劉洪, 余建群, 彭禮清
·心血管影像學(xué)·
磁共振延遲強(qiáng)化在肥厚型心肌病中的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值研究
劉洪, 余建群, 彭禮清
目的探討3.0T心臟磁共振成像(CMRI)延遲強(qiáng)化(LGE)序列對(duì)肥厚型心肌病(HCM)的診斷價(jià)值。方法搜集2014年1月-2016年7月在華西醫(yī)院確診為HCM的121例患者的臨床資料和CMR圖像。將患者的臨床資料包括性別、年齡,有無(wú)心悸、胸悶、胸痛、呼吸困難、暈厥和心臟雜音及紐約心功能分級(jí)(NYHA)等納入分析。采用心臟功能分析軟件對(duì)CMRI圖像進(jìn)行后處理,測(cè)量左心室壁最大厚度(LVMWT)、左、右心室舒張末期容積(EDV)、收縮末期容積(ESV)、射血分?jǐn)?shù)(EF)、每搏輸出量(SV)和左心室心肌質(zhì)量(LVMM)。根據(jù)美國(guó)心臟病協(xié)會(huì)左室壁17節(jié)段分析方法,對(duì)121例患者的2057個(gè)心肌節(jié)段進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。比較有LGE組和無(wú)LGE組的臨床資料及CMRI參數(shù)的差異,評(píng)價(jià)LGE節(jié)段數(shù)與LVMWT和心功能分級(jí)的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果121例HCM患者中LGE(+)91例(75.2%)共456個(gè)節(jié)段(456/2057);LGE(+)最常見(jiàn)于節(jié)段2和8,分別占11.6%(53/456)和11.4%(52/456)。LGE形態(tài):表現(xiàn)為局限性強(qiáng)化70例(70/91),彌漫性強(qiáng)化21例(21/91)。LGE(+)組較LGE (-)組患者的年齡偏小[分別為(48.59±14.80)和(58.93±12.79)歲]、胸痛癥狀出現(xiàn)率更低(分別為22.0%和27.3%)、LVMWT值更大[分別為(2.42±0.64)和(2.05±0.37)cm],差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。LGE (+)節(jié)段數(shù)與LVMWT、NYHA、LVMM和LVESV均呈正相關(guān)(r值分別為0.437、0.544、0.267和0.245,P值分別為0.000、0.000、0.003和0.007),與患者年齡、LVEF和RVEF呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r值分別為-0.231、-0.244和-0.184,P值分別為0.011、0.007和0.043)。結(jié)論3.0T心臟MRI有助于HCM患者的診斷和心功能的評(píng)估。
磁共振成像; 對(duì)比增強(qiáng)掃描; 心肌病,肥厚性; 心功能
肥厚型心肌病(hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,HCM)是最常見(jiàn)的遺傳性心血管疾病,普通人群的發(fā)病率約1/500[1-2],其特點(diǎn)為左心室肥厚不能用其它系統(tǒng)性疾病或心臟病解釋。多數(shù)患者病程緩慢,可以與普通人群的預(yù)期壽命相當(dāng)[3],少數(shù)患者可出現(xiàn)生活方式受限制、甚至心功能衰竭等不良后果[4],最嚴(yán)重的后果是出現(xiàn)心源性猝死(sudden cardiac death,SCD)[1]。所以,正確診斷和評(píng)價(jià)HCM患者心臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的異常,對(duì)HCM的治療和預(yù)后尤為關(guān)鍵。診斷HCM的傳統(tǒng)方法為臨床評(píng)估和經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查。因MRI在心臟的應(yīng)用,尤其是釓對(duì)比劑延遲強(qiáng)化(late gadolinium enhancement,LGE)能在活體內(nèi)無(wú)創(chuàng)性的對(duì)心肌纖維化進(jìn)行定位和定量分析,已成為評(píng)價(jià)心肌纖維化最為有效的影像方法[5]。但是對(duì)于HCM的心肌纖維化程度及其在左心室各段的分布是否與心功能相關(guān),目前的研究報(bào)道尚不多見(jiàn)。