湖南 譚亞婷

分析高考試題 把握閱讀策略
——以高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷Ⅰ為例

湖南 譚亞婷

一、閱讀試題分析

閱讀能力既是語(yǔ)言能力的核心也是鍛煉學(xué)生思維能力的觸發(fā)點(diǎn)。高中生處于思維及視野不斷發(fā)展的階段，自由自主地閱讀是二語(yǔ)習(xí)得的基石。閱讀不是被動(dòng)地吸收知識(shí)，而是與信息提供者不斷地博弈后而獲取相關(guān)信息。閱讀本身就是提升閱讀能力的方式，而持續(xù)的默讀是有效的閱讀方式。語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)來(lái)自于輸入而不是輸出，來(lái)自于理解而不是產(chǎn)出。良好的閱讀能力是通過(guò)大量閱讀練習(xí)形成的，學(xué)生要對(duì)信息聚焦、篩選、推理、判斷和總結(jié)。對(duì)文章語(yǔ)調(diào)的理解，迅速判斷哪些信息是重要的，哪些信息是無(wú)關(guān)緊要的，需要通過(guò)閱讀習(xí)慣以及閱讀策略來(lái)培養(yǎng)。

《考試大綱》對(duì)閱讀做出明確要求——學(xué)生能讀懂書、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文段以及公告、說(shuō)明、廣告等，并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息?？忌鷳?yīng)能理解主旨要義；理解文中具體信息；根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語(yǔ)的含義；做出判斷和推理；理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。結(jié)合考試大綱對(duì)學(xué)生的基本要求，將考綱目標(biāo)細(xì)化為四種題型：細(xì)節(jié)題、詞義猜測(cè)題、主旨大意題、推理判斷題。綜合近4年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ高考閱讀考點(diǎn)分析，細(xì)節(jié)題在閱讀題中的分量在逐步下降，而詞義猜測(cè)題以及主旨大意題的考查有所增長(zhǎng)，推理判斷題與細(xì)節(jié)題的比重基本持平。

細(xì)節(jié)題 詞義猜測(cè)題 主旨大意題 推理判斷題2017年 5 2 2 6 2016年 8 1 1 5 2015年 9 1 0 5 2014年 6 2 1 6

二、閱讀解題策略

Brantmeier提到的閱讀技巧包括：略讀、查讀、猜測(cè)、辨認(rèn)詞組、尋求意義、預(yù)測(cè)、調(diào)動(dòng)整體知識(shí)、推測(cè)、區(qū)分主論點(diǎn)和分論點(diǎn)。Duffy提煉出的常用的策略為：預(yù)測(cè)、監(jiān)控和提問(wèn)閱讀過(guò)程中的思維、隨著閱讀到的信息改變自己原有的預(yù)測(cè)、在大腦中想象、移除意思理解的障礙、反思閱讀到的文字的精髓。

結(jié)合閱讀策略和技巧的理論知識(shí)，在閱讀課堂教學(xué)中應(yīng)當(dāng)按照學(xué)生的心理發(fā)展規(guī)律訓(xùn)練四類閱讀策略：1.引導(dǎo)學(xué)生理解全文的整體框架和每段的主題大意，仿照高考題設(shè)計(jì)出主旨大意題或作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。2.在略讀之后根據(jù)特殊的定位詞找到具體的信息，此時(shí)就段落中的句子出細(xì)節(jié)題。3.文章中有些詞是一詞多義或要根據(jù)上下文才能得出新的含義，就此出詞義猜測(cè)題。4.閱讀更高層次的要求是“read between lines”(讀出言外之意)，教師就某個(gè)句子的深層含義出推斷題，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的敏銳察覺(jué)力。

下面分別介紹不同題型的解題策略：

（一）細(xì)節(jié)題的解題策略

細(xì)節(jié)題在四種題型中分布最廣，出題者通常對(duì)信息句和選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行改寫，考查學(xué)生對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的理解能力。學(xué)生應(yīng)從題干入手發(fā)揮元認(rèn)知的策略，開始進(jìn)行監(jiān)督、預(yù)測(cè)和執(zhí)行閱讀的思維過(guò)程。通過(guò)題干對(duì)原文定位信息句、排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)和同義改寫信息句三步驟能夠快速鎖定正確答案。

1.錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)特征：張冠李戴、無(wú)中生有、擴(kuò)縮范圍、曲解文意

【例】（2016 ·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）According to a study bygrandparents.com. 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson’s decision will influence grandparents in the American family.Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.

26. What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson’s decision?

A．17% expressed their support for it.

B．Few people responded sympathetically.

C．83% believed it had a bad influence.

D．The majority thought it was a trend.

【解析】A、C選項(xiàng)都將主語(yǔ)和行為的搭配故意銜接混亂，造成曲解文意。B選項(xiàng)為無(wú)中生有。所以正確選項(xiàng)為D。對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)題的訓(xùn)練有助于學(xué)生形成字斟句酌的習(xí)慣，精選的閱讀材料同時(shí)也給予了學(xué)生良好的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)臅娌牧系姆侗尽?/p>

2.正確選項(xiàng)特征：同義改寫

【例】（2017 ·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圓錐體)with 45-degree-angled sides.The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.

