黃漸法
【摘要】詞匯學(xué)習(xí)是語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的重要組成部分,是學(xué)好語(yǔ)言的基礎(chǔ)。文章從框定目標(biāo)詞匯、注重詞匯在文本語(yǔ)境中的復(fù)現(xiàn)和習(xí)得以及引導(dǎo)學(xué)生運(yùn)用目標(biāo)詞匯等方面入手,使學(xué)生能在具體的閱讀語(yǔ)境中多次接觸和運(yùn)用這些詞匯,從而達(dá)到提高閱讀課中詞匯教學(xué)實(shí)效的目的。
【關(guān)鍵詞】詞匯;閱讀課;語(yǔ)境;復(fù)現(xiàn);教學(xué)實(shí)效
人類學(xué)家馬林諾夫斯基(Malinowski)于1923年提出情景語(yǔ)境概念,它是指語(yǔ)篇產(chǎn)生時(shí)周圍的情況、參與者的關(guān)系等。它可以幫助學(xué)生理解和掌握不同的話語(yǔ)背景、事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)、個(gè)人經(jīng)歷、參與者以及相互關(guān)系的詞語(yǔ)意義(Thompson,1996,轉(zhuǎn)引自李麗君等,2009)。著名語(yǔ)言學(xué)家呂叔湘也提出“詞語(yǔ)要嵌在上下文里頭才有生命,才容易記住,才知道用法”?!缎抡n程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》對(duì)于各級(jí)別詞匯教學(xué)提出了不同的目標(biāo),強(qiáng)調(diào)了理解詞匯和運(yùn)用詞匯的能力。而高中英語(yǔ)每個(gè)單元都會(huì)圍繞一個(gè)主題,因此,將目標(biāo)詞匯放到有著豐富語(yǔ)境的課文中,不僅能幫助學(xué)生更好地理解單詞,也為單詞提供了一個(gè)話題背景。學(xué)生在理解和運(yùn)用詞匯時(shí)聯(lián)想到的不再是單個(gè)的詞匯,而是一幅有色彩的畫(huà)面、一個(gè)生動(dòng)的故事。筆者在本文中應(yīng)用了借助閱讀課的話題語(yǔ)境并注重詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)的方式進(jìn)行詞匯教學(xué),從而提升了閱讀課上詞匯教學(xué)的實(shí)效。
一、問(wèn)題的提出
在人教版英語(yǔ)模塊7 Unit 1 Living well的閱讀教學(xué)的課堂觀察中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)教師基本按照傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)方法從詞匯表開(kāi)始教學(xué),先帶著學(xué)生讀兩遍詞匯表里的生詞,再讓學(xué)生花點(diǎn)時(shí)間熟悉單詞,接著就開(kāi)始進(jìn)入文本內(nèi)容梳理;在第二課時(shí)中,教師根據(jù)自己的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)整理出一些重點(diǎn)詞匯進(jìn)行講解,然后借助詞匯填空或翻譯等機(jī)械性練習(xí)進(jìn)行鞏固訓(xùn)練。但是課后發(fā)現(xiàn)教學(xué)效果并不理想,本單元完成后還有不少學(xué)生對(duì)重點(diǎn)詞匯沒(méi)有掌握,特別在具體運(yùn)用環(huán)節(jié)中出現(xiàn)詞匯誤用等問(wèn)題。
為此,筆者分析了傳統(tǒng)的詞匯教學(xué)方法效果不理想的原因。一方面,新課程教材中每個(gè)單元的詞匯量比以前增加了,在閱讀后集中填鴨式教詞匯,使學(xué)生抓不住重點(diǎn);更為嚴(yán)重的是,這種脫離語(yǔ)境的教學(xué)學(xué)生不容易記住,同時(shí)也無(wú)法很好地理解掌握詞匯的核心意義和在具體情境中的用法,因此在使用詞匯時(shí)常常會(huì)把單詞張冠李戴(王瑞雪.2016)。經(jīng)過(guò)分析,筆者意識(shí)到,閱讀課中對(duì)于詞匯教學(xué)的方法還有待改進(jìn)。于是在模塊7的第二單元教學(xué)中,筆者對(duì)于閱讀中的詞匯教學(xué)嘗試進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)。
二、閱讀課中的詞匯教學(xué)課例分析
(一)課前準(zhǔn)備
1.詞匯分級(jí),框定目標(biāo)詞匯
備課時(shí)教師首先確定目標(biāo)詞匯,參考新課標(biāo)英語(yǔ)詞匯分級(jí)和《朗文當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)詞典(第四版)》所標(biāo)出詞頻,確定重點(diǎn)單詞,列出以詞性分類的文本中16個(gè)重點(diǎn)生詞:
n.desire satisfaction alarm sympathy pile
adj.alarmed overweight elegant absurd
v.envy desire alarm accompany declare
phrases.test out ring up
2.布置預(yù)習(xí),了解目標(biāo)詞匯(要求包含但不限于這16個(gè)詞)
(1)Underline the target words and phrases in the context to highlight them.