既往對(duì)HCM的研究多為對(duì)心肌LGE面積或體積與心功能關(guān)系進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)[4,6-8],而依據(jù)美國(guó)心臟病協(xié)會(huì)(American Heart Association,AHA)左室壁17節(jié)段的分析方法,對(duì)HCM患者LGE具體節(jié)段進(jìn)行分析的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道較少[9]。本文擬研究HCM患者LGE的有無(wú)與其臨床表現(xiàn)和左室結(jié)構(gòu)、功能表現(xiàn)的關(guān)系,并分析LGE節(jié)段數(shù)與左室壁增厚程度和心功能的關(guān)系。
將華西醫(yī)院2014年1月~2016年7月經(jīng)臨床確診并行心臟磁共振成像(cardiac magnetic resonance,CMRI)檢查的121例HCM患者納入研究。其中男60例,女61例,年齡14~79歲,平均(51.16±14.96)歲。所有患者符合2014年肥厚型心肌病診斷及治療指南中制訂的CMRI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):并非完全由心臟負(fù)荷異常引起的左心室心肌某節(jié)段或多個(gè)節(jié)段室壁厚度≥15 mm;或者有明確HCM家族史并且左心室壁的最大厚度≥13 mm[10]。
使用Siemens Trio Tim 3.0T磁共振掃描儀和梯度場(chǎng)的最大轉(zhuǎn)換速率200 mT/(m·ms),最大梯度強(qiáng)度50 mT/m。使用心臟專用雙向門控線圈,結(jié)合ECG心電門控和呼吸門控技術(shù)?;颊呷⊙雠P位,在患者屏氣狀態(tài)時(shí)連續(xù)采集圖像。主要掃描序列和參數(shù)如下。①短軸位和四腔心位電影序列:采用Turbo-FLASH序列,TR 154.38 ms,TE 1.07 ms,翻轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間90 ms,翻轉(zhuǎn)角10°,層厚10 mm,矩陣106×192,視野270 mm×460 mm,層厚8 mm,掃描范圍自心尖至心底,每一心動(dòng)周期采集25幀連續(xù)動(dòng)態(tài)電影圖像。②對(duì)比增強(qiáng)掃描序列:采用T1WI Turbo-FLASH序列,TR 6.0 ms,TE 3.0 ms,翻轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間90 ms,翻轉(zhuǎn)角50°,層厚10 mm,矩陣256×256,視野270 mm×360 mm。對(duì)比劑采用釓貝葡胺(0.5 mmol/mL);先進(jìn)行左心室短軸位首過(guò)灌注掃描,對(duì)比劑劑量0.2 mL/kg,注射流率2.5~3.0 mL/s,對(duì)比劑注入后以相同流率注入生理鹽水20 mL,延遲時(shí)間0s,自心底至心尖掃描6~8層;隨后以相同流率再次注入釓對(duì)比劑(0.1 mmol/kg)和生理鹽水20 mL,延遲15 min啟動(dòng)LGE序列的掃描,包括左心室短軸位及二腔心、四腔心位。
全部數(shù)據(jù)上傳到Siemens Leonardo工作站,采用cmr-42后處理軟件(Circle Cardiovascular Imaging Inc.,Calgary,Canada)進(jìn)行后處理。在短軸位電影序列圖像中,通過(guò)人工干預(yù)和軟件自動(dòng)識(shí)別相結(jié)合的方法確定各心腔的收縮末期和舒張末期圖像,隨后從心底部向心尖部在各層圖像上人工勾畫各心腔的心內(nèi)膜和心外膜,后處理軟件即可自動(dòng)計(jì)算出各項(xiàng)心功能參數(shù)值,包括左、右心室舒張末期容積(end-diastolic vo-lume,EDV)、收縮末期容積(end-systolic volume,ESV)、射血分?jǐn)?shù)(ejection fraction,EF)、每搏輸出量(stroke volume,SV)和左心室心肌質(zhì)量(left ventricular myocardial mass,LVMM)。根據(jù)AHA心臟17節(jié)段劃分方法,后處理軟件自動(dòng)將心底部及中間部劃分為6個(gè)區(qū)域,包括前間隔、后間隔、前壁、前外側(cè)壁、下外側(cè)壁及外側(cè)壁;將心尖部劃分為4個(gè)區(qū)域,包括室間隔、前壁、外側(cè)壁和下壁;隨后可自動(dòng)計(jì)算出各節(jié)段中心壁的舒張末期厚度,從而獲得舒張末期左室壁最大厚度(Left ventricular maximum wall thickness,LVMWT)。