34. What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?

A. Dig a hole of a certain size.

B. Put the cup in place.

C. Weight the sheet’s center down.

D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.

【解析】弄懂第一句話，weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock，所以答案為C。該閱讀文段選自科技類說(shuō)明文，精細(xì)的文字構(gòu)建學(xué)生的想象空間，學(xué)生能夠在語(yǔ)言的提示下想出該集水設(shè)備的運(yùn)作步驟。該文體也暗示教師多提供類似的科技類說(shuō)明文，促使學(xué)生熟練地在信息繁多的文段里找出特殊信息句。

（二）詞義猜測(cè)題的解題策略

閱讀能夠帶來(lái)詞匯的習(xí)得以及正確的拼寫習(xí)慣，詞義猜測(cè)題就是針對(duì)學(xué)生閱讀中無(wú)意識(shí)的詞匯習(xí)得而設(shè)立的。該題型今年出現(xiàn)兩道，比例有所增長(zhǎng)。閱讀策略是：定位在目標(biāo)詞的前后句，由同義、反義、示例或者語(yǔ)篇來(lái)猜出其含義。

1.示例

【例】（2015 ·江蘇卷）Some 2 500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies, one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.

65. What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A. Countries where their people need help.

B. Powerful states with higher civilization.

C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.

D. Governments ruled with absolute power.

【解析】最后一句話是對(duì)tyrannies的解釋，一個(gè)凌駕于無(wú)助的大眾之上的強(qiáng)權(quán)者，所以答案為D，意為“專制政府”。句間的關(guān)系對(duì)于文段的邏輯具有至關(guān)重要的作用，詞義猜測(cè)訓(xùn)練了學(xué)生對(duì)文段邏輯的關(guān)注。

2.同義

【例】（2017 ·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）To construct a working still,use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out— the side of the hole.

33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher”in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A. The tube.

B. The still.

C. The hole.

D. The cup.

【解析】在段首提到了，用一根尖銳的棍子或者鋒利的石塊可以挖一個(gè)洞作為蒸餾器（a working still）。所以承前的同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，畫線部分指的是蒸餾器。

3.反義

【例】（2012 ·全國(guó)大綱卷Ⅱ）The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital, Addis Ababa,is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom.

54.What do the words “a replica” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A．A painting of the skeleton.

B．A photograph of Lucy.

C．A copy of the skeleton.

D．A written record of Lucy.

【解析】結(jié)合 while這個(gè)信息提示詞，“while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom”中的real，可知這個(gè)replica的含義是“復(fù)制品”。信息提示詞是學(xué)生閱讀過(guò)程中得到的提示，善于運(yùn)用提示流暢地猜測(cè)文本含義是高水平閱讀者應(yīng)達(dá)到的目標(biāo)。

4.語(yǔ)篇

【例】（2016 ·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）I am Peter Hodes , a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I’ve done 89 trips—of those , 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干細(xì)胞）in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last.

29. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1?

A. provider

B. delivery man

C. collector

D. medical doctor

【解析】根據(jù)上下句的關(guān)鍵詞carry和I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干細(xì)胞）in my little box這句話可知“我”是一個(gè)運(yùn)送干細(xì)胞的人。語(yǔ)言的交際是在語(yǔ)篇中實(shí)現(xiàn)的，關(guān)注上下文的關(guān)系是由已知推出未知的必經(jīng)途徑。

（三）主旨大意題的解題策略

主旨大意題強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)全文或者是整段的概括能力，是拉開分差的題型。每段的中心句一般處于段首或者段尾，如果出現(xiàn)在段中肯定有明顯的邏輯關(guān)系詞提示。結(jié)合位置以及線索詞，邊讀邊總結(jié)主旨大意。

1.位置

一般中心句出現(xiàn)的位置有三種：段首、段中和段尾。

（2016 · 全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,or worry.Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(間隙) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs.

（2013 ·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）Now some people may think I’m a bad mother and not such a great wife either. But as a big-time bargain hunter, I know the value of a dollar. And these days, a good deal is something few of us can afford to pass up.

（節(jié)選自《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)閱讀進(jìn)階》）A study at one prison showed that owning a pet can change a hardened prison inmate into a more caring person. Even emotionally disturbed children have been observed to smile and react with interest if there is a cuddly kitten to hold. Animals, then, can be a means of therapy for many kinds of individuals.

【例】（2017 ·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music,its significance, and its potential as a unifying(聯(lián)合) voice across cultures.

Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.

It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that...

31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A. Exploring the Future of Jazz.