(2)Try to work out the meaning by referring to the context.
(3)Fill in the chart with the help of the reference books if coming across any confusing words in the text.
【設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明】詞匯分級(jí)讓教師對(duì)目標(biāo)詞匯了然于心,做到有的放矢。讓學(xué)生劃出目標(biāo)詞匯有利于學(xué)生找到重點(diǎn)詞匯,利用語(yǔ)境猜測(cè)生詞或難詞的意義,并用工具書(shū)驗(yàn)證猜測(cè)結(jié)果,提高學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力,也為目標(biāo)詞匯教學(xué)做好準(zhǔn)備。
(二)課堂教學(xué)步驟
1.Pre-reading
Step1: 創(chuàng)設(shè)語(yǔ)境,導(dǎo)入目標(biāo)詞匯;英英釋義,準(zhǔn)確理解目標(biāo)詞匯。
(教師陳述,引出詞匯)The other day, accompanied by my parents, I went to the No.1 Peoples Hospital to visit my aunt, who had just given birth to a baby.At the sight of her, I felt alarmed for she was so overweight that she was not as elegant as she used to be.When I mentioned this change to her, she laughed and replied that her appearance was not to her satisfaction as well, but we didnt need to feel sympathy for her.Because she would lose weight after the birth and she was certain to become even more elegant and beautiful than before.I desired her wish would come true when I saw her next time.
(1)alarmed:worried or frightened.
(2)elegant:tasteful and stylish in appearance or manner.endprint
(3)overweight: heavier than is usual or allowed; too fat.
(4)desire: wish for something; want.
(5)sympathy: sharing the feelings of others; feeling of pity for sb.
(6)accompany: walk or travel with sb as a partner.
(7)satisfaction: feeling of contentment felt when one has or achieves what one needs.
【設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明】教師創(chuàng)設(shè)情景語(yǔ)境來(lái)教學(xué)詞匯,目的是使詞匯在學(xué)生的頭腦中從單調(diào)枯燥的字符轉(zhuǎn)變成生動(dòng)形象的圖片(徐琳,2010)。教師創(chuàng)設(shè)情景語(yǔ)境,讓學(xué)生在具體的語(yǔ)境中接觸本堂課的目標(biāo)詞匯并形成初步印象,同時(shí)用英英釋義來(lái)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生英語(yǔ)思維習(xí)慣,避免漢語(yǔ)翻譯造成的誤解。
2.While-reading
Step2: 快速閱讀文本,在語(yǔ)境中感知詞匯。
(1)How many characters are mentioned in the text?
(2)What were Claires problems? What did Tony do to help?
