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慢性高血壓并發(fā)子癇前期術(shù)后早期應(yīng)用那屈肝素鈣對(duì)血栓形成的影響研究

2017-12-19 08:44鄭秀芬鐘少平沈華祥劉霞朱小玉
中國(guó)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2017年31期
關(guān)鍵詞:手術(shù)治療

鄭秀芬++++++鐘少平++++++沈華祥++++++劉霞++++++朱小玉

[摘要] 目的 評(píng)價(jià)術(shù)后不同時(shí)機(jī)那屈肝素鈣皮下注射對(duì)慢性高血壓并發(fā)子癇前期血栓形成的影響。 方法 選取因慢性高血壓并發(fā)子癇前期行剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)患者36例,將其隨機(jī)分為觀察組與對(duì)照組兩組,各18例。觀察組的患者術(shù)后6 h即行那屈肝素鈣抗凝治療,對(duì)照組的患者術(shù)后第2天行抗凝治療。抽取兩組患者肘靜脈血樣,分別選取于入室開放靜脈后(T0)、術(shù)畢(T1)、術(shù)后的6 h(T2)及術(shù)后的24 h(T3),檢測(cè)血紅蛋白(Hb)、血細(xì)胞比容(HCT)、凝血功能指標(biāo)及血液流變學(xué)變化指標(biāo)。用彩色多普勒超聲于術(shù)前1d及術(shù)后7 d檢測(cè)兩組患者雙下肢深靜脈通暢情況。 結(jié)果 較T0,T2時(shí)兩組患者Hb和HCT均明顯降低(P<0.05)。較T0,T2及T3時(shí)的兩組全血黏度的高切變率、全血黏度低切變率和血漿黏度均降低; T3時(shí)觀察組D-二聚體降低(P<0.05)。兩組患者術(shù)后均無皮下瘀斑等出血征象,兩組患者術(shù)后藥物不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率無明顯差異(P>0.05)。術(shù)后5 d時(shí),對(duì)照組出現(xiàn)一例下肢深靜脈血栓形成(DVT),DVT發(fā)生率5.56%,觀察組無DVT發(fā)生。觀察組DVT發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 術(shù)后早期應(yīng)用那屈肝素鈣能改善患者術(shù)后血液流變學(xué)狀態(tài),降低發(fā)生深靜脈血栓形成的危險(xiǎn)。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 慢性高血壓并發(fā)子癇前期;手術(shù)治療;靜脈血栓形成;那屈肝素鈣

[中圖分類號(hào)] R714.2 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2017)31-0049-04

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of early application of Nadroparin Calcium on thrombus formation in preeclampsia superimposed upon chronic hypertension after cesarean section. Methods Thirty-six patients with preeclampsia superimposed upon chronic hypertension undergoing cesarean section were randomLy divided into 2 groups(n=18 each group):observation group and control group. Patients in observation group obtained Nadroparin Calcium at six hours after the operation, and the other patients received anticoagulation therapy at the second day of post-operation. Venous blood samples were collected After entering the operating room, open the venous before opertation(T0),the end of the operation(T1),at six hours after the operation(T2) and the first day of post-operation(T3)for measurement of hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(HCT),coagulation function and hemorheology.The deep veins of lower limb were tested by color Doppler ultrasound at the day preoperative and the seventh day post-operation. Results The Hb and HCT significantly decreased in two groups at T2 than at T0(P<0.05). Low or high shear rates and plasma viscosity were significantly decreased at T2 and T3 than T0 in observation group, D-dimer was decreased at T3 than that in control group(P<0.05).There were no subcutaneous ecchymosis and other signs of bleedin in two groups, and there were no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05).On the 5 day after surgery, a case of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurred in the control group, the incidence of DVT was 5.56%, and no DVT was observed in the observation group. The incidence of DVT in the observation group was lower than that in control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Early application of Nadroparin Calcium post operative can improve postoperative hemorrheological situation and decrease the rate of the deep vein thrombosis.endprint

[Key words] Preeclampsia superimposed upon chronic hypertension;Surgical treatment; Venous thrombosis; Nadroparin

