白廣建 韓智濤 劉戈 陳廣輝 信保全 劉鐵龍
骨肉瘤是最常見的原發(fā)性惡性骨腫瘤,發(fā)生率為4.4/100萬。在美國,骨肉瘤占青少年惡性骨腫瘤的56%以上[1]。由于骨肉瘤具有惡性程度高、生長迅速、侵襲力強(qiáng)、轉(zhuǎn)移早等腫瘤學(xué)特征,其惡性生物學(xué)行為演變過程的分子機(jī)制研究已經(jīng)成為國內(nèi)外骨肉瘤基礎(chǔ)研究的焦點(diǎn)。肺癌轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄本1(MALAT1)的發(fā)現(xiàn)提示lncRNA與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[2]。當(dāng)對lncRNA的進(jìn)行深入了解時(shí),不僅可以發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA與腫瘤的緊密聯(lián)系,還可以由此來尋找治療骨肉瘤等其他癌癥的一個(gè)新的分子機(jī)制靶點(diǎn)。本文就骨肉瘤相關(guān)lncRNA的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
骨肉瘤主要好發(fā)于青少年長骨的干骺端,這與青春期股骨遠(yuǎn)端和脛骨近端的骨骺生長板生長迅速有關(guān)[3]。除在青少年多發(fā)之外,在60歲以上的人群中骨肉瘤會出現(xiàn)第二個(gè)發(fā)病高峰[4]。有研究資料顯示,青少年中女性的發(fā)病年齡較男性提前1~2年,這與女性較早進(jìn)入青春期及其青春期的生長速度較快有關(guān),即在青春期的骨骼生長和激素的變化可能有助于骨肉瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展[5]。近年,外科治療及新輔助化療取得了長足的進(jìn)展,使患者的5年生存率有了一定的提高,但多數(shù)患者最終死于局部復(fù)發(fā)或遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移[6]。據(jù)報(bào)道,骨肉瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生較早,20%在明確診斷時(shí)已有轉(zhuǎn)移,且90%的轉(zhuǎn)移灶發(fā)生在肺部[7-8]。由于骨肉瘤具有惡性程度高、生長迅速、侵襲力強(qiáng)、轉(zhuǎn)移早等腫瘤學(xué)特征,其惡性生物學(xué)行為演變過程的分子機(jī)制研究已經(jīng)成為國內(nèi)外骨肉瘤基礎(chǔ)研究的焦點(diǎn)。然而,目前對這一分子機(jī)制的了解還非常有限,這已成為骨肉瘤基礎(chǔ)研究與臨床治療的瓶頸。
lncRNA是長度>200個(gè)核苷酸的非編碼RNA,雖然不能直接編碼蛋白質(zhì),但其可以在轉(zhuǎn)錄或者轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平調(diào)節(jié)基因的表達(dá),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)生物學(xué)功能[9-10]。ln?cRNA可以通過不同的機(jī)制調(diào)節(jié)基因的表達(dá)量,包括表觀遺傳沉默、mRNA剪接、lncRNA-miRNA互作機(jī)制、ln?cRNA-蛋白互作機(jī)制與lncRNA-mRNA互作機(jī)制等來調(diào)節(jié)[11]。研究證實(shí),lncRNA廣泛參與細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)行為,如細(xì)胞增殖、細(xì)胞周期、生長和凋亡等過程[12]。
隨著對lncRNA研究的深入,大量證據(jù)揭示了ln?cRNA的上調(diào)或者下調(diào)與骨肉瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展等機(jī)制有密切聯(lián)系。lncRNA表達(dá)譜的分析為闡明lncRNA在骨肉瘤中的功能開辟了新的思路。Li等[13]首次對骨肉瘤相關(guān)的lncRNA、表達(dá)譜進(jìn)行探索。利用基因芯片技術(shù)對9對骨肉瘤及毗鄰非癌樣本進(jìn)行檢測,發(fā)現(xiàn)共有25 733個(gè)lncRNA在骨肉瘤樣本中表達(dá),其中403個(gè)lncRNA表達(dá)上調(diào),798個(gè)lncRNA表達(dá)下調(diào)。生物信息學(xué)分析顯示,34條信號通道活性變化與ln?cRNA表達(dá)上調(diào)有關(guān),32條信號通路活性變化與ln?cRNA表達(dá)下調(diào)有關(guān)。Zhu等[14]利用基因芯片技術(shù),對具有耐藥性的MG63/DXR細(xì)胞系中的3 465個(gè)ln?cRNA進(jìn)行檢測,發(fā)現(xiàn)1 761個(gè)lncRNA表達(dá)升高,1 704個(gè)lncRNA表達(dá)下降,進(jìn)一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),部分ln?cRNA影響骨肉瘤細(xì)胞對藥物的敏感性,并與AB?CB1、HIF1A和FOXC2基因的表達(dá)調(diào)控有著密切的關(guān)聯(lián)。因此,研究骨肉瘤中l(wèi)ncRNA的生物學(xué)作用有助于徹底闡明骨肉瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的分子機(jī)制。
