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番木瓜籽中異硫氰酸芐酯抗癌抑菌功能研究進(jìn)展

2018-04-24 09:37朱華平趙毅蒙李超李文釗劉玉茜
現(xiàn)代食品科技 2018年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:番木瓜硫氰酸抗癌

朱華平,趙毅蒙,李超,李文釗,劉玉茜

(1.中國(guó)農(nóng)村技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)中心,北京 100045)(2.食品營(yíng)養(yǎng)與安全教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,天津科技大學(xué)食品工程與生物技術(shù)學(xué)院,天津 300457)

番木瓜(Carica Papaya),又稱為番果、萬(wàn)壽果、木瓜[1],生長(zhǎng)周期相對(duì)較短,番木瓜中含有豐富的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),如糖類、蛋白質(zhì)、維生素、木瓜酶、有機(jī)酸、高纖維以及鉀、鈣、鎂、鐵和硒等礦物元素。據(jù)報(bào)道,番木瓜富含17種以上人體必需氨基酸,維生素C含量高達(dá)50 mg/100 g,有顯著的預(yù)防心血管疾病和腫瘤的功效[2]。番木瓜中含有大量的天然抗氧化劑-β-胡蘿卜素,能有效抑制破壞身體的細(xì)胞和加速衰老的游離氧化自由基[3]。番木瓜中的蛋白酶可以降解蛋白質(zhì)為氨基酸,這種特性在醫(yī)學(xué)上被用來(lái)溶解甚至殺死腸道寄生蟲,對(duì)于一些消化不良、食欲萎靡、脾胃無(wú)力和慢性胃炎等病癥也可起到調(diào)理作用;此外,番木瓜汁對(duì)創(chuàng)傷口具有殺菌消炎的作用,可以用于壞死組織的溶解和清創(chuàng)[4]。另外,番木瓜中的脂肪酶還可以幫助分解、消化脂肪,起到保健美形以及減肥作用。番木瓜的果肉、葉、籽均具有藥用、食用價(jià)值[5,6],具有護(hù)肝、抗炎鎮(zhèn)痛、抗腫瘤、抗菌和抗氧化等作用,因此,番木瓜是一種極具營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值和保健功效的水果。然而,由于其是一種呼吸躍變型熱帶水果[7],易受冷害,腐爛變質(zhì)速度極快,在5 ℃貯藏時(shí),其完熟果就可遭受損壞,貯藏保鮮難度大。因此,目前我國(guó)番木瓜主要作為水果鮮食,作蔬菜煮熟食或者腌食,還多用于產(chǎn)品加工[8],如果醬、果干[9,10]、番木瓜果汁、果酒、番木瓜粉[11,12]、果脯蜜餞、果泥以及番木瓜飲料的加工[13~15]等。

番木瓜副產(chǎn)品加工則主要集中在番木瓜籽榨油及果皮中果膠、木瓜蛋白酶的提取等方面[16]。難能可貴的是它的籽內(nèi)含有芐基硫代葡萄糖苷(Glucosinolate,GS),這種糖苷可在芥子酶的作用下,經(jīng)過(guò)水解提取純化制備異硫氰酸芐酯(Benzyl isothiocyanate,BITC)。BITC在番木瓜種子中含量較高,但在番木瓜果肉中的含量卻很低,幾乎檢測(cè)不到。由于BITC本身具有多種生理功能,番木瓜籽作為BITC的一種良好來(lái)源,具有分布廣、品種多、易獲取等優(yōu)點(diǎn),因而具有潛在的開(kāi)發(fā)應(yīng)用價(jià)值。本文結(jié)合國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),綜述了番木瓜籽中 BITC防癌抗癌以及抑菌性能研究進(jìn)展[17],以期為實(shí)現(xiàn)番木瓜的綜合高效開(kāi)發(fā)利用,提高番木瓜籽商品附加值,形成具發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ奶厣a(chǎn)業(yè),延伸番木瓜產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈,提供一定的理論基礎(chǔ)。

1 番木瓜籽中的BITC

圖1 異硫氰酸酯(Isothiocyanates,ITCs)和異硫氰酸芐酯(Benzyl isothiocyanate,BITC)結(jié)構(gòu)式Fig.1 Structural formula of isothiocyanates and benzyl isothiocyanate

