韓丹丹 趙 峰 牟偉麗 張道旭 周德慶
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黃渤海魚類優(yōu)先監(jiān)控重金屬污染物的篩選與評(píng)價(jià)*
韓丹丹1,2趙 峰1牟偉麗3張道旭3周德慶1①
(1. 青島海洋科學(xué)與技術(shù)國家實(shí)驗(yàn)室 海洋藥物與生物制品功能實(shí)驗(yàn)室 中國水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院黃海水產(chǎn)研究所 青島 266071; 2. 上海海洋大學(xué)食品學(xué)院 上海 201306;3. 蓬萊京魯漁業(yè)有限公司 煙臺(tái) 265600)
黃渤海;優(yōu)先監(jiān)控重金屬;篩選;綜合評(píng)價(jià)
據(jù)《中國漁業(yè)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》(2016)顯示,2015年我國海產(chǎn)魚的產(chǎn)量超過1036.13萬t,占我國水產(chǎn)品總產(chǎn)量的30.4%以上。海產(chǎn)魚是一種優(yōu)質(zhì)的食物蛋白來源,對(duì)解決我國食物供給問題,改善食物營養(yǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)揮了重要作用。海產(chǎn)魚的質(zhì)量安全現(xiàn)狀與海洋環(huán)境息息相關(guān),隨著人們對(duì)海洋資源的開發(fā),海洋環(huán)境的污染問題也日趨顯現(xiàn),重金屬的污染問題已成為最受關(guān)注的問題之一。
重金屬可通過大氣沉降、自然活動(dòng)(巖石風(fēng)化、火山爆發(fā)等)和人類活動(dòng)(工業(yè)廢水、生活污水、采礦等)等進(jìn)入水生系統(tǒng)。人類活動(dòng)是海洋環(huán)境中重金屬污染物的主要來源(李晶等, 2015; 田金等, 2009)。重金屬在生物體內(nèi)具有易富集、難降解的特點(diǎn),處于生物鏈頂端的人類攝入的重金屬比其他生物多,過多的重金屬在人體內(nèi)會(huì)影響酶的活性、新陳代謝,甚至導(dǎo)致死亡(Varsha, 2013)。因此,國內(nèi)外開展了大量實(shí)驗(yàn)來研究重金屬的來源及其分布(Zuo, 2009; 張彥等, 2014; 董彬, 2012)、生物毒性作用(Diacomanolis, 2014; Hirano, 2013)及消減的方法(陳志良等, 2001; 聶亞平等, 2016)。由于重金屬污染物的種類較多,在水產(chǎn)品檢測(cè)中逐項(xiàng)檢測(cè)耗時(shí)費(fèi)力,如何快速有效篩選出水產(chǎn)品中優(yōu)先監(jiān)控的重金屬污染物成為保證魚類質(zhì)量安全的重要環(huán)節(jié)。
目前,關(guān)于優(yōu)先監(jiān)控污染物篩選的研究主要應(yīng)用在水質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)(Yan, 2015; 于云江等, 2013)、空氣質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè)(Elbir, 2004; 黃震, 1997)、土壤質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè)(Matamoros, 2007)等方面,而在食品安全領(lǐng)域,尤其是水產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全領(lǐng)域中的研究和應(yīng)用較少。本研究的主要目的是采用綜合評(píng)價(jià)方法對(duì)黃渤海海產(chǎn)魚體內(nèi)優(yōu)先監(jiān)控重金屬進(jìn)行篩選和分析評(píng)價(jià),通過大數(shù)據(jù)文獻(xiàn)檢索獲得黃渤海海域魚類中重金屬的污染監(jiān)測(cè)狀況、危害、限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等數(shù)據(jù),確定不同評(píng)價(jià)因子的權(quán)重進(jìn)行初步的危害分析,篩選出需要優(yōu)先進(jìn)行監(jiān)控和重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的重金屬危害因子,以期為我國海產(chǎn)魚類的質(zhì)量安全監(jiān)管、保障消費(fèi)者食用安全和促進(jìn)漁業(yè)的健康可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供理論依據(jù)和數(shù)據(jù)支持。
檢索范圍:政府類資源,包括國家食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局、中華人民共和國農(nóng)業(yè)部、中華人民共和國國家衛(wèi)生部、世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)、國際癌癥研究機(jī)構(gòu)(International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC);近20年的學(xué)術(shù)研究成果等。
檢索途徑:以電子文獻(xiàn)為主,圖書等實(shí)體資料為輔,包括國內(nèi)外各政府部門發(fā)布的研究報(bào)告和監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)、中(英)文期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫、國際會(huì)議論文數(shù)據(jù)庫、食品衛(wèi)生類、化學(xué)類書籍等。