表1 HCM患者LGE陽(yáng)性組與陰性組的臨床資料比較
注:*差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
表2 HCM患者LGE陽(yáng)性組與LGE陰性組的CMR參數(shù)比較
注:*差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
采用AHA左室壁17節(jié)段劃分方法分析圖像,由兩位放射科醫(yī)師共同閱片,若意見(jiàn)分歧則協(xié)商討論取得一致意見(jiàn)。根據(jù)LVMWT將心肌分為輕、中、重度肥厚(<2.0 cm為輕度,≥2.0 cm且<3.0 cm為中度,≥3.0 cm為重度)。記錄所有患者的性別、年齡、臨床癥狀、紐約心功能評(píng)級(jí)(the New York Heart Function Assessment,NYHA)、體征(有無(wú)心臟雜音等)以及LGE的有無(wú)、形態(tài)和節(jié)段分布。將LGE的形態(tài)分為兩種類型。(1)彌漫性強(qiáng)化:左室壁心肌可見(jiàn)多發(fā)散在斑片狀強(qiáng)化,在不同層面均可見(jiàn)此表現(xiàn);(2)局限性強(qiáng)化:小片或團(tuán)塊狀強(qiáng)化,以累及左心室壁中層為主[11]。
12l例HCM患者中有LGE的患者91例,無(wú)LGE的患者30例,兩組患者的臨床資料及統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果見(jiàn)表1。與無(wú)LGE組比較,有LGE組中患者的年齡更小,出現(xiàn)胸痛癥狀的患者比例更低,兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);而兩組間其它臨床指標(biāo)間的差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
按照17節(jié)段分析法,91例患者(2057個(gè)節(jié)段)中可見(jiàn)LGE的節(jié)段數(shù)為456個(gè),占22.2%(456/2057),每例患者的平均節(jié)段數(shù)為3.77±3.45。LGE形態(tài):70例呈局限性強(qiáng)化(圖1),占76.9%(70/91);21例呈彌漫性強(qiáng)化(圖2),占23.1%(21/91)。LGE最常見(jiàn)于第2和第8節(jié)段,分別占11.6%(53/456)和11.4%(52/456)。
兩組患者的CMRI心功能參數(shù)值及統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果見(jiàn)表2。有LGE組的LVMWT大于無(wú)LGE組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。其它各心功能參數(shù)值在兩組間的差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
對(duì)有LGE組中數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析(圖3),結(jié)果顯示LGE節(jié)段數(shù)與LVMM和LVESV呈正相關(guān)(r=0.267和0.245,P=0.003和0.007),與LVEF和RVEF呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.244和-0.184,P=0.007和0.043);與LVEDV、RVEDV、RVESV、LVSV和RVSV無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性(P>0.05)。LGE節(jié)段數(shù)與心室壁肥厚程度的箱形圖(圖4)顯示,重度肥厚組LGE節(jié)段數(shù)較多,中度肥厚組居中,輕度肥厚組較少。
圖1 男,70歲,HCM患者,無(wú)明顯臨床癥狀。a) 電影序列圖像顯示局部室間隔肥厚(箭); b) LGE序列圖像顯示第8和第9節(jié)段心肌局限性延遲強(qiáng)化(箭)。圖2 男,63歲,HCM患者,反復(fù)心悸2月余。a) 電影序列(二腔心)圖像顯示心尖部室壁肥厚,呈“桃尖”征(箭); b) 電影序列(四腔心)圖像,顯示心尖部室壁肥厚(箭); c) LGE序列圖像,顯示示心尖部(第17節(jié)段)呈彌漫性延遲強(qiáng)化(箭)。
