安徽 胡曉英(特級教師)
從2017年全國卷閱讀理解看英語詞匯“轉化法”
——以名詞與動詞相互轉化為例
安徽 胡曉英(特級教師)
轉化法是英語常用六種構詞法的重要組成部分。它有別于派生法、合成法、混合法、截短法和首字母縮略法,是指由一種詞性轉化為另一種詞性的構詞形式。2017年高考全國新課標卷Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ中多處運用了轉化法,本文只著眼三套試卷的“閱讀理解”部分,擇其要點稍作歸納,旨在引起廣大師生對該構詞法的足夠重視以便更好地運用它提升英語閱讀理解能力和表達水平。
1.Our exhibits will feed your mind...
點撥:exhibit常作動詞,表示“展出”;此句中轉換為名詞,表示“展覽品”。
2.Our cafe offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonal specials.
點撥:special常作形容詞,表示“特殊的”;此句中轉換為名詞,表示“特制產品”。
3.It’s an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals...
點撥:individual常作形容詞,表示“單個的”;此句中轉換為名詞,表示“個人”。
4.My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.
點撥 :anchor常作名詞,表示“錨”;此句中轉換為動詞,表示“使……固定”。
5.I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down.
點撥:place常作名詞,表示“地點”;此句中轉換為動詞,表示“放置”。
calm常作形容詞,表示“鎮(zhèn)靜的”;此句中轉換為動詞,表示“鎮(zhèn)靜”。
6.I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home...
點撥:head常作名詞,表示“頭”;此句中轉換為動詞,表示“朝(某方向)行進”。
7.UNESCO recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying voice across cultures.
點撥:potential常作形容詞,表示“潛在的”;此句中轉換為名詞,表示“潛在性”。
8.Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up...
點撥:rest常作名詞,表示“休息,剩余”,如第二個rest所示,表示“剩余”;轉換為動詞時,表示“<使>休息,<使>倚靠”,如此句第一個rest所示,表示“倚靠”。
9.Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock.
點撥:secure常作形容詞,表示“牢固的”;此句中轉換為動詞,表示“將……扣緊,將……關嚴”。weight常作名詞,表示“重量”;此句中轉換為動詞,表示“在……上加重量”。
10.The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.
點撥:center常作名詞,表示“中心”;此句中轉換為動詞,表示“把……放在中央”。
1.This production of Shakespeare’sRichardⅢ will be directed by the National’s Associate Director, Wang Xiaoying.
點撥:direct常作形容詞,表示“筆直的”;此句中轉換為動詞,表示“導演”。
associate常作動詞,表示“聯(lián)系”;此句中轉換為形容詞,表示“副的”。
2.This production of Shakespeare’sThe Merchant of Venicemarks their first visit to the U.K.
點撥:mark常作名詞,表示“標記”;此句中轉換為動詞,表示“表明”。
3.I last saw him a few months ago.
點撥:last 常作形容詞,表示“上一個的”;此句中轉換為副詞,表示“上一次”。
4. ...and those numbers will likely rise...
點撥:likely常作形容詞,表示“可能的”;此句中轉換為副詞,表示“可能”。
5.Mann said Terrafugia was helped ...to create a separate set of standards...
點撥:separate常作動詞,表示“使……分開”;此句中轉換為形容詞,表示“分開的”。
6.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant...
點撥:chemical常作形容詞,表示“化學的”;此句中轉換為名詞,表示“化學物質”。
7.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
點撥:lunch常作名詞,表示“午餐”;此句中轉換為動詞,表示“用午餐”。
8.When people try to interrupt you, have set hours planned...
點撥:set常作動詞,表示“設置”;此句中轉換為形容詞,表示“確定的”。
1.Enjoy fun history as we take you through San Francisco for a free taste of ice cream.
點撥:fun常作名詞,表示“樂趣”;此句中轉換為形容詞,表示“有趣的”。
2.The film classicThe Last Picture Showwas the last movie shown in the old theater.
點撥:classic常作形容詞,表示“第一流的”;此句中轉換為名詞,表示“經典作品”。
3.Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm, which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.
點撥:firm常作形容詞,表示“牢固的”;此句中轉換為名詞,表示“商行”。
complex常作形容詞,表示“復雜的”;此句中轉換為名詞,表示“建筑群”。
4.It signaled the closedown of the theater.