檢索關(guān)鍵詞:重金屬、重金屬+毒性效應(yīng)、水產(chǎn)品+重金屬、魚+重金屬、水產(chǎn)品+污染物、水產(chǎn)品+優(yōu)先污染物、海洋+重金屬等。
頻率分析:主要包括國內(nèi)外污染物限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和禁用情況的統(tǒng)計(jì)、相關(guān)部門規(guī)定的必檢項(xiàng)目的統(tǒng)計(jì)、水產(chǎn)品中重金屬污染物的檢出率及超標(biāo)率的計(jì)算。
理化性質(zhì)與毒理學(xué)分析:污染物致癌性的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)來自IARC;健康指導(dǎo)劑量參考聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織和世界衛(wèi)生組織食品添加劑聯(lián)合專家委員會(huì)(JECFA)給出的暫定每7 d可耐受攝入量(PTWI);遺傳毒性、其他毒性、人體危害資料及半數(shù)致死量來自文獻(xiàn)(王明強(qiáng), 2008; 余曉星等, 1997; 金樹興等, 2009; 孫相和等, 2014; 吳豐昌等, 2011; 劉建明, 2015; Govind, 2014; Baby, 2010)。
對(duì)近20年的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行檢索,收集有效數(shù)據(jù)(包括作者、采樣時(shí)間、采樣地點(diǎn)、樣品種類及污染物含量),對(duì)其進(jìn)行分類整理并及時(shí)建立相應(yīng)數(shù) 據(jù)庫。
綜合評(píng)價(jià)法采用打分的方式,對(duì)各污染物的指標(biāo)進(jìn)行分級(jí)并加權(quán)賦分,再將各單項(xiàng)的得分進(jìn)行疊加,即為每一種污染物的綜合得分,按綜合得分的多少進(jìn)行排序,篩選出特征污染物,從而達(dá)到篩選和評(píng)價(jià)的目的(崔建升等, 2009)。本研究采用周澤義等(2000)提出的模糊數(shù)學(xué)綜合評(píng)價(jià)法,評(píng)價(jià)因子包括污染指數(shù)(P=污染物含量/限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn))、超標(biāo)率()、毒性效應(yīng)()及生物富集因子(),評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)見表1、表2。綜合評(píng)價(jià)的具體公式為:=2×P+3×+3×+2×。
樣品中的重金屬檢測(cè)按照國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的方法進(jìn)行,Pb、Cd和Cr采用石墨爐原子吸收光譜法,無機(jī)砷、甲基汞采用液相色譜–原子熒光光譜法。
表1 污染指數(shù)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(賈曉平等, 2000)
Tab.1 The score principle of pollution index (Jia et al, 2000)
表2 超標(biāo)率和生物富集因子評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(周澤義等, 2000)
Tab.2 The score principle of exceeding standard rate and BCF (Zhou et al, 2000)
運(yùn)用Excel 2013和Origin 8.5軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理和制圖。
重金屬超標(biāo)一直是影響我國食品污染的主要原因之一,不僅影響了我國居民的身體健康,而且影響了我國食品的出口貿(mào)易。近幾年,歐盟食品和飼料快速預(yù)警系統(tǒng)(Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed, RASFF)通報(bào)的我國食品安全問題主要是霉菌毒素、重金屬超標(biāo)、污染物遷移、獸藥殘留和標(biāo)簽不正確等,其中,重金屬超標(biāo)問題已成為僅次于霉菌毒性的第二大問題,具體趨勢(shì)見圖1。從圖1可以看出,2007年的重金屬超標(biāo)事件的通報(bào)數(shù)量最多,達(dá)50起。近 5年,RASFF通報(bào)我國食品重金屬超標(biāo)的數(shù)量約為18起/年,僅在2014年略有增加。搜集到的有效文獻(xiàn)資料中(截止到2016年9月21日),1996~2001年黃渤海海產(chǎn)魚體內(nèi)重金屬檢測(cè)的文獻(xiàn)資料占23%,2007~2011年占38%,2012~2016年占31%,由此可以看出,人們對(duì)水產(chǎn)品中重金屬的關(guān)注度呈上升趨勢(shì);2002~2006年重金屬的關(guān)注度較低,可能是因?yàn)檫@期間水產(chǎn)品藥物殘留事件頻發(fā),如2005年的孔雀石綠事件、2006的多寶魚事件等。