Step3: 梳理文本細(xì)節(jié)信息,注重詞匯在語(yǔ)境中的含義。
Step4: 理清故事發(fā)展順序,再次遷入目標(biāo)詞匯,注重復(fù)現(xiàn)。
Read the text quickly then put the following events into correct order:
a.Claire borrowed a pile of books for Tony to read
b.Claire mentioned she wasnt clever.But she thought it absurd to be offered sympathy by a robot
c.The clerk was rude to Claire, so she rang Tony up to change the clerks attitude
d.Tony folded his arms around Claire and declared he didnt want to leave her
e.Claire knew that Gladys thought she was having an affair.
b-a-c-e-d
【設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明】步驟二至步驟四是學(xué)生對(duì)文本進(jìn)行快速閱讀和精讀的過(guò)程,學(xué)生對(duì)于目標(biāo)詞匯有了在本文的故事情節(jié)中的進(jìn)一步理解和感知,增加了可理解性的語(yǔ)言輸入,為后面用目標(biāo)詞匯的輸出過(guò)程打下了基礎(chǔ)。
Step5: 創(chuàng)設(shè)對(duì)話語(yǔ)境,梳理課文的同時(shí)幫助學(xué)生在對(duì)話中初步運(yùn)用目標(biāo)詞匯。
Make the outline with the guidance of the following questions.
Satisfaction Guaranteed
T: What was the Larrys company experimenting with? (A robot-Tony.)
T: By whom was it going to be tested out? (It would be tested out by Claire.)
T: How did Claire feel when she first saw the robot? (She felt alarmed.)
T: What did Claire mention one day? (Claire mentioned that she wasnt clever.)
T: What did Tony say? (Tony said she must feel very unhappy.)
T: How did Claire feel about the sympathy?(Claire thought it absurd to be offered sympathy by a robot.)
T: What happened in the shop?(When the clerk was rude, Claire rang tony up and changed the clerks attitude.But Gladys thought Claire was having an affair.)
T: What did Tony do at the party?(Tony folded his arms around Claire, declaring that he didnt want to leave her.)
【設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明】在這個(gè)步驟中,學(xué)生通過(guò)教師的引導(dǎo),在師生對(duì)話梳理文本內(nèi)容的過(guò)程中,注重復(fù)現(xiàn)并口頭運(yùn)用目標(biāo)詞匯。同時(shí),教師在黑板上板書(shū)關(guān)鍵詞,為下一步的復(fù)述和運(yùn)用詞匯做好鋪墊。并且,學(xué)生詞匯運(yùn)用中出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤也得到及時(shí)的糾正。
3.Post-reading
Step6: 根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞復(fù)述課文,借助文本語(yǔ)境提升運(yùn)用詞匯能力。
Now try to retell the story orally with the help of key words listed on the blackboard.endprint
experiment with test out alarmed absurd
sympathy rude ring up have an affair declare
附學(xué)生范例:
Claires husband, Larry, worked for a robot company.The company had begun experimenting with a household robot, which would be tested out by Claire.The moment Claire saw the robot—Tony, she felt alarmed at his appearance and intelligence.One day, Claire mentioned she was not clear, Tony offered sympathy for her.And Claire thought it absurd but began to trust him.On another occasion, when a clerk was rude to Claire, she rang Tony up and he helped a lot as well.Unluckily, Gladys overheard it when Claire called Tony a “dear” and thought she was having an affair.
【設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明】步驟六是借助文本語(yǔ)境的語(yǔ)言輸出過(guò)程,這個(gè)過(guò)程既能讓學(xué)生加深對(duì)課文內(nèi)容的理解和記憶,又讓他們?cè)诮柚喿x語(yǔ)境概括文本并對(duì)所學(xué)詞匯加以口頭運(yùn)用。學(xué)生對(duì)詞匯的理解和運(yùn)用能力得以提升。
Step7: 編寫(xiě)英語(yǔ)故事,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生構(gòu)建新的語(yǔ)境運(yùn)用目標(biāo)詞匯(若時(shí)間不夠可在課后完成)。
You are supposed to create a story containing the following words as many as possible.
