任濤, 陳麗華, 謝雙雙, 王振, 付迎欣, 沈文
·腹部影像學(xué)·
T1-mapping定量分析腎移植術(shù)后早期不同功能移植腎皮髓質(zhì)T1值差異的價(jià)值
任濤, 陳麗華, 謝雙雙, 王振, 付迎欣, 沈文
目的探討T1-mapping定量分析技術(shù)評(píng)估腎移植術(shù)后早期腎功能的價(jià)值。方法將76例異體腎移植術(shù)后2~4周的患者及26例健康志愿者(對(duì)照組)納入研究,根據(jù)腎小球?yàn)V過率(eGFR)將患者組分為3組:A組為移植腎功能良好組(n=44);B組為移植腎功能輕中度受損組(n=19);C組為移植腎功能重度受損組(n=13)。所有受試者均行常規(guī)序列和斜矢狀面改良Look-Locker反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)(MOLLI)序列MRI檢查,測量腎臟皮髓質(zhì)的T1值。比較各組內(nèi)及各組間腎臟皮髓質(zhì)T1值的差異,分析移植腎皮質(zhì)、髓質(zhì)T1值與eGFR間的相關(guān)性,采用ROC曲線分析T1值對(duì)不同功能移植腎的鑒別診斷價(jià)值。結(jié)果各組內(nèi)腎皮質(zhì)的T1值均明顯小于腎髓質(zhì)(P<0.001)。A、B、C和對(duì)照組中腎皮質(zhì)的T1值分別為(1511.95±111.31)、(1663.22±66.81)、(1719.09±74.47)和(1748.88±62.72)ms,除B組與C組間的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.05)外,其余各組間的差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。A組腎髓質(zhì)的T1值[(2009.65±97.83)ms]大于對(duì)照組[(1946.91±51.43)ms],差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.004),其余各組間腎髓質(zhì)T1值的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。移植腎皮質(zhì)的T1值與eGFR呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.45,P<0.01)。腎皮質(zhì)T1值鑒別移植腎功能良好與移植腎功能受損(包括輕中度與重度受損)時(shí)曲線下面積(AUC)為0.75,診斷靈敏度及特異度分別為88.6%及83.1%。結(jié)論T1-mapping定量分析技術(shù)對(duì)評(píng)估腎移植術(shù)后早期腎功能具有一定價(jià)值,有望成為臨床上無創(chuàng)監(jiān)測移植腎功能的方法。
腎移植; 腎功能; 磁共振成像; T1值; 診斷效能
表1 受試者的基本臨床資料
指標(biāo)對(duì)照組A組B組C組t/χ2值P值性別(男/女)16/1032/1214/59/41.153a0.764年齡(歲)37.5±13.536.1±11.535.1±9.334.3±8.40.2870.835術(shù)后時(shí)間(d)-18.7±1.718.9±1.519.2±1.10.7630.470移植腎類型-4.876a0.087 親體腎1531 尸體腎291612eGFR#-81.8±14.0?47.6±6.8?14.3±7.5?187.625<0.001
注:a為χ2值;*三組間兩兩比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);#單位為mL/(min·1.73m2)。
腎臟皮質(zhì)和髓質(zhì)的含水量不同,且同一組織在不同病理狀態(tài)含水量亦不同[1],相應(yīng)地依賴于水含量的組織弛豫時(shí)間也存在差異[2],并且組織的縱向弛豫時(shí)間(T1值)的變化要早于橫向弛豫時(shí)間(T2值)的變化[3-4],此外,腎臟T1值的變化可能會(huì)影響依賴于T1值的功能磁共振成像(如動(dòng)脈自旋標(biāo)記成像)測量結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性[2]。因此,定量測量個(gè)體化的腎臟T1值對(duì)了解腎臟疾病的程度有重要意義。腎移植是終末期腎病患者的最有效治療方法,對(duì)術(shù)后移植腎的縱向弛豫時(shí)間是否有變化以及變化情況等目前尚處于初步研究階段[5],在其臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值有待進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。因此,筆者通過對(duì)26例健康志愿者及76例腎移植術(shù)后2~4周的患者行改良Look-Locker翻轉(zhuǎn)回復(fù)(modified Look-Locker inversion recovery,MOLLI)序列MRI 檢查,旨在探討T1-mapping評(píng)估腎移植術(shù)后早期腎功能的價(jià)值。