自然界的重金屬約有45種,環(huán)境污染監(jiān)測(cè)主要關(guān)注的重金屬有Pb、Hg、Cd、As、Cr、Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni、Ag等,通過黃渤海海域魚類中重金屬的檢測(cè)頻次、超標(biāo)率以及限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)3個(gè)指標(biāo)對(duì)重金屬種類進(jìn)行甄別,在甄別中優(yōu)先選用中華人民共和國衛(wèi)生部食品安全國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB2762-2012)(2013)。從表3中可以看出,Mn和Ag基本不作為重金屬污染物來檢測(cè),Cu、Zn、Ni雖然有檢測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),但國標(biāo)中沒有相應(yīng)的限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),不對(duì)其進(jìn)行分析。通過以上數(shù)據(jù)分析,甄別出的重金屬污染物有Pb、Hg、Cd、As和Cr。
根據(jù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的原則,毒性效應(yīng)的評(píng)價(jià)因子包括健康指導(dǎo)劑量、半數(shù)致死量、致癌性、遺傳毒性、其他毒性和人體危害資料,各因子的權(quán)重分值見周少君等(2015),打分結(jié)果見圖2。從圖2可以看出,Cr、As和Cd的致癌分值都是最高的,屬于已經(jīng)確認(rèn)的人類致癌物;從遺傳毒性分析,As、Cd、Hg的毒性是最高的;從總分來看,Cd和Hg的毒性效應(yīng)最強(qiáng)。
圖1 2000~2011年RASFF通報(bào)中國食品風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素
表3 不同重金屬的檢測(cè)頻次及超標(biāo)率
Tab.3 Tested frequency and exceeding standard rates of different heavy metals
–為沒有進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析;*為本次參考的數(shù)據(jù)大部分是按總As進(jìn)行檢測(cè),為了評(píng)價(jià)的準(zhǔn)確性,需要將總砷和無機(jī)砷進(jìn)行換算,在文獻(xiàn)資料中,Asi占總As的比值是0.02%~6.88% (Mu?oz, 2000; 王瑛等, 2014),為了保證評(píng)估的可靠性和食品的安全性,應(yīng)該選擇能把所有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)都納入的評(píng)估數(shù)據(jù),因此選擇比值6.88%
– meant no data; * most of the data were tested according to the total As. In order to be accurate, we converted the total arsenic to inorganic arsenic. In the literature, the ratio was 0.02%~6.88% of total As (Mu?oz, 2000; Wang, 2014). In order to ensure the reliability of the evaluation and food safety, we chose data that included all risk assessments and the selected value was 6.88%
圖2 重金屬毒性效應(yīng)因子打分結(jié)果
從近20年黃渤海海產(chǎn)魚體內(nèi)重金屬含量的數(shù)據(jù)中查找獲得有效文獻(xiàn)113篇,有效數(shù)據(jù)535個(gè),對(duì)不同重金屬的平均污染物、超標(biāo)率、毒性效應(yīng)、富集因子(賀志鵬等, 2008; 孫劍等, 2010; 周德慶, 2013)及綜合評(píng)分進(jìn)行計(jì)算整理,根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)分析,結(jié)合我國海域環(huán)境中重金屬的污染現(xiàn)狀,將污染物是否需要優(yōu)先監(jiān)控的閾值定為120。從表4可以看出,Cd的綜合評(píng)分最高,優(yōu)先順序?yàn)镃d> Hg> As*> Cr> Pb。
表4 黃渤海魚體內(nèi)重金屬含量情況及綜合評(píng)分結(jié)果
Tab.4 The heavy metal contents in fish in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea and scores of the comprehensive assessment
圖3 不同魚體內(nèi)重金屬綜合評(píng)分
在黃渤海沿岸8個(gè)采樣點(diǎn)采集具有代表性的5個(gè)魚品種,共40個(gè)樣品。檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,Cd的超標(biāo)率是最高的,為17.5%;Hg的檢出率是最高的,為57.5%,但都未超標(biāo);這與之前歷史數(shù)據(jù)分析得到的優(yōu)先順序(Cd>Hg>As*>Cr>Pb)相吻合。魚體內(nèi)As、Pb、Cr和Hg的含量均屬于正常背景值(P≤0.2)范圍,整體來看,黃渤海海產(chǎn)魚體內(nèi)重金屬優(yōu)先監(jiān)控的順序是Cd>Hg>Cr>Pb>As,這與之前篩選出來的優(yōu)先順序基本一致,具體結(jié)果見圖4、圖5。在本研究中魚體內(nèi)沒有檢出Asi,這與黃強(qiáng)等(2015)、楊惠芬等(2003)的研究結(jié)果一致。
圖4 黃渤海魚體內(nèi)重金屬含量分布
圖5 黃渤海魚體內(nèi)重金屬檢測(cè)結(jié)果
