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合并深靜脈血栓形成對(duì)卵巢癌預(yù)后的影響

2018-05-24 10:12胡月唐冬
關(guān)鍵詞:生存卵巢癌

胡月 唐冬

[摘要] 目的 探討卵巢癌初診時(shí)合并深靜脈血栓(DVT)形成是否對(duì)其預(yù)后產(chǎn)生影響,以及伴有和不伴有臨床癥狀的DVT合并卵巢癌患者的預(yù)后有無(wú)差別。 方法 選擇2008年1月~2015年12月荊州市中心醫(yī)院治療的卵巢癌患者(包括輸卵管癌及原發(fā)性腹膜癌)65例,其中DVT組15例,無(wú)DVT組50例。比較兩組患者的臨床、病理及生存數(shù)據(jù)。 結(jié)果 DVT組的中位總生存期明顯短于無(wú)DVT組(21.7個(gè)月比40.0個(gè)月)(P = 0.001),兩組中位無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(17.2個(gè)月比28.7個(gè)月)(P = 0.361)。有癥狀DVT組的中位總生存期明顯短于無(wú)癥狀DVT組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(21.5個(gè)月比37.9個(gè)月)(P = 0.010)。無(wú)DVT組的中位總生存期與無(wú)癥狀DVT組相比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.069),但明顯長(zhǎng)于有癥狀DVT組(P = 0.008)。 結(jié)論 卵巢癌初診時(shí)合并DVT為不良的預(yù)后因素,且主要體現(xiàn)在初診時(shí)合并有癥狀的DVT降低卵巢癌患者的總生存期。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 卵巢癌;深靜脈血栓形成;生存;有癥狀

[中圖分類號(hào)] R737.31 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2018)03(b)-0096-04

The effect of complicating deep venous thrombosis on the prognosis of ovarian cancer

HU Yue1 TANG Dong2

1.Department of Oncology, Jingzhou Center Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Tech, Hubei Province, Jingzhou 434020, China; 2.Department of Neurosurgery, Jingzhou Center Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Tech, Hubei Province, Jingzhou 434020, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate whether the combination of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer has an effect on its prognosis, and to study whether there was a difference in prognosis between symptomatic DVT and asymptomatic DVT combined with ovarian cancer. Methods Sixty-five patients with ovarian cancer (including primary peritoneal cancer and fallopian tube cancer) hospitalized from January 2008 and December 2015 in Jingzhou Center Hospital were selected and devided into DVT group with 15 cases and no DVT group with 50 cases. The clinical, pathological and survival data of the two groups were compared. Results Median overall-survival of DVT group was significantly shorter than no DVT group (21.7 months vs. 40.0 months) (P = 0.001). There was no statistical significance between DVT group and no DVT group in median progression-free survival (17.2 months vs. 28.7 months) (P = 0.361). Median overall-survival of symptomatic DVT group was significantly shorter than asymptomatic DVT group (21.5 months vs. 37.9 months) (P = 0.010). There were no significant differences between no DVT group and asymptomatic DVT group (P = 0.069), median overall-survival of no DVT group was significantly longer than symptomatic DVT group, the difference was satistically significant (P = 0.008). Conclusion Complicating deep venous thrombosis at time of diagnosis is an adverse prognostic factor in ovarian cancer. It mainly reflected in complicating symptomatic DVT decreasing overall survival of ovarian cancer patients.

[Key words] Ovarian cancer; Deep venous thrombosis; Survival; Symptomatic

腫瘤相關(guān)的靜脈血栓栓塞(venous thromboembol?鄄ism,VTE)包括深靜脈血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)和肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE),其中以DVT最為常見(jiàn)[1]。繼腫瘤本身,DVT是導(dǎo)致惡性腫瘤患者死亡的最重要原因[2]。經(jīng)典的靜脈血栓形成三要素包括血管內(nèi)皮損傷、高凝狀態(tài)和靜脈血流瘀滯[3],三者共同促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)、轉(zhuǎn)移[4]。腫瘤細(xì)胞通過(guò)凝血級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)的激活以及其周圍血小板聚集來(lái)抵抗血液中各種防御通路,并促進(jìn)其遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移[5]。惡性腫瘤中某些特定類型,如卵巢癌發(fā)生靜脈血栓栓塞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)尤其高[6]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道卵巢癌的血栓發(fā)生率> 4%,高于其他類型腫瘤[7]。國(guó)外研究表明,伴有靜脈血栓栓塞的惡性腫瘤患者1年生存率為12%,預(yù)后差于不伴有靜脈血栓栓塞患者的生存率(36%)[8]。然而伴有DVT對(duì)卵巢癌患者預(yù)后是否存在影響尚不明確。大于 50%的DVT并無(wú)明顯的臨床癥狀,多由常規(guī)的影像學(xué)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)。本研究采用回顧性病例分析對(duì)照研究探討初診時(shí)合并DVT是否對(duì)卵巢癌預(yù)后產(chǎn)生影響,以及合并有癥狀和無(wú)臨床癥狀DVT的卵巢癌患者的預(yù)后有無(wú)差別?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道如下:

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

收集2008年1月~2015年12月在荊州市中心醫(yī)院住院的卵巢癌患者的病歷信息,共322例,包括輸卵管癌及原發(fā)性腹膜癌。其中初步診斷卵巢癌合并DVT 15例,設(shè)為DVT組;有癥狀5例,設(shè)為有癥狀DVT組;無(wú)癥狀10例,設(shè)為無(wú)癥狀DVT組;另從無(wú)DVT卵巢癌患者中隨機(jī)抽取50例作為無(wú)DVT組。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):所有患者均遵循NCCN指南治療;隨訪時(shí)間均> 1年;其中DVT Autar評(píng)分> 11分(DVT中、高危)均行下肢深靜脈彩超[9]?;颊咴谥?周內(nèi)出現(xiàn)下肢疼痛或浮腫、行走困難、患側(cè)皮溫升高、淺靜脈擴(kuò)張、Homans(+),可認(rèn)為是DVT的癥狀。所有診斷DVT患者均按DVT治療指南進(jìn)行治療。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):術(shù)后或隨訪過(guò)程中繼發(fā)DVT,同時(shí)合并其他惡性腫瘤,潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎、鐮狀細(xì)胞性貧血、慢性心臟病、心肌梗死、靜脈曲張,既往有深靜脈血栓史或腦血管損傷史等DVT高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)疾病。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)通過(guò)。

1.2 觀察指標(biāo)

記錄患者的年齡、治療開(kāi)始及結(jié)束的時(shí)間、復(fù)發(fā)日期,最終組織學(xué)診斷,F(xiàn)IGO分期,手術(shù)前后化療周期數(shù),隨訪時(shí)間,從診斷到最后隨訪或死亡的時(shí)間。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用GraphPad Prism 5軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。評(píng)估變量:年齡、組織學(xué)類型、腫瘤分期(依照AJCC第6版分期)、化療周期、隨訪時(shí)間、總生存時(shí)間。根據(jù)四分位數(shù)間距(IQR)來(lái)描述連續(xù)變量,以計(jì)數(shù)來(lái)描述分類變量。DVT組與無(wú)DVT組的基本情況,其中各組間采用χ2檢驗(yàn)比較分類變量。采用Kaplan-Meier法繪制生存曲線。每?jī)山M間生存率的比較采用Log-rank檢驗(yàn)。參數(shù)估計(jì)采用非參數(shù)方法計(jì)算95%可信區(qū)間(CI)。采用Cox回歸分析比較各組間患者間生存結(jié)局是否存在差異。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1基本情況

入組的65例患者中DVT組與無(wú)DVT組患者中位年齡、AJCC分期、6種病理類型分布(漿液性、黏液性、子宮內(nèi)膜型、透明細(xì)胞型、性索間質(zhì)型、其他)、是否化療等基本情況差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。卵巢初診時(shí)合并DVT比例為4.67%。見(jiàn)表1。

2.2 合并DVT組與無(wú)DVT組卵巢癌患者OS及PFS比較

在隨訪期間,DVT組的中位OS為21.7個(gè)月(95%CI:4.89~35.81),明顯短于無(wú)DVT組的中位OS為(40.0個(gè)月)(95%CI:13.65~66.36)(χ2 = 10.76,P = 0.001),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.001)(圖1a)。DVT組的中位PFS為17.2個(gè)月(95%CI:4.47~29.93),低于無(wú)DVT組的中位PFS(28.7個(gè)月)(95%CI:6.19~51.21),差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2 = 0.84,P = 0.361)(圖1b)。

2.3 有癥狀DVT組與無(wú)癥狀DVT組卵巢癌患者OS比較

在隨訪期間,有癥狀DVT組的中位OS為21.5個(gè)月(95%CI:16.46~26.54),明顯短于無(wú)癥狀DVT組37.9個(gè)月(95%CI:23.65~52.05),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2 = 6.59,P = 0.010)。見(jiàn)圖2。

2.4 無(wú)DVT組分別與無(wú)癥狀及有癥狀DVT組卵巢癌患者OS比較

在隨訪期間,無(wú)DVT組的中位OS與無(wú)癥狀DVT組相比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2 = 3.29,P = 0.069)(圖3a)無(wú);DVT組OS明顯長(zhǎng)于有癥狀DVT組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2 = 7.02,P = 0.008)無(wú)有癥狀(圖3b)。

2.5 多因素生存分析

在控制了疾病分期、是否化療的協(xié)變量后,進(jìn)行多因素COX回歸分析,提示有癥狀的DVT與卵巢癌OS下降獨(dú)立相關(guān)。見(jiàn)表2。