本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有受試者檢查前簽署了知情同意書。
前瞻性搜集2014年5月-2015年12月于我院行異體腎移植術(shù)患者的病例資料。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①術(shù)后2~4周;②術(shù)后常規(guī)采用他克莫司(或環(huán)孢素A)+嗎替麥考酚酯+潑尼松的三聯(lián)免疫抑制方案進(jìn)行抗排異反應(yīng)治療;③無MRI檢查禁忌證。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①接受胰腎聯(lián)合移植患者;②接受小兒雙腎移植患者;③MRI檢查前多譜勒超聲檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)移植腎有腎盂積水的患者。此外,同期搜集符合條件的成年健康志愿者作為正常對(duì)照組,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):既往無腎病、高血壓和糖尿病等病史,近1年內(nèi)血肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)檢測及尿常規(guī)檢查無明顯異常。最終共納入102例受試者:腎移植患者76例,男55例,女21例,年齡16~57歲,平均(35.5±10.3)歲;健康志愿者26例,男16例,女10例,年齡24~59歲,平均(37.5±13.5)歲。
記錄所有受試患者行MRI檢查當(dāng)天的SCr值(單位:mg/dL),根據(jù)簡化腎臟病膳食改善公式(modification of diet in renal disease,MDRD)估算腎小球?yàn)V過率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)[6]:
eGFR(男性)=186×(SCr)-1.154×(年齡)-0.203
(1)
eGFR(女性)=186×(SCr)-1.154×(年齡)-0.203×0.742
(2)
參照慢性腎臟疾病分期方法[7],依據(jù)eGFR將移植腎患者分為3組:A組44例,為移植腎功能良好組[eGFR≥60mL/(min·1.73m2)];B組19例,為移植腎功能輕中度受損組[30≤eGFR<60mL/(min·1.73m2)];C組13例,移植腎功能重度受損組[eGFR<30mL/(min·1.73m2)]。受試者的基本臨床資料見表1。
使用Siemens Magnetom Trio Tim 3.0T磁共振掃描儀,最大梯度場強(qiáng)40 mT/m,最大梯度轉(zhuǎn)換率200 mT/(m·s),8通道體部相控矩陣線圈。所有受試者在MRI檢查前2 h禁食、禁水。受試者仰臥于檢查床上、自然呼吸。26例健康志愿者及76例腎移植患者分別行雙側(cè)腎臟和移植腎的常規(guī)MRI及MOLLI序列掃描。常規(guī)MRI包括壓脂序列橫軸面T1WI及冠狀面T2WI。MOLLI序列沿腎臟最大長軸方向采用斜矢狀面進(jìn)行掃描,主要參數(shù):TE 1.03 ms,TR 314.54 ms,TI 219 ms,翻轉(zhuǎn)角35°, 體素大小2.3 mm×2.3 mm×5.0 mm,視野300 mm×300 mm,層厚5.0 mm,重復(fù)次數(shù)1,單次屏氣采集,掃描時(shí)間約8 s。
將T1-mapping圖像傳送至Siemens Syngo工作站進(jìn)行圖像處理。由2位分別具有7年和3年腹部影像診斷經(jīng)驗(yàn)的反射科醫(yī)師分別對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行盲法測量。分別在腎臟的上、中、下極處于皮質(zhì)(圖1a)和髓質(zhì)(圖1b)內(nèi)勾畫6~10個(gè)圓形感興趣區(qū)(region of interest,ROI),ROI面積盡可能大,ROI面積在皮質(zhì)為4~15 mm2、髓質(zhì)為5~25 mm2。取其中1位醫(yī)師測得的T1值的平均值作為最終值進(jìn)行分析比較。
圖1 腎臟興趣區(qū)(ROI)選取方法。a) 腎臟的上、中、下極處分別于腎皮質(zhì)內(nèi)勾畫多個(gè)圓形ROI; b) 在腎臟的上、中、下極處于腎髓質(zhì)內(nèi)勾畫數(shù)個(gè)圓形ROI。
兩位醫(yī)師測量的腎臟皮質(zhì)和髓質(zhì)的T1值及一致性分析結(jié)果見表2。各組中兩位醫(yī)師對(duì)皮質(zhì)和髓質(zhì)T1值測量結(jié)果的一致性均非常高,ICC>0.81。
表2 兩位醫(yī)師測量的腎臟皮質(zhì)、髓質(zhì)T1值及一致性分析