展開(kāi)想象,用所學(xué)單詞編寫(xiě)一個(gè)完整的故事,盡可能多地使用所給單詞。
n.desire satisfaction alarm sympathy pile affair
adj.alarmed overweight elegant absurd
v.desire alarm accompany declare
Phrases.test out ring up experiment with
附學(xué)生習(xí)作:
Long long ago.There lived a bear in a forest.He ate a pile of leaves everyday.After he was full, he immediately went to sleep.
One day, before he fell asleep, he noticed a bird who was flying in the sky.He thought it elegant and declared that he could fly as well as the bird.
He spent a month inventing a machine that could take him fly.After finishing making it, he looked at it with great satisfaction and rang his friends up and desired them to see him test out the machine.Accompanied by the friends who all felt alarmed, he failed in the flight and lost his life because of being too overweight.
It was absurd of the fat bear to follow the bird, however, when you feel sympathy for the bear, you may admire his bravery.
【設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明】步驟七是更高層次的語(yǔ)言輸出過(guò)程,教師基于學(xué)生在閱讀語(yǔ)境中的詞匯習(xí)得情況,為學(xué)生設(shè)置了提升運(yùn)用目標(biāo)詞匯的開(kāi)放性的寫(xiě)作任務(wù)。學(xué)生的想象力被調(diào)動(dòng)起來(lái),目標(biāo)詞匯也在新的語(yǔ)境得到進(jìn)一步的運(yùn)用提升。
Step8: Homework.
a.學(xué)習(xí)小組交換修改含有目標(biāo)詞匯的自編故事并交給教師批閱。
b.熟讀課文,背誦標(biāo)識(shí)過(guò)的目標(biāo)詞匯及其所在句子。
(三)閱讀課后的詞匯循環(huán)復(fù)現(xiàn),幫助學(xué)生熟記并運(yùn)用詞匯
在本堂閱讀教學(xué)課結(jié)束之后,學(xué)生對(duì)于這些目標(biāo)詞匯在本單元中的學(xué)習(xí)并沒(méi)有結(jié)束。筆者通過(guò)配套練習(xí)進(jìn)一步拓展詞匯在具體語(yǔ)境中的運(yùn)用,并在備課組內(nèi)分工合作選取相近話題的閱讀文本來(lái)復(fù)現(xiàn)和拓展核心詞匯,從而保證了學(xué)生對(duì)于閱讀文本中目標(biāo)詞匯的鞏固和掌握。
三、結(jié)語(yǔ)
在完成了這堂依托閱讀文本語(yǔ)境學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)詞匯教學(xué)的閱讀課之后, 學(xué)生已經(jīng)基本理解并能初步運(yùn)用這些目標(biāo)單詞。由于他們是在閱讀文本的具體語(yǔ)境中掌握這些目標(biāo)詞匯的,因此這些詞匯在學(xué)生的頭腦中留下了比較深刻的印記。本課結(jié)束以后,教師對(duì)學(xué)生編寫(xiě)的英語(yǔ)故事進(jìn)行了批閱,發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生對(duì)于這些詞匯的運(yùn)用基本到位,在和學(xué)生的交談中也發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生對(duì)這樣的詞匯教學(xué)方法比較容易接受。因此,本課基本達(dá)成了依托語(yǔ)境,注重復(fù)現(xiàn),提高詞匯教學(xué)實(shí)效的目標(biāo)。
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
[1]中華人民共和國(guó)教育部.普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn))[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003.
[2]徐琳.運(yùn)用情景語(yǔ)境策略培養(yǎng)高中學(xué)生的詞匯學(xué)習(xí)能力[J].中小學(xué)外語(yǔ)教學(xué),2010(03):26-31.
[3]王瑞雪.基于詞塊的高中英語(yǔ)詞匯教學(xué)探索[J].教育現(xiàn)代化,2016(21):149-150.
[4]李麗君,伍潔瓊,杜捷.英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)教學(xué)中的語(yǔ)境策略的應(yīng)用[J].華南熱帶作物學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2009(02):75-76.endprint