妊娠期高血壓疾病是嚴(yán)重影響母嬰健康的一種疾病,該組疾病是孕產(chǎn)婦和圍產(chǎn)兒病死率升高的主要原因。其中慢性高血壓并發(fā)子癇前期由于具備前期慢性高血壓基礎(chǔ)疾病,妊娠時(shí)期血液成分、血液流變學(xué)及血液粘滯度改變,同時(shí)受到此類患者剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后為防止術(shù)后子癇發(fā)作,常要求保持臥床休息體位,從而增加患者手術(shù)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的可能性[1-3]。下肢深靜脈血栓形成(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)臨床表現(xiàn)為患肢腫脹、疼痛,在慢性高血壓并發(fā)子癇前期患者術(shù)后可發(fā)生。如沒有效預(yù)防和及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)血栓脫落后栓子可隨血液游走,可能引起肺栓塞,甚至危及生命[4-8]。針對(duì)慢性高血壓并發(fā)子癇前期術(shù)后下肢深靜脈血栓形成,臨床上報(bào)道較少,且由于妊娠期孕婦高凝及產(chǎn)后高凝狀態(tài)的改變,使得臨床上使用那屈肝素預(yù)防血栓形成極為慎重。據(jù)此,我們對(duì)肥胖、慢性高血壓病史2年以上的患者,獲得孕婦知情同意基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)行慢性高血壓并發(fā)子癇前期術(shù)后24 h即應(yīng)用那屈肝素,與術(shù)后不應(yīng)用那屈肝素患者比較,能有效減少DVT,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選取2012年1月~2015年12月因慢性高血壓并發(fā)子癇前期入住嘉興市婦幼保健院并行剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)分娩患者36例,年齡29~33歲,體重53~68 kg,手術(shù)持續(xù)時(shí)間45~50 min,手術(shù)前常規(guī)術(shù)前風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估示ASA分級(jí)Ⅰ級(jí)或Ⅱ級(jí),納入研究對(duì)象術(shù)前無貧血、無血小板減少,術(shù)前凝血功能正常,術(shù)前白蛋白濃度正常,且術(shù)前2周未接受抗凝治療。依據(jù)兩組應(yīng)用那屈肝素鈣[葛蘭素史克(天津)有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字J20130168,4100 U/支]抗凝治療時(shí)間,隨機(jī)分成觀察組(n=18)及對(duì)照組(n=18)。觀察組患者年齡、孕周、BMI及術(shù)前收縮壓、舒張壓及手術(shù)時(shí)間依次為(28.82±4.26)歲、(37.14±2.07)周、(23.14±0.71)kg/m2、(148.12±12.74)mmHg、(85.25±3.44)mmHg、(44.94±3.93)min,對(duì)照組患者年齡、孕周、BMI及術(shù)前收縮壓、舒張壓及手術(shù)時(shí)間依次為(29.41±2.98)歲、(37.36±2.15)周、(23.42±0.64)kg/m2、(149.08±10.16)mmHg、(84.38±3.59)mmHg、(45.59±4.98)min,兩組上述指標(biāo)相比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。

1.2 方法

對(duì)患者施術(shù)者均為我院評(píng)估后具有相同手術(shù)權(quán)限的同年資副主任醫(yī)師,所有手術(shù)均于1 h內(nèi)完成。所有患者術(shù)中出血量均少于400 mL,所有患者術(shù)后安返病房6 h即開始被動(dòng)肢體運(yùn)動(dòng),觀察組術(shù)后6 h即開始應(yīng)用那屈肝素鈣4100 U[葛蘭素史克(天津)有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字J20130168,4100 U/支]皮下注射、一次/d,對(duì)照組則改為術(shù)后24 h應(yīng)用進(jìn)行抗凝治療。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)

觀察兩組患者不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)凝血功能、血液粘滯度改變情況、以及術(shù)前1 d和術(shù)后7 d常規(guī)檢測(cè)兩組患者的雙下肢深靜脈術(shù)前術(shù)后通暢狀態(tài)。尤其就于術(shù)后出現(xiàn)患肢腫脹、疼痛DVT癥狀、體征的患者加強(qiáng)檢測(cè)雙下肢深靜脈通暢狀態(tài)。

