朱曉虹
英語中的及物動(dòng)詞有兩種語態(tài):主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。如:
We should plant many trees on the mountains.(主動(dòng))
我們應(yīng)該在山上種許多樹.
Many trees should be planted on the mountains.(被動(dòng))
應(yīng)該在山上種許多樹。
漢語中,我們常用“被”“給”“由”“受”等詞表示被動(dòng),而英語中的被動(dòng)語態(tài)是怎樣構(gòu)成的呢?我們一起往下看。
被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
總的來說,被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成為:助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞。被動(dòng)語態(tài)中,助動(dòng)詞be隨主語人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)和語氣的不同而變化,具體時(shí)態(tài)形式見下表:被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法
1.當(dāng)不知道或沒有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí),常用被動(dòng)語態(tài),此時(shí)往往不用by短語。
This statue was created 500 years ago.
這個(gè)雕塑創(chuàng)作于500年前。
2.突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者或事件本身,如果需要說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,使用by短語。
All the employees except the manager are required to work online at home.
除了經(jīng)理外所有的員工都被要求在家網(wǎng)上辦公。
These songs were composed by Mozart.
這些曲子是由莫扎特創(chuàng)作的。
3.當(dāng)漢語句子的主語既不是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,也不是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),這時(shí)常用in+名詞做狀語,而不用by短語。
More than 20, 000 cars will be produced each year in this factory.
每年,超過20 000輛汽車將在這個(gè)工廠生產(chǎn)。
4.“get+過去分詞”可表示被動(dòng),此結(jié)構(gòu)比較口語化。
Some glasses got broken when we were moving.
我們搬家的時(shí)候有些玻璃杯被打碎了。
主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義
1.“系動(dòng)詞look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep+形容詞/名詞”構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
-Do you like the material?
-Yes, it feels very soft.
——你喜歡這種材料嗎?
——是的,它摸起來很柔軟。
2.表示主語的某種屬性特征的不及物動(dòng)詞,
如 read,write, sell, wash, clean,wear, open, cook, lock, shut等,可用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。
No matter how hard he tried, the door wouldn't open.
不管他怎么努力開門,門就是打不開。
Books of this kind sell well.
這種書很暢銷。
3.動(dòng)詞want, need, require作“需要”講時(shí),后接不定式的被動(dòng)形式或動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式意義相同。
This old house wants painting.= This old house wants to painted.
這座1日房子需要油漆。
This wall needs repairing.= This wall needs to be repaired.
這面墻需要修理。
Those flowers requires watering.= Those flowers requires to be watered.
這些花朵需要澆水。
真題演練
1. If city noises _________ from increasing , people _________ shout to be heard even at dinner.
A. are not kept; will have to
B. are not kept; have
C. do not keep; will have to
D. do not keep; have to
2. The squirrel was very lucky and it just missed _________.
A. catching
B. to be caught
C. being caught
D. to catch
3. -_________the sports meet might be put off.
-Yes , it all depends on the weather.
A. l've been told
B. l've told
C. I'm told
D. I told
4. I need one more stamp before my collection______.
A. has completed
B. completes
C. has been completed
D. is completed
5. Rainforests ______ and burned at sucha speed that they will disappear from the earthin the near future.
A. cut
B. are cut
C. are being cut
D. had been cut
1.A。句意為:如果城市里的噪音不被阻止繼續(xù)增長的話,那么人們吃飯時(shí)只能互相吼叫才能被聽見。第一空考的的是keep sb./sth.from doing,轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)為sb./sth. be kept fromdoing;第二空考查時(shí)態(tài),根據(jù)前文的if和句意可知,此處表示趨勢,用將來時(shí)。
2.C。句意為:這只松鼠很幸運(yùn),它剛才沒有被抓住。squirrel與catch之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,而miss后接動(dòng)名詞或名詞,故此處填beingcaught充當(dāng)句子的賓語。
3.A。句意為:——我已經(jīng)被告知運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)可能會(huì)被推遲?!堑?,這取決于天氣。此處考查完成時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
4.D。句意為:在我的收藏完成前,我需要更多的郵票。此處考查的是before時(shí)間狀語后一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)。根據(jù)前文動(dòng)詞need,可以知道后面應(yīng)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。
5.C。句意為:熱帶雨林正在被以如此快的速度砍伐和燒毀,以至于它們將會(huì)在不遠(yuǎn)的將來會(huì)在地球上消失。根據(jù)后文中will disappear可知雨林的消失是未來,所以砍伐的動(dòng)作是此階段正在進(jìn)行的,此處考查進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。