2.2.1 促進(jìn)骨肉瘤增殖的lncRNA 在骨肉細(xì)胞中,表達(dá)升高的lncRNA往往對細(xì)胞的增值起促進(jìn)作用。Yin等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA-MFI2在骨肉瘤中表達(dá)升高,而沉默lncRNA-MFI2的表達(dá)會抑制骨肉瘤細(xì)胞系的細(xì)胞增殖并誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),在骨肉瘤組織中,具有促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖作用的的叉頭框P4蛋白(FOXP4)的表達(dá)水平與lncRNA-MFI2表達(dá)量呈正相關(guān)。因此推測,lncRNA-MFI2可能通過上調(diào)FOXP的表達(dá)促進(jìn)骨肉瘤的細(xì)胞增殖。Sun等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn)在骨肉瘤中,lncRNA-bx537709通過與FGFR3 mRNA形成了1 053個(gè)完全互補(bǔ)的“尾-尾”配對模式從而增加FGFR3 mRNA的穩(wěn)定性,研究者將這條lncRNA稱作FGFR3的反義轉(zhuǎn)錄本1(FGFR3-AS1)。實(shí)驗(yàn)中沉默F(xiàn)GFR3-AS1的表達(dá)可降低FGFR3 mRNA表達(dá)水平,抑制細(xì)胞增殖;反之,結(jié)果相反。類似該種“反義轉(zhuǎn)錄本結(jié)構(gòu)”發(fā)揮作用的還有 lncRNA-SATB2-AS1[17]和 ln?cRNA-HNF1A-AS1[18]。
Hua等[19]在MG63細(xì)胞系中抑制 lncRNA-HO?TAIR的表達(dá)后,抑制凋亡的TGF-β和Bcl-2表達(dá)下調(diào),而促進(jìn)凋亡的p53和TNF-α表達(dá)明顯上調(diào),這說明lncRNA-HOTAIR可以促進(jìn)骨肉瘤的細(xì)胞增殖。有研究顯示lncRNA-ak093407[20]也可通過下調(diào)周期促凋亡蛋白Caspase-3的表達(dá)來促進(jìn)骨肉瘤的增殖。
lncRNA除了通過調(diào)節(jié)周期蛋白影響骨肉瘤的發(fā)病機(jī)制,還可以通過影響miRNA的活性促進(jìn)骨肉瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展,如通過 lncRNATUG1-miR153[21]、lncRNAXist-mir320b-RAP2B[22]、lncRNA-ATB-mir200-ZEB1/ZEB2[23]等調(diào)控軸對骨腫瘤的增殖發(fā)揮作用。
2.2.2 抑制骨肉瘤增殖的lncRNA Cong等[24]通過對82例骨肉瘤樣本的lncRNA-TUSC7進(jìn)行檢測,結(jié)果顯示在骨肉瘤組織中其表達(dá)量明顯低于癌旁組織,研究分析顯示,骨肉瘤中l(wèi)ncRNA-TUSC7的表達(dá)與術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率呈負(fù)相關(guān)。在隨后的研究中,高表達(dá)的lncRNA-TUSC7伴隨著Bcl-2表達(dá)水平的提高,這提示在骨肉瘤的增殖機(jī)制中,lncRNA-TUSC7發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵因素??傊P(guān)于lncRNA影響骨肉瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展機(jī)制的研究是該領(lǐng)域研究的熱點(diǎn),不同的致/抑癌基因及其靶基因之間的相互作用網(wǎng)絡(luò)的廣泛性、復(fù)雜性,需要深入發(fā)掘和討論。
2.3.1 促進(jìn)骨肉瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移的lncRNA lncRNA在骨肉瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要作用,近來研究表明,lncRNA在腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移中也發(fā)揮重要作用,如lncRNA-BANCR[25]。lncRNA可通過調(diào)節(jié)部分基因的表達(dá)從而促進(jìn)骨肉瘤的侵襲性,如lncRNA-HOTAIRMMP2/MMP9[26]、lncRNA-SNHG12-AMOT[27]、lncRNAMALAT1-EZH-E-cadherin[28]調(diào)控軸。Li等[29]通過對135例骨肉瘤樣本及多種骨肉瘤細(xì)胞系中l(wèi)ncRNAUCA1的表達(dá)進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果表明其表達(dá)明顯高于癌旁組織,MG-63細(xì)胞系中其表達(dá)最高,HOS細(xì)胞系中表達(dá)水平相對較低。RNA干擾技術(shù)下,下調(diào)的lncRNAUCA1阻礙了MG-63細(xì)胞的侵襲/遷移;上調(diào)lncRNAUCA1促進(jìn)HOS細(xì)胞系侵襲/遷移的能力。