番木瓜籽本身營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值高,還含有豐富的 GS。GS是一種次生代謝產(chǎn)物,常見(jiàn)于十字花科植物[18]。目前,雖不能證明其存在直接的生理功能,但當(dāng)植物受損時(shí),在不同的條件下,GS與內(nèi)源硫苷酶發(fā)生反應(yīng),可降解成為具有生物活性的一系列代謝產(chǎn)物,其中以異硫氰酸酯類(Isothiocyanates,ITCs)最受關(guān)注[19]。有研究表明 ITCs具有較強(qiáng)的防腐抗菌[20]和抗癌抑癌[21]作用。此外,ITCs的特殊氣味也是水果被賦予特殊風(fēng)味的源泉[22]。

番木瓜各部位的測(cè)定結(jié)果表明,BITC的前體物質(zhì)以種子的含量為最高,成熟果肉中幾乎沒(méi)有[23]。目前,已有相關(guān)研究采用比色法、氣相色譜等分析檢測(cè)方法可以測(cè)得番木瓜籽提取物中存在較高含量的BITC[24]。由于番木瓜籽是番木瓜加工過(guò)程中的廢棄物,一直以來(lái)未被合理開(kāi)發(fā)利用,造成了極大的資源浪費(fèi)[25,26]。

BITC(結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示)主要存在于白菜花目十字花科的某些植物中,如卷心菜(Cabbage)、油菜(Brassicana-pus)、蘿卜(Raphanussativus)、旱金蓮(Tropaeolum)、擬南芥(Arabidopsisthaliana)、水芹(Watercelery)、抱子甘藍(lán)(Brusselssprout)等。BITC熱穩(wěn)定性不是很好,在使用和保存時(shí)要避免高溫[27]。

番木瓜數(shù)量龐大,研究表明可在番木瓜的各組織中檢測(cè)到BITC的前體GS以及BITC,在成熟果肉中這兩類物質(zhì)含量很低,但在番木瓜籽中含量很高而且僅可檢測(cè)出這兩類物質(zhì)。因此番木瓜籽可用于提取高純度 GS和BITC。BITC的生物合成途徑文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道如下[28]。

2 BITC的防癌抗癌研究進(jìn)展

ITCs不僅是一類重要的有機(jī)合成中間體,還是重要的含硫含氮香料化合物。流行病學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)十字花科中大量植物所含的 ITCs具有防癌、抑癌作用[29],這種化合物被證明可以降低腫瘤發(fā)生的幾率[30,31]。目前,已有20多種天然或合成的ITCs被認(rèn)為是共同的抗癌活性物質(zhì),并且ITCs已被證明對(duì)多種實(shí)體腫瘤和血液腫瘤都存在抗癌作用[32,33]。BITC則是ITCs中的一種公認(rèn)抑癌防癌效果較強(qiáng)的物質(zhì)。

有研究表明BITC,甚至是ITCs,對(duì)癌癥的抑制大多體現(xiàn)在其對(duì)蛋白質(zhì)的影響。有文獻(xiàn)顯示:減少致癌因子的產(chǎn)生有兩種機(jī)制,抑制phase Ⅰ酶的產(chǎn)生以及誘導(dǎo)活化phase Ⅱ酶[34],這類結(jié)論的著手點(diǎn)是,腫瘤產(chǎn)生的源頭-致癌因子,這是一種通過(guò)由phase Ⅰ酶代謝所產(chǎn)生的氧化反應(yīng)被高度活化的中間產(chǎn)物與DNA形成的加和物;Phase Ⅱ酶則具有破壞致癌因子高度活化的中央結(jié)構(gòu)的能力,這種酶還可以使致癌因子轉(zhuǎn)變成極性大的易于排出體外的分子,它可以給活化的中間產(chǎn)物解毒[35~37]。另外有文獻(xiàn)指出BITC可通過(guò)多種信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑參與抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程,并可以使癌細(xì)胞周期阻滯于G2/M期[38,39],它的藥理作用被推測(cè)可能是抑制代謝酶細(xì)胞色素氧化酶的活性[40]。此外,還有研究顯示BITC可以強(qiáng)烈激活胱冬肽酶[41]或者可以停滯腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)周期[42],還可以對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子活性起到抑制作用[43];甚至可以對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞微管蛋白進(jìn)行誘導(dǎo)而導(dǎo)致其結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變,這些蛋白主要是細(xì)胞骨架必需的蛋白[44],進(jìn)而在一些人類細(xì)胞系中誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞程序化凋亡[45]。在日本進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)新研究顯示過(guò)剩堆積的大腸細(xì)胞內(nèi)異常蛋白質(zhì)會(huì)導(dǎo)致致癌因子的活躍進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致了癌細(xì)胞的不斷增殖,而番木瓜籽中提取出的BITC對(duì)該類蛋白質(zhì)的抑制會(huì)降低癌癥的發(fā)病率。