點撥:signal常作名詞,表示“信號”;此句中轉換為動詞,表示“標志”。
5.The audience requested it.
點撥:request常作名詞,表示“要求”;此句中轉換為動詞,表示“要求”。
6.They are sad to part with the old theater.
點撥:part常作名詞,表示“部分”;此句中轉換為動詞,表示“分別”。
7.Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.
點撥:fear常作名詞,表示“害怕”;此句中轉換為動詞,表示“害怕”。
8.The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stress points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.
點撥:address常作名詞,表示“地址”;此句中轉換為動詞,表示“設法解決”。
上面26個句例中的詞性轉換規(guī)則歸納如下:
規(guī) 則 句 例 合計 詞 例n. → v.卷Ⅰ4, 卷Ⅰ5,卷Ⅰ6,卷Ⅰ8,卷Ⅰ9,卷Ⅰ10,卷Ⅱ2,卷Ⅱ7,卷Ⅲ4,卷Ⅲ5,卷Ⅲ6,卷Ⅲ7,卷Ⅲ8 13 anchor,place,head,rest,weight,center,mark,lunch,signal, request, part,fear,address v. → n. 卷Ⅰ1 1 exhibit n. → adj. 卷Ⅲ1 1 fun adj. → n. 卷Ⅰ2,卷Ⅰ3,卷Ⅰ7,卷Ⅱ6,卷Ⅲ 2,卷Ⅲ 3 6 special,individual,potential,chemical,classic, fi rm v. → adj. 卷Ⅱ1,卷Ⅱ5,卷Ⅱ8 3 associate,separate,set adj. → v. 卷Ⅰ5,卷Ⅱ1,卷Ⅰ9 3 calm, direct,secure adj. → adv. 卷Ⅱ3,卷Ⅱ4 2 last,likely
從表中可以看出,今年高考全國卷閱讀理解部分詞性轉化法出現(xiàn)頻率最高的是由名詞轉換成動詞,其次是由形容詞轉換成名詞。
由本體詞性轉換成新詞性的單詞常常在意思上與本體詞之間有著內在的聯(lián)系,需要我們教師在教學中啟發(fā)、引導學生進行合理的推斷。掌握好轉化法知識有利于快速準確理解英語材料。為了幫助學生更好地把握轉化法知識,下面我們一起以名詞與動詞相互轉換為例探討這一詞法現(xiàn)象。
結合《牛津高中英語》第三模塊第一單元The world of our senses的Word power Parts of speech和以往英語閱讀所積累的轉化法點滴,現(xiàn)列出常見的名詞與動詞相互轉換規(guī)則、詞例及其應用句例,以饗讀者。
1.詞例
(1)book(n.書→v.預定)
(2)hand(n.手→v.遞)
(3)milk(n.奶→v.給……擠奶;趁機撈好處)
(4)shape(n.形狀→v.使成為……形 狀;決定……的形成)
(5)shoulder(n.肩膀→v.扛,挑;承擔)
2.句例
(1)Guided by the book, the couple booked a grand hotel at a reasonable price. 按照書的說明,那對夫婦以合理的價格預定到了旅館。
(2)My right hand injured, I had to hand him the dictionary with my left one. 因右手受傷,我只好用左手遞給他那本詞典。
(3)To make more money to support his large family,the villager used to choose cows producing the most milk on the farm to milk, but things changed after he milked the farm of a small fortune.為了賺更多的錢養(yǎng)活一大家人,那位村民過去常常挑選農場上產奶最多的奶牛擠奶,但自從他揩了農場的油,撈了一大筆錢后,情況發(fā)生了變化。
(4)His idea was shaped by his experience of shaping the pile of snow into a ball.他的想法來自于他將雪堆弄成雪球的經歷。
(5)The young man shouldering a bag shrugged his shoulders and said he would shoulder the blame for the great loss. 扛著包的年輕人聳了聳肩,說他會對巨大損失承擔責任。
3.性異意同
在由名詞轉換成動詞時,某些名詞和動詞漢語意思相同,如:abuse(濫用),act(行為),aid(援助),aim(瞄準),approach(靠近),attack(襲擊),balance(平衡),bite(咬),boom(繁榮),brake (剎車),challenge(挑戰(zhàn)),change(改變),chat(聊天),cheer(歡呼),comfort(安慰),command(命令),comment(評論),conflict(沖突), control(控制),cough(咳嗽),crash(碰撞),desire(渴望),doubt(懷疑),envy(忌妒),exchange(交換),export(出口),guarantee(擔保),harvest(收割),import(進口),interview(采訪,面試),journey(旅行),knock(敲),lack(缺乏),limit(限制),link(聯(lián)系),murder(謀殺),play(玩耍),picnic(野餐),praise(贊揚),press(按),purchase(購買),quarrel(爭吵),rescue(營救),research(研究),respect(尊重),rise(提高),roll(滾動),rule(統(tǒng)治),sacrifice(犧牲),supply(供給),transport(運輸),trial(試驗,試用),trip(絆倒),welcome(歡迎)等等。