不同組別腎臟T1-mapping偽彩圖對(duì)比顯示,各組髓質(zhì)T1值均明顯高于皮質(zhì)(圖2)。不同組別內(nèi)皮髓質(zhì)的T1值及統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果見表3。各組內(nèi)腎臟皮質(zhì)與髓質(zhì)間T1值的差異均有顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。
不同組別間腎臟皮質(zhì)、髓質(zhì)T1值的對(duì)比見圖3。四組間腎皮質(zhì)T1值的差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=36.225,P<0.001)。進(jìn)一步兩兩比較的結(jié)果顯示,三個(gè)移植腎組腎皮質(zhì)的T1值均顯著大于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001);A組的腎皮質(zhì)T1值明顯小于B、C組(P<0.05),而B組與C組間的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。四組間腎髓質(zhì)T1值的差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=3.632,P=0.016);進(jìn)一步兩兩比較結(jié)果顯示,B組腎髓質(zhì)的T1值明顯大于對(duì)照組(P=0.007),B、C兩組的髓質(zhì)T1值亦大于對(duì)照組小(P分別為0.039、0.047),而A、B和C組間髓質(zhì)T1值的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)。
移植腎的皮質(zhì)、髓質(zhì)T1值與eGFR的相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果顯示(圖4),皮質(zhì)T1值與eGFR呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.45,P<0.01),而髓質(zhì)T1值與eGFR的相關(guān)性無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(r=0.04,P=0.74)。皮質(zhì)T1值鑒別移植腎功能良好與移植腎功能受損(包括輕中度與重度受損)時(shí)的曲線下面積(area under curve,AUC)為0.75(95%置信區(qū)間0.64~0.85),最佳診斷閾值為1732.57ms,診斷敏感度和特異度分別為88.6%和83.1%。
表3 不同組別腎臟皮、髓質(zhì)間T1值對(duì)比
T1弛豫時(shí)間是人體組織的一個(gè)本征物理量,精確地測量T1值是MRI定量分析的基礎(chǔ)。傳統(tǒng)測量T1值的T1mapping技術(shù)多采用多個(gè)反轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間(inversion time,TI)的反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)自旋回波(inversion recovery-spin echo,IR-SE)序列[5]。而本研究中的MOLLI序列是在180°反轉(zhuǎn)脈沖后的固定時(shí)相施加90°激勵(lì)脈沖,使用心電門控連續(xù)采集數(shù)據(jù)的一項(xiàng)新技術(shù),具有掃描時(shí)間短、可重復(fù)性高以及測量更加精確的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[9-10],目前已在心肌梗死、心肌炎和心肌纖維化等心臟疾病的評(píng)估中廣泛應(yīng)用[11-12],在健康成人腎臟T1值的評(píng)估中也得到初步應(yīng)用[2]。腎移植術(shù)后早期腎功能的好壞直接影響著患者的短期和長期存活率[13-14],而T1值對(duì)于反映腎臟疾病的程度有重要意義。本研究中筆者應(yīng)用基于MOLLI技術(shù)的T1-mapping分析健康志愿者及不同功能移植腎實(shí)質(zhì)的T1值,得出其對(duì)早期不同功能移植腎皮質(zhì)T1值差異的評(píng)估具有一定價(jià)值。
圖2 腎臟T1-mapping偽彩圖,顯示各組中腎髓質(zhì)的T1值均高于腎皮質(zhì)。a)對(duì)照祖; b)移植腎功能良好組; c)移植腎功能輕中度受損組; d) 移植腎功能重度受損患組。
圖3 不同組別腎臟間皮質(zhì)、髓質(zhì)T1值對(duì)比的直方圖。腎功能受損組(A、B、C組)的腎皮質(zhì)和髓質(zhì)T1值均大于對(duì)照組。 圖4 移植腎皮質(zhì)T1值與eGFR的相關(guān)性曲線,顯示腎皮質(zhì)的T1值與eGFR呈負(fù)相關(guān)。