對(duì)于抑癌部分的研究,探討B(tài)ITC對(duì)蛋白質(zhì)的影響的是大多數(shù),還有一部分研究認(rèn)為BITC的這種抑制效應(yīng)與其阻遏致癌因子的形成主要是通過(guò)抑制致癌原的羥化而發(fā)揮作用,它會(huì)抑制致癌原加和物形成過(guò)程中的關(guān)鍵步驟[46]。還有文獻(xiàn)顯示BITC可以通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞內(nèi)的凋亡相關(guān)信號(hào)通路以及轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,它還會(huì)影響細(xì)胞氧化損傷來(lái)抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)[47,48]。

對(duì)于BITC的抗癌研究的構(gòu)效關(guān)系,有文獻(xiàn)通過(guò)計(jì)算結(jié)構(gòu)信息含量指數(shù)(SIC)發(fā)現(xiàn),具有 R-(CH2)n-NCS結(jié)構(gòu)的異硫氰酸酯類,隨著亞甲基的增加,抗癌活性逐漸降低[49]。

而且據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者研究報(bào)道,番木瓜籽中的BITC具有殺死癌細(xì)胞的作用,而且可以在不破壞體內(nèi)正常細(xì)胞的同時(shí)可以使癌細(xì)胞凋亡,對(duì)常見(jiàn)致死率極高的宮頸癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、消化道癌癥、肝癌及胰腺癌等都有一定的抑制作用[26],像這種高效純天然,毒副作用低的物質(zhì)若能被用來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā)成抗癌藥物,潛力巨大。但于此同時(shí)它的抗癌機(jī)理卻沒(méi)有徹底弄清,所以現(xiàn)階段對(duì)機(jī)理的研究應(yīng)該是重點(diǎn)。

3 BITC抑菌性能的研究進(jìn)展

早期研究表明BITC對(duì)病原生物,例如細(xì)菌、真菌和寄生蟲等有抗性作用,并對(duì)該方面進(jìn)行了大量研究[50,51]。結(jié)果表明,以番木瓜為首的十字花科植物中提取出來(lái)的BITC的抗性較強(qiáng)[28]。

有很多文獻(xiàn)對(duì)BITC的抑菌性做了定性分析。如Isshiki等[52]在1992年測(cè)定了BITC抑制霉菌、細(xì)菌和酵母菌的生長(zhǎng)情況,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)雖然其對(duì)各種病原微生物的抑制效果有差異,但都受到了抑制;Ono等[53,54]在1998年研究了山葵中的BITC的抑菌效果,它對(duì)大腸桿菌(Escherichia coli)、金黃色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和沙門氏菌(Salmonella)等細(xì)菌具有較強(qiáng)的抑菌效果;有學(xué)者[55]以微小枯草芽孢桿菌和金黃色葡萄球菌為模式菌株,以未添加BITC為對(duì)照組,通過(guò)測(cè)定微生物的生長(zhǎng)曲線,發(fā)現(xiàn)控制BITC的加入量,在不致死細(xì)菌的濃度下,可以延長(zhǎng)微生物的延滯期,并認(rèn)為BITC對(duì)細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)有一定的抑制作用;還有學(xué)者[56]則對(duì)BITC對(duì)面包中黃曲霉、青霉屬以及內(nèi)孢毒素等抑制作用進(jìn)行了研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)BITC濃度為3.5 μg/mL時(shí),該物質(zhì)對(duì)真菌也存在很強(qiáng)的抑制作用;還有團(tuán)隊(duì)研究了BITC對(duì)冷藏牛肉中篩選出來(lái)的大腸桿菌的抑菌性能,并進(jìn)一步探究了它的作用方式;在肉制品保藏實(shí)驗(yàn)中,發(fā)現(xiàn)BITC可以延長(zhǎng)肉品保鮮期,且效果顯著[57]等等。