兩組患者心功能NYHA分級(jí)情況見(jiàn)表3。有LGE組患者的心功能較差,NYHA分級(jí)較高;無(wú)LGE組中無(wú)心功能IV級(jí)的患者。兩組患者的NYHA分級(jí)的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z=-3.670,P=0.000)。對(duì)有LGE組數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行箱形圖分析(圖5),結(jié)果顯示LGE節(jié)段數(shù)隨著NYHA分級(jí)的增高呈逐漸增多的趨勢(shì)。
表3 兩組患者的紐約心功能分級(jí)情況 (例)
LGE的病理基礎(chǔ)是急性心肌細(xì)胞損傷、慢性心肌梗死或纖維化致心肌細(xì)胞外間隙擴(kuò)大,對(duì)比劑進(jìn)入擴(kuò)大的間隙并延遲排出[2-3]。釓可縮短組織的 T1值,細(xì)胞外間隙的擴(kuò)張將使得局部組織保持較高濃度的釓,在T1WI翻轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)序列上表現(xiàn)為高信號(hào),而正常心肌則呈相對(duì)低信號(hào),為L(zhǎng)GE的檢測(cè)提供最佳的視覺(jué)對(duì)比[12]。LGE相關(guān)的精確病理生理機(jī)制目前仍未闡明。Hoey等[13]根據(jù)影像學(xué)與組織學(xué)的對(duì)照研究,推測(cè)LGE的發(fā)生機(jī)制為結(jié)構(gòu)異常的壁冠狀動(dòng)脈引起病理生理串聯(lián)的微血管缺血反復(fù)發(fā)作,導(dǎo)致心肌細(xì)胞死亡,并以修復(fù)性纖維化的形式替代。
Maron等[14]的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),年輕HCM患者的心肌肥厚程度大于年齡偏大者。本研究中,有LGE組中患者的發(fā)病年齡比無(wú)LGE組偏小(P=0.001)、心肌肥厚程度更高,與上述文獻(xiàn)結(jié)果相似。有LGE組患者的平均發(fā)病年齡較小這一結(jié)果,能更好地解釋既往文獻(xiàn)中報(bào)道的HCM患者發(fā)生SCD者多為年輕人[15-16]。
Gerbaud等[17]報(bào)道,胸痛的最常見(jiàn)病因?yàn)榧毙孕募」K?28.5%)。本研究中無(wú)LGE組中出現(xiàn)胸痛的患者比例高于有LGE組。筆者認(rèn)為胸痛癥狀主要與微小血管的急性缺血、心肌的微小梗死有關(guān),而此類患者可無(wú)反映心肌纖維化的LGE表現(xiàn)。
HCM患者的LGE特征是在增厚的心肌內(nèi)、非冠狀動(dòng)脈分布區(qū)出現(xiàn)片狀或點(diǎn)狀強(qiáng)化[18]。本研究中76.9%的LGE病灶呈局限性點(diǎn)狀或結(jié)節(jié)樣強(qiáng)化,23.1%呈彌漫性斑片狀強(qiáng)化。Maron等[19]的研究結(jié)果顯示,LGE強(qiáng)化部位與病理顯示的纖維化區(qū)域具有很好的相關(guān)性,強(qiáng)化部位最常發(fā)生于室間隔和左室游離壁。本研究中LGE最常見(jiàn)于第2和第8節(jié)段,與前者的研究結(jié)果類似。說(shuō)明HCM患者LGE多見(jiàn)于室間隔。發(fā)生于室間隔外的LGE則是SCD的一個(gè)獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子[20],如心尖部LGE陽(yáng)性在HCM患者中提示預(yù)后不良[21]。所以,LGE的位置和分布對(duì)HCM患者的預(yù)后可能有重要意義。
圖3 相關(guān)性分析散點(diǎn)圖。a) LGE節(jié)段數(shù)與LVMM呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系; b) LGE節(jié)段數(shù)與LVESV呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系; c) LGE節(jié)段數(shù)與LVEF呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系; d) LGE節(jié)段數(shù)與RVEF呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。 圖4 LGE節(jié)段數(shù)與左室壁增厚程度關(guān)系的箱形圖。圖5 LGE節(jié)段數(shù)與紐約心功能分級(jí)關(guān)系的箱形圖。