注意:有的名詞和動詞的重音不同,名詞重音在第一個音節(jié)上而動詞的重音在第二個音節(jié)上,如:conflict,export,import,transport等。
1.詞例
(1)build(v.建造→n.體形)
(2)deal(v.販毒→n.交易)
(3)defeat(v.擊敗→n.失?。?/p>
(4)make(v.制造→n.型號)
(5)permit(v.準許→n.許可證)
2.句例
(1)The worker of average build helped build the skyscraper.中等身材的工人幫助建造了摩天大樓。
(2)Unable to make another deal with the drugproducer, he couldn’t deal again. 因沒能再與產毒者達成交易,他無法再次販毒。
(3)They predicted that their basketball team would be defeated but they had never expected that it should be a heavy defeat.他們預言到他們的籃球隊會被打敗但他們壓根沒料想到會是慘敗。
(4)So many different makes of cars on show put great pressure on the factories that make the cars. 展覽中如此多不同型號的車給造車廠帶來了很大的壓力。
(5)Without a fishing permit, fishermen are not permitted to fish in this lake.沒有釣魚許可證,釣魚者不許在這個湖里釣魚。
3.性異意同
在轉化法中某些動詞和其名詞漢語意思相同,如:ache(疼痛),blame(責備),bounce(彈跳),bow(鞠躬),boycott(抵制),buy(購買),call(打電話),care(擔憂),check(檢查),click(點擊),climb(攀登),decrease(減少),dislike(不喜歡),escape(逃脫),fit(適合;合身),flash(閃耀),guess(猜),hate(厭惡),help(幫助),hold(握),hope(希望),hug(擁抱),hurry(匆忙),increase(增加),kick(踢),knock(敲,擊),laugh(大笑),launch(發(fā)射),let(出租),look(看),mix(混合),move(移動),nod(點頭),post(郵寄),pull(拉),push(推),reform(改革),repair(修理),return(返回),run(跑),rush(匆忙),sail(乘船航行),shake(搖動),shave(刮臉),shout(叫喊),sigh(嘆息),smell(聞),smile(微笑),spin(快速旋轉),spit(吐痰),split(分裂),spread(傳播),start(開始),stay(停留),stop(停止),strike(罷工),support(支持),throw(扔),touch(觸摸),travel(旅行),tremble(顫抖),try(嘗試),twist(扭動),use(運用),wash(洗),waste(浪費),watch(注視),win(贏),whisper(低語),wish(愿望),wipe(擦),yell(大叫)等等。
注意:有的動詞和名詞的重音不同,動詞的重音在第二個音節(jié)上而名詞重音在第一個音節(jié)上,如:decrease,increase。
A.翻譯下列句子并注明畫線部分單詞的意思。
(1)The little boy made Lines A and B form an angle of 90 degrees and then angled the chair he was sitting on to show me his drawing.
(2)The person sitting on the middle chair will chair the meeting today.
(3)Channel 5 has said that money for the sport project will be channelled through the local government.
(4)The terrible flood finally flooded the whole mountain village.
(5)Lack of liquid fuel to fuel the motor fueled the driver’s worry.
(6)The sales assistant selling everyday objects objected to customers carrying shopping bags into her section.
B.給出下列名詞所轉換成的動詞的意思,仿照A部分造句并翻譯成漢語。
(1)bandagen.繃帶;vt.___________
(2)bargainn.減價品;vi. ___________
(3)chalkn.粉筆;vt. ___________
(4)circlen.圓圈;vt. ___________
(5)maskn.面具;vt. ___________
(6)pricen.價格;vt. ___________
(7)priden.自豪;vt. ___________
(8)privilegen.優(yōu)惠待遇;vt. ___________
(9)processn.過程;vt. ___________
(10)sponsorn.贊助商;vt. ___________
A.翻譯下列句子并注明畫線部分單詞的意思。
(1)Everyone clapped the prize winners and the thunderous clap was really impressive.