3 討論

靜脈血栓栓塞已經(jīng)成為惡性腫瘤的常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥,增加了腫瘤患者的死亡率及復(fù)發(fā)率,并嚴(yán)重影響生活質(zhì)量[10],其發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比非惡性腫瘤患者高7倍。超過(guò)20%的腫瘤患者會(huì)發(fā)生血栓事件[11]。卵巢癌患者深靜脈血栓發(fā)生率較高[12]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)卵巢初診時(shí)合并DVT比例為4.67%,較文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道(5.6%)低[13],可能因?yàn)橐酝难芯拷y(tǒng)計(jì)包含各階段發(fā)生的DVT。有研究指出新輔助化療并未增加卵巢癌患者靜脈血栓發(fā)生率,常規(guī)的化療方案對(duì)血栓形成的影響也較小[14]。探討其發(fā)生機(jī)制,目前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)卵巢癌細(xì)胞通過(guò)產(chǎn)生組織因子來(lái)激活凝血級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),并可導(dǎo)致高脂血癥[15]。血栓調(diào)節(jié)蛋白,一種天然的抗凝血因子,其表達(dá)可能調(diào)節(jié)卵巢癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)和遷移[16]。具有不同轉(zhuǎn)移潛力的卵巢癌細(xì)胞黏附并活化血小板,而血小板和血小板釋放介導(dǎo)卵巢癌細(xì)胞中的促生存和促血管生成信號(hào)[17]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道卵巢癌患者中合并有癥狀DVT的比例為9.7%~16.6%,其中3.2%是發(fā)生在卵巢癌診斷前[6]。本研究對(duì)DVT的研究是選取卵巢癌初診時(shí)作為時(shí)間截點(diǎn),排除了術(shù)后或隨訪過(guò)程中繼發(fā)性的DVT。這樣屏蔽了治療相關(guān)的DVT對(duì)卵巢癌預(yù)后影響的干擾。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),初診時(shí)合并DVT明顯降低了卵巢癌患者的總生存期,這與另一項(xiàng)闡述治療前發(fā)生DVT對(duì)生存的負(fù)面影響的研究結(jié)果相符合[18]。盡管無(wú)癥狀DVT相對(duì)多見(jiàn),但之前還沒(méi)有研究闡述過(guò)無(wú)癥狀DVT對(duì)卵巢癌的臨床影響。將患者分層后,發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)生存的負(fù)面影響僅限于有癥狀的DVT,無(wú)癥狀DVT患者的總生存期與未發(fā)生DVT患者的相似。在排除了腫瘤分期和治療對(duì)預(yù)后的影響后,發(fā)現(xiàn)合并有癥狀DVT的卵巢癌患者總生存期下降。Cedars-Sinai Medical Center一項(xiàng)研究指出卵巢透明細(xì)胞癌初次治療期間發(fā)生靜脈血栓形成的患者復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加3.9倍,死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加6.3倍。原因可能是涉及血栓形成的旁分泌回路促成更具攻擊性的腫瘤生物學(xué)的可能性[19]。上皮性卵巢癌合并靜脈血栓栓塞的患者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高3.33倍[20]。相對(duì)于腫瘤細(xì)胞激活血液高凝狀態(tài),腫瘤相關(guān)的靜脈血流阻塞可能在婦科腫瘤中起到更重要的作用[21]。泰國(guó)一項(xiàng)對(duì)2316例婦科腫瘤病例回顧性分析中指出有癥狀的卵巢癌患者中發(fā)生血栓形成的最常見(jiàn)的細(xì)胞類型是腺癌(中到低分化),占26.7%,這與本研究結(jié)論類似。其中合并DVT的中位PFS為11.5個(gè)月,DVT的中位OS為12.0個(gè)月[22]。但其OS及PFS均短于本研究,可能由于該研究選擇的病例并未納入無(wú)癥狀的DVT。

本研究利用回顧性病理對(duì)照分析證實(shí)了卵巢癌初診時(shí)合并DVT為不良的預(yù)后因素,且主要體現(xiàn)在初診時(shí)合并有癥狀的DVT降低卵巢癌患者的總生存期。不足之處在于隨訪時(shí)間較短、可能存在其他影響預(yù)后的因素,以及回顧性研究本身的缺陷,如數(shù)據(jù)資料的完整性和同質(zhì)性差。本研究沒(méi)有排除治療開(kāi)始后及隨訪中再發(fā)的DVT。對(duì)于無(wú)癥狀的DVT患者治療后未再行影像學(xué)檢查。未來(lái)更大樣本、多中心、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間、前瞻性的研究有待于進(jìn)一步探討兩者間的關(guān)系,并進(jìn)一步明確其發(fā)生機(jī)制。

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(收稿日期:2017-12-01 本文編輯:劉學(xué)梅)

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