Hen等[22]將HCM患者按照心肌肥厚程度進(jìn)行分組,并對(duì)LGE進(jìn)行評(píng)分,發(fā)現(xiàn)在嚴(yán)重肥厚組中LGE評(píng)分最高。本研究中則發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著心肌肥厚程度(LVMWT)的增加出現(xiàn)LGE的節(jié)段數(shù)增多,兩者間呈正相關(guān)。筆者認(rèn)為HCM患者的LVMWT值越大,即心肌越肥厚,左室結(jié)構(gòu)異常越明顯,更易發(fā)生微血管的損傷,導(dǎo)致心肌缺血、梗死和纖維化的程度更重。已有學(xué)者提出,LVMWT≥30 mm是 HCM患者發(fā)生SCD的四大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因子之一[2,9]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,LGE節(jié)段數(shù)與LVMM呈正相關(guān)(r=0.267,P=0.003)。典型的HCM都有左室壁肥厚和LVMM的增加[23]。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[24],一例16歲男孩突發(fā)SCD,心臟解剖發(fā)現(xiàn)心肌細(xì)胞的排列非常紊亂,但無(wú)LVMM的增加或LVMWT的增大。此例患者有HCM家族史,且健在的親人均有左室壁肥厚,尸檢結(jié)果為患者死因?yàn)镠CM。據(jù)此,我們應(yīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到HCM患者雖未出現(xiàn)LVMM的增加,但仍可出現(xiàn)HCM最嚴(yán)重的后果——SCD。
Funada等[6]認(rèn)為在伴有收縮功能障礙的HCM患者中,LGE體積可作為嚴(yán)重心臟事件的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子,能精確預(yù)測(cè)發(fā)病率和致死率。一項(xiàng)Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,LGE的存在及其程度與SCD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、心衰發(fā)病率的增加具有顯著相關(guān)性;LGE面積每增加10%,發(fā)生SCD的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將增加36%[4]。而廣泛的LGE被認(rèn)為是一種新的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因子,有助于臨床醫(yī)師識(shí)別需進(jìn)行植入型心律轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)除顫器治療的高?;颊摺1狙芯恐邪l(fā)現(xiàn)患者的心功能越差(NYHA分級(jí)越高),左室壁出現(xiàn)LGE的節(jié)段數(shù)越多。
有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,LGE與代表心臟舒張功能不全的指標(biāo)——峰值充盈率之間具有負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系[25]。HCM 組各室壁節(jié)段的收縮期峰值應(yīng)變率均顯著低于正常對(duì)照組(P<0.01)[26],提示左室局部心肌收縮功能受損。本組數(shù)據(jù)顯示LGE節(jié)段數(shù)與LVEF和RVEF呈負(fù)相關(guān),與LVESV呈正相關(guān),進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證了LGE節(jié)段數(shù)越多,患者的心功能越差。
總之,CMRI能對(duì)HCM患者心肌LGE的有無(wú)和節(jié)段數(shù)進(jìn)行定性和定量檢測(cè)。心肌的LGE多見(jiàn)于年輕患者,胸痛癥狀不明顯,但心功能較差,應(yīng)當(dāng)引起臨床重視。LGE節(jié)段數(shù)隨LVMWT的增加或患者心功能NYHA分級(jí)的增高而增多。隨著LGE節(jié)段數(shù)增加,LVMM和LVESV增大,提示左、右心室收縮功能降低。
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Clinicalapplication:lategadoliniumenhancementcardiacmagneticresonanceimaginginhypertrophiccardiomyopathy
LIU Hong,YU Jian-qun,PENG Li-qing.