1.4 測(cè)定方法

于T0、T1、T2及T3時(shí)間點(diǎn)抽取兩組肘靜脈血樣,檢測(cè)患者血常規(guī)凝血功能全套評(píng)估凝血功能,同時(shí)檢測(cè)兩組患者全血黏度高切變率、全血黏度低切變率及血漿黏度評(píng)估血液黏滯度改變;采取雙下肢深靜脈彩超檢查評(píng)估雙下肢深靜脈通暢狀態(tài)。

1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件SPSS15.0,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用構(gòu)成比或率來表示。組內(nèi)的手術(shù)前后比較選擇配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)計(jì)量資料比較進(jìn)行方差分析,DVT發(fā)生率的組間比較則選擇χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1兩組患者的Hb與HCT指標(biāo)的變化

觀察組及對(duì)照組Hb與HCT不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)均有顯著變化,而在T0及T1兩檢測(cè)點(diǎn)患者Hb、HCT無明顯差異(P>0.05);與T0檢測(cè)點(diǎn)兩組患者Hb、HCT檢測(cè)值相比,T2、T3檢測(cè)點(diǎn)兩組檢測(cè)值明顯降低(P<0.05);此外,T2、T3兩檢測(cè)點(diǎn)兩檢測(cè)點(diǎn)患者Hb、HCT無明顯差異(P>0.05)。見表1。

2.2 兩組患者血液流變學(xué)變化及凝血功能指標(biāo)比較

觀察組及對(duì)照組血液流變學(xué)變化及凝血功能指標(biāo)不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)均有顯著變化,但兩組患者全血黏度高切變率、全血黏度低切變率、血漿黏度指標(biāo)在T0及T1檢測(cè)點(diǎn)無明顯差異(P>0.05);兩組患者于T2及T3檢測(cè)點(diǎn)較T0檢測(cè)點(diǎn)全血黏度高切變率、全血黏度低切變率、血漿黏度明顯降低(P<0.05);同時(shí),兩組患者同一時(shí)間點(diǎn)全血黏度高切變率、全血黏度低切變率、血漿黏度無明顯差異,見表2。

D-二聚體水平于對(duì)照組T3檢測(cè)點(diǎn)上升明顯;且在同一T3檢測(cè)點(diǎn)內(nèi)對(duì)照組較觀察組上升明顯(均P<0.05)。T3檢測(cè)點(diǎn)兩組患者其他凝血功能監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)(PT、APPT、FIB)無明顯差異(P>0.05),且PT、APPT、FIB在T0、T1、T2及T3檢測(cè)點(diǎn)組間及組內(nèi)比較亦均無明顯差異(P>0.05)。見表3。

2.3 入選患者雙下肢深靜脈彩超檢查結(jié)果

入選患者術(shù)前1 d常規(guī)行雙下肢深靜脈彩超檢查均提示靜脈通暢;對(duì)照組術(shù)后5 d出現(xiàn)一例下肢深靜脈血栓形成(DVT),DVT發(fā)生率5.56%;觀察組無DVT發(fā)生。觀察組DVT發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。

3 討論endprint

慢性高血壓并發(fā)子癇前期進(jìn)行剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù),患者受到手術(shù)的刺激,使血液處于高凝狀態(tài);術(shù)中、術(shù)后止血藥物的應(yīng)用,使血液的粘滯度改變,亦導(dǎo)致血液凝固性增高。部分患者存在肥胖、高血壓、糖尿病基礎(chǔ)生理狀態(tài)改變,此外部分患者發(fā)病前即已存在凝血功能及血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變,而這些因素都可能成為慢性高血壓并發(fā)子癇前期患者術(shù)前及術(shù)后血栓前狀態(tài),也可誘發(fā)血栓形成[9-11]。女性盆腔靜脈系統(tǒng)較為獨(dú)特:右髂總動(dòng)脈走行于左髂靜脈前,對(duì)它有壓迫作用,影響左髂靜脈血液回流;此外,部分患者左髂靜脈與股靜脈交界處,有先天性狹窄和膜狀結(jié)構(gòu),妊娠時(shí)期,由于擴(kuò)大子宮、增加的血容量及相應(yīng)帶來的血液流變學(xué)改變。因此,慢性高血壓并發(fā)子癇前期靜脈血栓易形成,尤其是DVT發(fā)生。DVT患者術(shù)后亦發(fā)生血栓脫落,脫落栓子堵塞肺血管可致肺栓塞,嚴(yán)重者可猝死[12-14]。