B. The Rise and Fall of Jazz.

C. The Story of a Jazz Musician.

D. Celebrating the Jazz Day.

【解析】第一段的關(guān)鍵詞出現(xiàn)在段末raise awareness of jazz music,第三段的中心句為段首 It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that...將幾段的信息綜合概括為，探索爵士樂(lè)的未來(lái)，答案為A。面對(duì)大量的信息，學(xué)生應(yīng)該能夠根據(jù)信息的重要程度進(jìn)行區(qū)分、概括，以取自己所需。

2.線索詞

當(dāng)位置的找尋不是那么順利時(shí)，可以嘗試運(yùn)用邏輯詞來(lái)尋找主題大意。熟記以下邏輯詞：

因果關(guān)系：for, since, because of,that is why, so, therefore

對(duì)比關(guān)系：whereas, unlike, instead, otherwise，however,nevertheless, on the contrary

讓步關(guān)系：although, even though, despite, after all

概括關(guān)系：finally, generally, in a word, in conclusion, in short

強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系：indeed, above all, surely, most important

補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明關(guān)系：in fact, as a matter of fact, in addition, in this case, furthermore

（四）推理判斷題解題策略

推理判斷題為最有挑戰(zhàn)性的題型，不僅要處理表層信息，更要挖掘深層含義。推理過(guò)程中運(yùn)用常識(shí)，思索文段中句子特殊的含義，進(jìn)行一次推導(dǎo)得出的即是答案。在閱讀的過(guò)程中積累相應(yīng)的表達(dá)情感態(tài)度的詞，注意作者的情感傾向。

1.運(yùn)用常識(shí)

【例】（2017 ·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸發(fā)) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form,run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink.

35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from__________.

A. the plastic tube B. outside the hole

C. the open air D. beneath the sheet

【解析】地下水蒸發(fā)出來(lái)，在塑料片上形成水滴，水滴滾下來(lái)落到杯子里面。常識(shí)可推知水是在塑料片下方形成的，答案為D。閱讀是讀者和作者的互動(dòng)，讀者需要在推測(cè)的過(guò)程中依托語(yǔ)境，運(yùn)用常識(shí)形成自己的理解。

2.推理適度

【例】（2015 ·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours, a fast-food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology,history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening.

34. What are theme cafes expected to do?

A. Create more jobs.

B. Supply better drinks.

C. Save the cafe business.

D. Serve the neighborhood.

【解析】現(xiàn)在的咖啡館已經(jīng)很少有人光顧了，Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. 主題咖啡館的出現(xiàn)是為了拯救這個(gè)局面。答案為C。A、D選項(xiàng)為過(guò)度推導(dǎo)，原文并未涉及。當(dāng)句與句之間的邏輯沒(méi)有明確的說(shuō)出的時(shí)候，學(xué)生要運(yùn)用自己的推理能力參與文字的描繪過(guò)程，將已有文本信息在腦中第二次建構(gòu)。

3.掌握情感態(tài)度

情感態(tài)度詞：negative 否定的，反對(duì)的；impressed 有深刻印象的；doubtful 不敢肯定的；indifferent 不感興趣的；persuasive 說(shuō)服人的；interested 感興趣的；factual 實(shí)事求是的； questioning 質(zhì)問(wèn)的；approving 贊成的；critical 批評(píng)的；neutral 中立的；worried 擔(dān)憂的；depressed 沮喪的；subjective 主觀的；objective 客觀的； confident 有信心的；optimistic 樂(lè)觀的；hostile 敵對(duì)的；suspicious 懷疑的

【例】（2017 ·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）(Para 1) Trying to help injured,

displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However, when it works, it is simply beautiful.

(Para 6) A nervous night to be sure, but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all! The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active.

27.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event？

A. It’s unexpected.

B. It’s beautiful.

C. It’s humorous.

D. It’s discouraging.

【解析】根據(jù)很明顯的詞語(yǔ)beautiful，smile，healthy and active這些詞綜合推斷作者的情感是積極的，因此只有beautiful符合同一系列。答案選B。

三、教學(xué)啟示

根據(jù)克拉申的輸入假說(shuō)，足夠的可理解性輸入經(jīng)過(guò)反思能夠形成學(xué)生的輸出，閱讀能力的提升還能相應(yīng)地提升口語(yǔ)以及寫作能力。閱讀的教學(xué)不是完成了閱讀題就等于完成了教學(xué)任務(wù)，而是要循序漸進(jìn)地提升學(xué)生的理解認(rèn)知能力，直至學(xué)生能獨(dú)立高效地閱讀。高考英語(yǔ)試題分析帶給我們兩點(diǎn)啟示：

（一）通過(guò)細(xì)節(jié)題、詞義猜測(cè)題、主旨大意題以及推理判斷題的設(shè)計(jì)，促使學(xué)生掌握相應(yīng)的閱讀策略，提高文段的信息提取能力，為學(xué)生的思維的進(jìn)步提供優(yōu)良的演練場(chǎng)。閱讀能力是發(fā)展其他語(yǔ)言技能的最有效、最有趣味的途徑。

（二）高考題閱讀只是閱讀板塊中的冰山一角，高考題的母體來(lái)源為《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》《外交事務(wù)》等雜志或新聞網(wǎng)頁(yè)。教師完全可以就母題題源取材訓(xùn)練學(xué)生高考閱讀，以不變的閱讀策略挑戰(zhàn)變化的閱讀，練就持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的閱讀能力。

湖南省長(zhǎng)沙市明德中學(xué)）