Department of Radiology,the West China Hospital of Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041,China
Objective:Qualitative and quantitative methods of 3.0T cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) sequences were used to assess the relationship between myocardial LGE and clinical manifestations,left ventricular structure and function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).MethodsThe clinical data and CMRI data of 121 HCM patients were collected from January 2014 to July 2016 in West China Hospital.The clinical data of patients including gender,age,the existence of heart palpitations,chest tightness,chest pain,dyspnea,syncope,heart murmur and the grade of heart function according to the New York Heart Function Assessment (NYHA).Left ventricular maximum wall thickness (LVMWT) was analyzed on the CMR images.Cardiac function analysis software was used to measure the data and the CMRI parameters including end diastolic volume (EDV),end systolic volume (ESV),ejection fraction (EF),stroke volume (SV) of left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) and the left ventricular myocardial mass (LVMM) were obtained.According to the analysis method for left ventricular wall in 17 segments of the American Heart Association (ACR),the 2057 myocardial segments among 121 patients were evaluated.The position of LGE was confirmed.The differences between LGE(+) group and LGE (-) group in clinical and CMRI parameters were compared,and the relationship between number of myocardial LGE segment and LVMWT as well as cardiac function was evaluated.ResultsAmong the 121 HCM cases,91 cases were LGE(+),accounting for 75.2% (91/121);LGE(+) segment number was 456,accounting for 22.2% (456/2057),with average number of (3.77±3.45);the most common section with LGE(+) was 2,followed by section 8,accounting for 11.6% (53/456) and 11.4% (52/456) respectively.In LGE(+) group,70 cases showed localized enhancement,accounting for 76.9% (70/91);21 cases showed diffuse enhancement,accounting for 23.1% (21/91).Compared with LGE(-) group,in the LGE(+) group the patients were younger,with less chest pain and thicker LVMWT [(48.59±14.80) vs (58.93±12.79) years old,22.0% vs 27.3%,(2.42±0.64) vs (2.05±0.37)cm;allP<0.05].The number of LGE(+) segments was positively correlated with LVMWT,NYHA,LVMM and LVESV (r=0.437,0.544,0.267 and 0.245;P=0.000,0.000,0.003 and 0.007,respectively),and the number of LGE(+) segments was negatively correlated with the age of the patient,LVEF and RVEF (r=-0.231,-0.244 and -0.184;P=0.011,0.007 and 0.043,respectively).ConclusionLGE was able to be qualitatively and quantitatively detected in HCM patients with 3.0T CMRI.The patients with LGE(+) were younger and had fewer chest pain,but their NYHA were higher.The thicker the LVMWT or the higher the NYHA,the more LGE segments would be.With the increase of the number of LGE segments,LVMM and LVESV increased in patients with HCM,and left and right ventricular systolic function decreased.
Magnetic resonance imaging; Contrast-enhanced scan; Cardiomyopathy,hypertrophic; Heart funtion
610041 成都,四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院放射科(劉洪、余建群、彭禮清);610031 成都,成都市第三人民醫(yī)院放射科(劉洪)
劉洪(1978-),男,四川崇州人,碩士,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事心胸及腹部影像診斷工作。
余建群,E-mail:cjr.yujianqun@vip.163.com
R445.2; R542.2
A
1000-0313(2017)12-1271-06
10.13609/j.cnki.1000-0313.2017.12.014
2017-05-18
2017-07-12)