As按形態(tài)可分為無機(jī)砷和有機(jī)砷,其中,無機(jī)砷主要包括As(Ⅲ)和As(V),魚體內(nèi)的有機(jī)砷主要包括AsB、AsC、DMA、MMA、TMAO、TMA+,其毒性排序?yàn)锳s(Ⅲ)>As(V)>TMA+>MMA>DMA>TMAO> AsC>AsB (Gong, 2002)。魚體內(nèi)的As主要以有機(jī)砷的形式存在(李衛(wèi)華, 2011),有機(jī)砷的毒性較低,甚至有些被認(rèn)為是無毒的,如AsC、AsB(Gong, 2002; Wu, 2014)。但近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),有機(jī)砷可以改變?nèi)梭w基因的表達(dá),具有遺傳毒性和致癌性(Mauro, 2016);也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),甲基化三價(jià)砷比As(V)的毒性更大(Petrick, 2000),同時(shí),Cullen等(2016)也發(fā)現(xiàn),甲基亞砷酸可能比As(Ⅲ)的毒性更大。不同魚體內(nèi)無機(jī)砷占總砷的比值不同,張文德(2007)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),海產(chǎn)魚體內(nèi)Asi占總As的比例為0.2%~3.4%,李衛(wèi)華等(2011)在對(duì)海產(chǎn)品體內(nèi)無機(jī)砷研究表明,魚體內(nèi)的Asi占總As的0.8%~1.7%,Mu?oz等(2000)研究表明,海產(chǎn)魚體內(nèi)無機(jī)砷的比例為0.018%~6.88%,王瑛等(2014)研究顯示,海魚體內(nèi)無機(jī)砷比例為0.59%~1.13%,作為食品安全評(píng)估,應(yīng)該把所有危險(xiǎn)性都進(jìn)行考慮,本研究在綜合評(píng)價(jià)中,選擇資料中無機(jī)砷比例的最大值6.88%為參考值。
水體環(huán)境可以影響水生生物對(duì)重金屬的富集能力。水體中營養(yǎng)元素的含量會(huì)影響水生生物機(jī)體對(duì)重金屬的吸收,低營養(yǎng)水平的水體會(huì)促進(jìn)機(jī)體對(duì)重金屬進(jìn)行更有效的吸收,在低鈣水體中,魚類通過攝食會(huì)吸收更多重金屬元素,如Hg、Cd和Pb,另外,水的pH對(duì)化合物的存在形式和金屬的溶解性有較大影響,進(jìn)一步影響魚類對(duì)金屬的富集能力以及金屬離子的毒性效應(yīng)(Qiu, 2015)。相同環(huán)境下,不同食物鏈級(jí)別的魚類體內(nèi)重金屬含量不同,食物鏈高端的肉食性魚類對(duì)重金屬的富集能力高于雜食性和濾食性魚類(楊婉玲等, 2007),藍(lán)點(diǎn)馬鮫等大型肉食性魚類體內(nèi)富集Hg的能力比浮游生物、碎屑食性的魚類高,同時(shí),Coelho等(2013)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Hg有明顯的生物放大作用;總體看來,底層魚類體內(nèi)重金屬含量較高。不同魚類對(duì)重金屬的富集能力不同,這與本研究結(jié)果一致。在本研究中,鯔魚體內(nèi)重金屬綜合評(píng)分都低于閾值,Cd只在舌鰨和藍(lán)點(diǎn)馬鮫體內(nèi)屬于優(yōu)先監(jiān)控污染物。同種魚類對(duì)不同重金屬富集能力不同,張敬懷等(2005)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),魚類對(duì)重金屬的富集能力順序?yàn)镻b>Hg>As>Cd。影響重金屬在海洋生物體內(nèi)富集的因素有很多,主要包括有機(jī)體的代謝機(jī)制、生長發(fā)育階段、攝食習(xí)性等生物自身?xiàng)l件以及水體中重金屬的濃度、暴露時(shí)間、重金屬形態(tài)、水環(huán)境的理化性質(zhì)等外界條件的影響(葛奇?zhèn)? 2012; 孫珊等, 2017)。
優(yōu)先監(jiān)控污染物的篩選是水產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全領(lǐng)域新的研究方向。該方法把歷史數(shù)據(jù)作為參考進(jìn)行甄別分析,對(duì)水產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全監(jiān)管具有重要的實(shí)際意義。但是,污染物篩選過程中存在不確定性因素,如何更全面地對(duì)這些因素進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)將是今后研究探討的重點(diǎn)。
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(編輯 陳嚴(yán))
Hazard Analysis and Screening of the Prior Heavy Metals of Priority Pollution in Fish in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea
HAN Dandan1,2, ZHAO Feng1, MU Weili3, ZHANG Daoxu3, ZHOU Deqing1①
(1. Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071; 2. College of Food Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306; 3. Penglai Jinglu Fishery Co., Ltd., Yantai 265600)