Chen等[30]對60例骨肉瘤組織及瘤旁正常組織研究發(fā)現(xiàn)lnc RNA BCAR4的表達(dá)在骨肉瘤組織中明顯上調(diào)。同時(shí)臨床資料顯示lncRNA-BCAR4與骨肉瘤臨床分期存在密切關(guān)系。隨后,研究者上調(diào)ln?cRNA-BCAR4的表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)GLI2及其靶基因RPS3、IL-6、MUC5AC和TGF-β1的表達(dá)量均顯著下降。已有報(bào)道指出[31-33],GLI2作為Sonic Hedgehog信號通路中的關(guān)鍵中介物,可顯著的促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)生與轉(zhuǎn)移。揭示了lncRNA-BCAR4-GLI2-Sonic Hedgehog調(diào)控軸在骨肉瘤分子機(jī)制的重要性。HIF2α的上游啟動(dòng)子lncRNA-HIF2PUT可以調(diào)控宿主編碼蛋白基因(PCGs)的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性影響自身表達(dá)[34-37]。有研究證實(shí)HIF2α與腫瘤細(xì)胞甚至腫瘤干細(xì)胞的生長抑制有關(guān)[38-39]。研究顯示上調(diào)的lncRNA-HIF2PUT不僅可以明顯促進(jìn)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡[40];其表達(dá)水平可對遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移、分化和侵襲深度具有明顯的預(yù)測作用[41]。
2.3.2 抑制骨肉瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移的lncRNA Tian等[42]通過對64例骨肉瘤進(jìn)行qRT-PCR檢測及臨床資料特征的單因素分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA-MEG3在骨肉瘤起抑癌作用,并且與骨肉瘤的臨床分期、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移及術(shù)后生存率有密切聯(lián)系,認(rèn)為lncRNA-MEG3可作為研究骨肉瘤的潛在的生物標(biāo)志物,其具體的分子機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步的研究探索。同樣對骨肉瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移有抑制作用的還包括loc285194等[43]??傊U明與轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)機(jī)制的作用靶點(diǎn)并探究靶向治療以期控制骨肉瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移對改善骨肉瘤患者的預(yù)后有著重大的意義。
目前,骨肉瘤的治療主要以手術(shù)切除為主并輔以術(shù)后化療,但由于不同個(gè)體之間骨肉瘤細(xì)胞對化療藥物的敏感性不同而使化療效果并不理想。所以,將ln?cRNA與腫瘤耐藥性相結(jié)合來探討其對骨肉瘤的作用機(jī)制,為骨肉瘤的治療方法指引了一個(gè)新的方向。Zhang等[44]利用lncRNA基因組芯片技術(shù)篩選出促進(jìn)骨肉瘤對阿霉素產(chǎn)生耐藥性的相關(guān)lncRNA(ln?cRNA-ODRUL)。lncRNA-ODRUL可以上調(diào)經(jīng)典耐藥相關(guān)性ABCB1基因,增加骨肉瘤對阿霉素的耐藥性,抑制癌細(xì)胞的凋亡。Wang等[45]提出FOXC2-AS1可通過提高FOXC2的表達(dá),進(jìn)一步上調(diào)ABCB1表達(dá)水平來提高骨肉瘤對阿霉素耐藥性。也有資料顯示lncRNA-CTA[46]可以通過抑制細(xì)胞自噬提高骨肉瘤組織對阿霉素的敏感性。隨后Wang等[47]提出ln?cRNA-LINC00161-miRNA645-IFIT2調(diào)控軸的存在。lncRNA LINC00161可發(fā)揮“miRNA645海綿”的作用,抑制miRNA645的活性,上調(diào)IFIT2(干擾素誘導(dǎo)蛋白2),提高骨肉瘤細(xì)胞對化療藥物順鉑敏感性,誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡?;熥鳛橐环N輔助治療為骨肉瘤術(shù)后患者提供了新的希望,更多地了解lncRNA對化療藥物的影響將使得化療的精準(zhǔn)性得到提高。
Ma等[48]分別對骨肉瘤患者術(shù)前及術(shù)后、術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)患者、對照志愿者血清中l(wèi)ncRNA-TUG1的表達(dá)情況進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)前血清中l(wèi)ncRNA-TUG1表達(dá)量較術(shù)后患者及健康志愿者顯著增高。并且預(yù)后較差的患者血清lncRNA-TUG1表達(dá)量較預(yù)后良好者明顯提高。
Huo等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)骨肉瘤患者血清中l(wèi)ncRNA-MALAT1的表達(dá)水平在較健康個(gè)體顯著升高,并且與腫瘤大小及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移有明顯聯(lián)系。聯(lián)合血清lncRNA-MALAT1、ALP的AUC檢查可將診斷敏感率及特異率分別由80.84%和72.5%提高到82.61%和82.50%。
所以,lncRNA不僅可作為判斷骨肉瘤預(yù)后的生物標(biāo)志,還可作為骨肉瘤診斷的一種新型無創(chuàng)性生物學(xué)指標(biāo)。
綜上所述,眾多的研究結(jié)果已經(jīng)證實(shí),lncRNA可通過多種方式參與骨肉瘤的增殖、遷移和侵襲,但我們必須清醒地認(rèn)識到,關(guān)于骨肉瘤的lncRNA的分子水平研究也僅僅處于起步階段,具體機(jī)制還有待于進(jìn)一步研究。鑒于lncRNA在骨肉瘤診斷及治療中存在的潛能,通過確定lncRNA在骨肉瘤治療中的作用靶點(diǎn),可為骨肉瘤的治療提供一種新的手段。
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