番木瓜籽提取物BITC的抑菌活性雖已被證實(shí),但其抑菌機(jī)理還有待進(jìn)一步明確。主要觀點(diǎn)包括:BITC影響了致病菌的細(xì)胞壁的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能[58];BITC對(duì)致病菌的影響體現(xiàn)在對(duì)其體內(nèi)蛋白表達(dá)上[59];有些研究[60]認(rèn)為BITC對(duì)致病菌的影響并不單單體現(xiàn)在某一個(gè)問(wèn)題上,應(yīng)該是多種原因產(chǎn)生的復(fù)雜結(jié)果。另外對(duì)于BITC抑菌的構(gòu)效關(guān)系也有相關(guān)研究,這些[61,62]比較了不同十字花科植物中提出的ITCs的抑菌效果,得出了BITC在抑菌方面效果最好,并發(fā)現(xiàn)在結(jié)構(gòu)上無(wú)論是大小基團(tuán)的添加或者消去都會(huì)導(dǎo)致抑菌活性的改變,例如一個(gè)亞基的存在、分子的大小以及烴鏈的長(zhǎng)度等。通過(guò)研究者的結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),BITC在抑菌性的構(gòu)效關(guān)系的加強(qiáng)和減弱和抗癌作用有著相似的原理。

大多數(shù)研究者在研究BITC時(shí),把注意力放在對(duì)BITC抑菌性的定性上,但是對(duì)于BITC是如何抑菌的,抑菌的根本點(diǎn)是在對(duì)致病菌外環(huán)境的影響?是對(duì)致病菌結(jié)構(gòu)的影響?還是對(duì)致病菌代謝的影響?卻沒(méi)有一致明確的結(jié)論。BITC的抑菌性相較其防癌抑癌方面的研究破淺,但是投入研究的熱潮卻沒(méi)有停歇?!疤烊?、安全”作為現(xiàn)代科技爭(zhēng)相求取的關(guān)鍵所在,BITC作為由植物中提取的抑菌功能強(qiáng)大的一種天然物質(zhì),具有深入探究的潛力。相較于抗生素,這類可以從食物中提取出來(lái)的物質(zhì),如果可以達(dá)到抑菌甚至是殺菌效果,作為保鮮類、洗滌類和滅菌類等產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行研究開(kāi)發(fā),不失為更佳選擇。

4 討論與展望

番木瓜產(chǎn)地廣闊,使得番木瓜籽易于采集,而且從中提取BITC時(shí)干擾物少,提取方法簡(jiǎn)易純度高。BITC是番木瓜籽中含量較高的物質(zhì),而番木瓜籽是不可食用的廢料,用起來(lái)既便利廉價(jià),又可變廢為寶。BITC早已被證明不僅具有很強(qiáng)的抗癌抑癌功效,還具有很強(qiáng)的抑菌能力,但就開(kāi)發(fā)相關(guān)產(chǎn)品來(lái)說(shuō),抗癌方面雖有一定的機(jī)理探討,但結(jié)論不夠明確統(tǒng)一,此外,臨床實(shí)驗(yàn),藥理毒理,用量控制等方面的實(shí)驗(yàn)也應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步設(shè)計(jì)模型進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)探究;而抑菌方面的研究大多停留在定性,雖然開(kāi)發(fā)BITC相關(guān)功能產(chǎn)品潛力大,但在理論上卻沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的結(jié)論支撐。因此,進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)對(duì)BITC相關(guān)功效的機(jī)理研究,為番木瓜籽的綜合開(kāi)發(fā)利用奠定理論基礎(chǔ)是前提。

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