各組內(nèi)腎臟皮髓質(zhì)間T1值的對(duì)比結(jié)果顯示,所有組別中髓質(zhì)的T1值均明顯大于皮質(zhì)(P<0.001)。分析原因可能為腎臟髓質(zhì)內(nèi)含水量較皮質(zhì)豐富,使組織內(nèi)T1值較長,這與腎臟的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)及生理特點(diǎn)相一致。本研究中健康對(duì)照組腎皮質(zhì)T1值的測量結(jié)果與Gillis等[2]應(yīng)用MOLLI技術(shù)在3.0T MR上的測量結(jié)果相似,而移植腎皮、髓質(zhì)T1值的測量結(jié)果較其他研究者的測量值偏高[1,5,15],分析原因可能與不同的成像設(shè)備、成像序列以及掃描參數(shù)有關(guān)。另外,本研究中選擇的均為腎移植術(shù)后2~4周的患者,移植腎所處的臨床環(huán)境較為一致,因此,所得結(jié)果更具可比性。
腎皮質(zhì)T1值在不同組別間的對(duì)比結(jié)果顯示,移植腎功能良好組的皮質(zhì)T1值明顯大于健康對(duì)照組,該結(jié)果與Huang等[5]的研究結(jié)果一致,分析原因可能為功能良好的移植腎由于其去神經(jīng)支配,腎動(dòng)脈(尤其是入球小動(dòng)脈和出球小動(dòng)脈)不受交感神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié),使得移植腎皮質(zhì)的水含量增多[16]。此外,移植腎功能受損組(包括輕中度和重度受損)的皮質(zhì)T1值明顯大于移植腎功能良好組,可能原因?yàn)楣δ苁軗p時(shí)腎間質(zhì)內(nèi)多有水腫、炎性細(xì)胞浸潤、變性壞死等病理改變,使細(xì)胞內(nèi)以及間質(zhì)內(nèi)水分子含量增高,從而使組織內(nèi)的T1值升高。本研究中的相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果顯示,移植腎皮質(zhì)的T1值與eGFR呈負(fù)相關(guān),說明隨著移植腎功能的減低,移植腎皮質(zhì)T1值增高,表明皮質(zhì)T1值能夠評(píng)估移植早期腎臟的功能。
本研究中腎髓質(zhì)T1值在不同組別間的對(duì)比結(jié)果顯示,移植腎功能良好組髓質(zhì)T1值明顯大于健康對(duì)照組,此結(jié)果與Huang等[5]的研究結(jié)果基本一致。筆者認(rèn)為出現(xiàn)這種表現(xiàn)的原因可能為功能良好的移植腎由于其去神經(jīng)支配,腎小管的重吸收不受交感神經(jīng)末梢釋放的去甲腎上腺素調(diào)控,使髓質(zhì)的含水量增多。然而,移植腎功能受損(包括輕中度和重度受損)組髓質(zhì)T1值與移植腎功能良好組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。這一結(jié)果與Huang等[5]的研究結(jié)果不一致,筆者分析原因可能為本研究中髓質(zhì)T1值的測量結(jié)果均較高,對(duì)其輕微變化不敏感;另一方面,由于腎小管和集合管的特殊結(jié)構(gòu),使髓質(zhì)呈現(xiàn)基底位于皮髓質(zhì)交界,尖端指向腎門的錐形形態(tài),功能受損時(shí),皮髓質(zhì)分界欠清,ROI放置的位置也有可能引起測量的誤差,從而影響統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果,具體原因有待進(jìn)一步研究。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,皮質(zhì)T1值鑒別移植腎功能良好組與移植腎功能受損組(包括輕中度與重度受損)的ROC曲線下面積為0.75,表明皮質(zhì)T1值可為早期不同功能移植腎的鑒別診斷提供有價(jià)值的信息。
本研究的局限性:第一,對(duì)移植腎功能的評(píng)價(jià),沒有采用實(shí)際測量的腎小球?yàn)V過率作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而將能在一定程度上反映腎功能的根據(jù)患者的SCr、年齡和性別計(jì)算的eGFR作為參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[17-18];第二,本研究未能獲得受試者的病理結(jié)果,不能對(duì)不同病理類型的腎臟組織的T1值變化情況進(jìn)行評(píng)估。在今后的研究中,將進(jìn)一步分析不同病理類型的腎臟疾病的T1值情況。
綜上所述,磁共振T1-mapping技術(shù)對(duì)不同功能早期移植腎皮質(zhì)T1值的差異評(píng)估具有一定價(jià)值,有望成為臨床上無創(chuàng)評(píng)估移植腎功能的一種手段。
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ValueofT1mappingtoquantitativeanalyzethedifferenceofT1valuesindifferentrenalallograftsfunctionearlyafterkidneytransplantation
REN Tao,CHEN Li-hua,XIE Shuang-shuang,et al.