那屈肝素鈣作為一種傳統(tǒng)抗凝藥物的改良制劑,其作用是多向性的。它能特異地與血漿中的抗凝血酶結(jié)合并使之激活而發(fā)揮抗凝作用;相應(yīng)被廣泛地用于預(yù)防和治療靜脈血栓,前期臨床資料亦證實(shí)那屈肝素鈣能顯著降低了肺栓塞死亡率和深部靜脈血栓的發(fā)病率[15]。但肝素由于具有抑制血小板的聚集作用,血小板聚集在止血過程中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵性作用[15,16]。因此臨床上部分“激進(jìn)”產(chǎn)科醫(yī)師常考慮術(shù)后第2天行抗凝治療。但這樣會(huì)錯(cuò)失抗凝最佳時(shí)期,導(dǎo)致術(shù)后DVT形成,并在我們研究中亦得到證實(shí)。

目前臨床上血液流變學(xué)各參數(shù)常作為反應(yīng)微循環(huán)功能的重要標(biāo)志。其中全血黏度高切變率則主要反應(yīng)紅細(xì)胞變形能力,而低切變率則反應(yīng)流動(dòng)紅細(xì)胞中發(fā)生的聚集現(xiàn)象。當(dāng)紅細(xì)胞變形能力變差,聚集性增高,血栓容易形成。紅細(xì)胞聚集程度與紅細(xì)胞膜的理性質(zhì)相關(guān),并受到紅細(xì)胞壓積的影響。在本研究中,術(shù)后我們常規(guī)補(bǔ)液,患者術(shù)中失血,導(dǎo)致血液受到稀釋,在相應(yīng)T2檢測(cè)點(diǎn)兩組患者Hb、HCT均較T0及T1檢測(cè)點(diǎn)明顯降低,血液被稀釋后,紅細(xì)胞聚集性降低;此外,隨著血液稀釋可導(dǎo)致血液黏度降低,從而血流阻力相應(yīng)減少,導(dǎo)致血液流速加快。隨著血管內(nèi)血液流動(dòng)速度加快,同樣時(shí)間內(nèi)單位血管內(nèi)灌流量增加,相應(yīng)血液高凝狀態(tài)得到改善,從而術(shù)后靜脈血栓發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)得到降低,但最終患者血栓形成與否,仍受到手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷、凝血系統(tǒng)激活及纖溶系統(tǒng)激活等多方面的綜合作用。

D-二聚體是在凝血酶及因子XII及纖溶酶共同作用下,交聯(lián)纖維蛋白產(chǎn)生的終末產(chǎn)物,D-二聚體是纖溶活性的敏感指標(biāo)之一。D-二聚體含量可隨機(jī)體繼發(fā)性纖溶活性增高而增高,并可作為下肢深靜脈血栓形成的排除指標(biāo)[17-20]。我們研究亦證實(shí)術(shù)后6 h未應(yīng)用那屈肝素患者,剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后24 h時(shí)間點(diǎn)D-二聚體較術(shù)后6 h開始應(yīng)用那屈肝素顯著升高。雖術(shù)后第2天亦常規(guī)行那屈肝素鈣常規(guī)皮下應(yīng)用,預(yù)防血栓形成,但術(shù)后5 d時(shí),對(duì)照組仍出現(xiàn)1例下肢深靜脈血栓形成,這進(jìn)一步闡明D-二聚體的水平測(cè)定可預(yù)測(cè)DVT發(fā)生的可能,但因抗凝治療時(shí)間較晚,仍不能有效杜絕DVT發(fā)生。而在觀察組中通過術(shù)后6 h即行那屈肝素鈣抗凝治療,能夠有效改善患者血液黏滯度,杜絕了慢性高血壓并發(fā)子癇前期剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后DVT發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

綜上所述,干預(yù)慢性高血壓并發(fā)子癇前期圍手術(shù)期深靜脈血栓形成的發(fā)生重在預(yù)防。術(shù)后6 h即行那屈肝素鈣抗凝治療,能有效減少血栓形成,降低DVT發(fā)生率,效果確切、方法簡(jiǎn)單、操作方便,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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(收稿日期:2017-07-25)endprint

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