With increasingly serious heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment, the pollution status in fish has affected the food safety and attracted much attention. It is urgent to know the condition of heavy metal pollution in fish in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. It is also crucial to know different metal pollutions in one fish species and to identify the prominent type of heavy metal. Here we analyzed the status of heavy metal pollution in fish in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea based on the literature and historical data, and compared the different situations to determine the prior pollution. We analyzed the exceeding standard rate, the detection rate and the limitation standard of heavy metals and found the priority order as Cr, As, Cd, Pb and Hg. The prior pollution in fish in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea were determined using the comprehensive evaluation method with the bio concentration factors (BCF), the toxicity effect, the pollution index and the exceeding standard rate. The score of Cd was the highest, and the order of scores was Cd > Hg > As*> Cr > Pb. Different fish species had different prior heavy metal pollution. Cd was the prior heavy metal inand,and As*was the prior one in. Then we conducted the validation experiment with samples including,,,andthat were collected from eight coastal cities along the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. The results of the validation experiments were consistent with those of the screening method, therefore the screening method should be reliable.
Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea; Priority pollution of heavy metals; Screening; Comprehensive assessment
ZHOU Deqing, E-mail: zhoudq@ysfri.ac.cn
2016-12-27,
2017-01-17
TS201.6
A
2095-9869(2018)01-0046-08
10.11758/yykxjz.20161227002
http://www.yykxjz.cn/
* 國家科技支撐計(jì)劃課題(2015BAD17B01)和中國水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院黃海水產(chǎn)研究所基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)(20603022016002)共同資助[This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Support Plan Project (2015BAD17B01), and Special Scientific Research Funds for Central Non-Profit Institutes, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (20603022016002)]. 韓丹丹,E-mail: silent_hdd@163.com
周德慶,研究員,E-mail: zhoudq@ysfri.ac.cn
韓丹丹, 趙峰, 牟偉麗, 張道旭, 周德慶. 黃渤海魚類優(yōu)先監(jiān)控重金屬污染物的篩選與評(píng)價(jià). 漁業(yè)科學(xué)進(jìn)展, 2018, 39(1): 46–53
Han DD, Zhao F, Mu WL, Zhang DX, Zhou DQ. Hazard analysis and screening of the prior heavy metals of priority pollution in fish in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2018, 39(1): 46–53