(2)She often dreams at night and the dreams sometimes prevent her from sleeping well.
(3)The engineer will go to have a go at repairing the engine.
(4)From the deep folds I can see my mother has read and folded the letter many times.
(5)My Spanish friend treated me to dinner in a Chinese restaurant, which was a special treat.
(6)The little boy reached his hand for the chocolate bar on the table but it was out of his reach.
B.給出下列動詞所轉換成的名詞的意思,仿照A部分造句并翻譯成漢語。
(1)bendvi.拐彎;n. ___________
(2)betvt.用……打賭;n. ___________
(3)findvt.發(fā)現(xiàn);n. ___________
(4)finishv.結束;n. ___________
(5)keepvt.供養(yǎng),養(yǎng)活;n. ___________
(6)lievi.說謊;n. ___________
(7)offervt.主動提出,自愿給予;n. ___________
(8)measurevt.測量;n. ___________
(9)wearvt.穿戴;n. ___________
(10)yawnvi.打哈欠;n. ___________
英語閱讀中常常會遇到熟詞生義的現(xiàn)象,要求讀者在“熟詞”上開動腦筋,利用原本熟悉的意思作為思維的原點,對熟詞的生義進行大膽推測,不斷反思新生詞意與本體詞意間的內在聯(lián)系,牢牢把握其中的規(guī)律。否則,閱讀活動就會受阻于熟詞的生義。
在名詞與動詞相互轉換中,新生詞意與本體詞意間常常有著多樣性聯(lián)系:
身體部位與其職能,如肩膀與扛(shoulder);
形式與其功能,如信號與標志(signal);
物品與其作用,如面具與掩飾(mask);
動作與其使用的對象,如用繃帶包扎與繃帶(bandage);
動作與其產出,如擠奶與奶(milk);
動作執(zhí)行者與其動作,如贊助商與贊助(sponsor),等等。
因此,我們閱讀中遇到詞匯轉化現(xiàn)象時要結合文本,利用上下文廣開思維,勤總結、多積累。
英語轉化法中有大量的動詞和名詞具有相同的漢語意思,教師除了閱讀中引導學生注意這種現(xiàn)象外,更有必要在教學中有計劃地安排學生集中學習,要求他們在語境中進行運用,通過合理的輸入與輸出,達到熟記活用的程度。
需要特別注意的是單獨學習詞匯勢必乏味,難以奏效。詞匯學習應在恰當?shù)恼Z境中進行。語境的支撐、提醒和固化作用是高效學習詞匯的必備前提。
【參考答案】
(一)由名詞轉換成動詞
A.翻譯下列句子并注明畫線部分單詞的意思。
(1)小男孩使A、B線成直角,然后斜移了所坐的椅子,給我看他的畫。
anglen.角度;vt.斜移。
(2)坐在中間椅子上的那個人將主持今天的會議。
chairn.椅子;vt.主持。
(3)5頻道說這次體育項目的資金將由地方政府提供。
channeln.頻道;vt.輸送。
(4)可怕的洪水最終淹沒了整個山村。
floodn.洪水;vt.淹沒。
(5)發(fā)動機缺乏液態(tài)燃料為動力,增加了駕駛員的擔憂。
fueln.燃料;vt.給……提供燃料,(引申義)加強。
(6)那位賣日用品的售貨員反對顧客帶購物袋進入她的專柜。
objectn.物品;vi.反對。
B.給出下列名詞所轉換成的動詞的意思,仿照A部分造句并翻譯成漢語。
(1)vt.用繃帶包扎。
Though the nurse had bandaged his wound, blood started from the bandage.雖然護士用繃帶包扎了他的傷口,血還是從繃帶上滲了出來。
(2)vi.討價還價。
After bargaining with the seller over the price of the second-hand car, I got a real bargain.與賣家就車進行還價后,我買到了真正的便宜貨。
(3)vt.用粉筆寫。
Finding no red chalk, the teacher chalked the title in yellow on the blackboard.沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)紅色粉筆,老師用黃色粉筆在黑板上寫了標題。
(4)vt.圈出。
The boy students preferring drawing circles circled,instead of underlining, the spelling mistakes in the article. 更喜歡畫圈的男生們沒有在文章拼寫錯誤處標下劃線而是圈出了它們。
(5)vt.掩飾。
The robber wearing a stocking mask masked his fear with coldness.那位戴著長筒襪面罩的強盜用冷漠掩飾害怕。
(6)vt.給……定價。