Department of Radiology,the First Central Hospital of Tianjing,Tianjing 300192,China
Objective:To explore the value of T1mapping to quantitative analyze the difference of T1-values in diffe-rent renal allografts function early after kidney transplantation.MethodsIn this prospective study,76 renal allograft reci-pients 2 to 4 weeks after kidney transplantation and 26 age-matched volunteers were included.Recipients were divided into three groups according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR):group A (n=44),recipients with good allograft function (eGFR≥60mL/(min·1.73m2);group B (n=19),recipients with mild to moderate impaired allograft function (30≤eGFR<60mL/(min·1.73m2);group C (n=13),recipients with severe impaired allograft function [eGFR<30mL/(min·1.73m2)].At the same time,healthy volunteers (n=26) were selected as the control group.All subjects underwent conventional MRI and modified Look-Locker inversion recovery sequence (MOLLI) MRI which was performed in the oblique-sagittal plane.Renal cortical and medullary T1-values were measured.Difference of cortical and medullary T1-values within the group or among four groups were compared.Correlation of cortical and medullary T1-values with eGFR was eva-luated.The diagnostic efficacy of using T1-mapping to discriminate different renal function was assessed.ResultsThe cortical T1-values were significantly lower than the medullar T1-values in each group (P<0.001 for all).Cortical T1-value was (1511.95±111.31),(1663.22±66.81),(1719.09±74.47) and (1748.88±62.72)ms for four groups respectively,it was significantly different between each other except group B and C (P<0.05).Medullary T1-value was (2009.65±97.83)ms in group A,they were larger than that in control group which was (1946.91±51.43)ms (P=0.004).There was no statistically significant difference in medullary T1-values between other groups (P>0.05).Cortical T1-values exhibited a negative correlation with renal function as determined by eGFR for recipients (r=-0.45,P<0.01).Mean cortical T1values showed a high area under the ROC curve (AUC=0.75) to discriminate renal allografts with good and impaired (including mild to moderate impaired and severe impaired) function,with a sensitivity of 88.6% and a specificity of 83.1%.ConclusionT1-mapping provide valuable information to analyze the difference of cortical T1-values in different renal allografts function early after transplantation.It could be a useful method for evaluating renal function noninvasively.
Kidney transplantation; Renal funtion; Magnetic resonance imaging; T1value; Diagnostic efficacy
300192 天津,天津市第一中心醫(yī)院放射科(任濤、陳麗華、謝雙雙、沈文),器官移植中心(王振、付迎欣);300041 天津,天津市環(huán)湖醫(yī)院CT室(任濤)
任濤(1989-),女,山西大同人,碩士,住院醫(yī)師,主要從事腹盆部和中樞神經(jīng)影像診斷工作。
沈文,E-mail:shenwen66happy@163.com
2016年天津市自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(16JCYBJC27300)
R445.2; R692.5
A
1000-0313(2017)12-1277-05
10.13609/j.cnki.1000-0313.2017.12.015
2017-04-23)