With the rise of the cost of goods, prices have been increasing. The buffet in the restaurant has been double priced.隨著商品成本的提高,價格在不斷上揚。這家飯店的自助餐定價上漲了一倍。
(7)vt.以……為自豪。
The sight of her son graduating with honors filled her with pride and her son also prided himself on his performance.看到兒子以優(yōu)異成績畢業(yè),她充滿了自豪;她兒子也為自己的表現(xiàn)感到驕傲。
(8)vt.給……優(yōu)惠待遇。
The education policies that privilege the students from poor families give them opportunities to enjoy privileges.優(yōu)待貧困家庭學生的教育政策給了他們享受優(yōu)惠的機會。
(9)vt.加工。
Seeing how the sausage was processed, I really felt the process was not easy.看到如何加工香腸,我確實感到加工過程不容易。
(10)vt.贊助。
The sponsor who sponsored the show controlled its content.贊助演出的贊助商掌控了它的主題。
(二)由動詞轉換成名詞
A.翻譯下列句子并注明畫線部分單詞的意思。
(1)大家都為獲獎選手們鼓掌。那雷鳴般的掌聲真的令人難忘。
clapvt.為……鼓掌;n.鼓掌,掌聲。
(2)她經常夜間做夢,這些夢有時候使她睡不好。
dreamvi.做夢;n.夢。
(3)工程師將去嘗試修理發(fā)動機。
govi.去;n.嘗試。
(4)我從深深的折痕可以看出媽媽曾多次閱讀、折疊那封信。
foldn.折痕;vi.折疊。
(5)我的西班牙朋友請我在中餐廳吃晚餐,那是特別的款待。
treatvt.招待;n.款待。
(6)小男孩伸手夠餐桌上的巧克力棒,但是沒夠著。
reachvt.伸手夠;n.能夠到的范圍。
B.給出下列動詞所轉換成的名詞的意思,仿照A部分造句并翻譯成漢語。
(1)n.彎道。
The road bends sharply to the right and so many traffic accidents have happened at the sharp bend.路向右急轉彎,在那急拐彎處發(fā)生了許多交通事故。
(2)n.打賭,賭注。
My cousin had bet 2 000yuanon his favorite football team’s win but he lost the bet.我堂哥下2 000元賭他最喜愛的足球隊會贏,但他賭輸了。
(3)n.發(fā)現(xiàn)物,被發(fā)現(xiàn)的人(尤指有趣、有價值或有用者)。
An ancient tomb was found last week and it turned out to be an important archaeological find.上周發(fā)現(xiàn)了一座古墓,結果證明是考古的重大發(fā)現(xiàn)。
(4)n.結尾,結局。
The film finished at 10:00 pm and the unexpected finish to the film story impressed me deeply.電影晚上十點結束,電影故事出乎意料的結局給我留下了深刻的印象。
(5)n.生活必需品,生活費用。
The poor young man who had to work to earn his own keep in his teens now has a large family to keep.可憐的年輕人十幾歲時就得工作掙自己的生活費,現(xiàn)在得養(yǎng)活一大家人。
(6)n.謊言。
The middle-aged woman often lies to others so people don’t believe her lies now.那位中年婦女經常對他人撒謊,因此人們現(xiàn)在不相信她的謊言。
(7)n.建議,主動提議,出價。
The seller offered the second-hand bike for 100yuan. The buyer gladly accepted the offer.賣家出價100元賣那輛二手自行車,買家欣然接受出價。
(8)n.尺寸。
The tailor measured his customer with a ruler and wrote down her measure. 裁縫用尺子測量了他的顧客的身材并寫下了她的尺寸。
(9)n.……時穿的衣服,……裝。
My aunt is good at wearing proper clothes who has different styles of formal wear, casual wear and evening wear.我的嬸嬸擅長得體穿著,她有不同款式的正裝、便裝和晚禮服。
(10)n.哈欠。
Tired from listening to the lecture, some students yawned again and again. Seeing so many yawns, the lecturer let the students take a break.因疲于聽講座,一些學生一再打哈欠??吹饺绱硕嗟墓?,演講者讓學生們休息會兒。
安徽省池州市第一中學)