林貴山 黃俊鵬 陳靜波 蔣桂成
[摘要] 目的 探討轉(zhuǎn)移瘤體積等因素對(duì)腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者放射治療后顱內(nèi)無(wú)進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間的影響,為臨床實(shí)踐提供指導(dǎo)。 方法 選擇2015年4月~2016年3月符合入組條件且接受放射治療的腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者71例,通過(guò)對(duì)各影響因素應(yīng)用基于Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型的單因素和多因素分析,篩選出與顱內(nèi)無(wú)進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間(progression-free survival,PFS)相關(guān)的影響因素;剔除腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤>3個(gè)的患者,對(duì)顱內(nèi)PFS的影響因素再次進(jìn)行單因素和多因素分析篩選。 結(jié)果 放療結(jié)束后3個(gè)月,腫瘤完全緩解11.2%,部分緩解67.6%,疾病穩(wěn)定12.7%,疾病進(jìn)展8.5%。截止到隨訪終點(diǎn),局部無(wú)進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間111~386 d,中位時(shí)間173.07 d,全組6、9個(gè)月的局部無(wú)進(jìn)展生存率分別為36.6%、9.9%。單因素分析顯示,原發(fā)灶控制與否、腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤體積、顱外轉(zhuǎn)移與否、KPS、年齡、貧血程度與預(yù)后相關(guān)(P<0.05)。多因素分析篩選出原發(fā)灶控制與否(P=0.023)、腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤體積大?。≒=0.032)、顱外轉(zhuǎn)移與否(P=0.037)和KPS(P=0.040) 4個(gè)因素影響顱內(nèi)無(wú)進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間。1~3個(gè)腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的患者,單因素和多因素分析顯示,顱外轉(zhuǎn)移與否(P=0.010)、放療劑量(P=0.019)、腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤體積(P=0.020)和KPS(P=0.032)4個(gè)因素影響顱內(nèi)無(wú)進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間。 結(jié)論 腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者顱內(nèi)無(wú)進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間受多種因素影響,本組研究提示影響預(yù)后的因素除原發(fā)灶控制與否、顱外轉(zhuǎn)移與否和KPS外,腫瘤體積也是其中之一,提示早期放療的重要性;對(duì)于腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤數(shù)目較少、腫瘤體積較小的,提高放療劑量也可延長(zhǎng)顱內(nèi)無(wú)進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤體積;放療;預(yù)后因素;Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型。
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R730.5 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2017)26-0065-04
Prognostic effect of brain metastases volume after radiotherapy
LIN Guishan HUANG Junpeng CHEN Jingbo JIANG Guicheng
Department of Medical Oncology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinic College of Fujian medical University Fuzhou 350001, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the prognostic factors of cranial progression-free survival in patients with brain metastases undergoing radiotherapy and provide guidance for clinical practice. Methods From April 2015 to March 2016, 71 patients with brain metastases who were eligible for radiotherapy were enrolled. Univariate and Multivariate analysis based on Cox proportional-hazards models were performed to screen for potential variables affecting cranial progression free survival(carnial PFS). Removal of more than 3 brain lesions, Univariate and Multivariate analysis was performed again. Results Evaluation was performed 3 months after the end of radiotherapy, the complete remission rate of tumor was 11.2%, partial remission was 67.6%, stable disease was 12.7%, progressive disease was 8.5%. At the end of follow-up, the local progression-free survival time was 111 ~ 386 days, the median survival time was 173.07 days, the whole group 6,9 months local progression-free survival rates were 36.6%, 9.9%. Univariate analysis showed that primary tumor control, brain metastases volume, extracranial metastasis, KPS, age and anemia were associated with median cranial PFS(P<0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated of which four including primary tumor control(P=0.023), brain metastases volume(P=0.032), extracranial metastasis(P=0.037) and KPS(P=0.040), respectively, were associated with cranial PFS. Removal of more than 3 brain lesions, extracranial metastasis(P=0.010), radiotherapy dose(P=0.019), brain metastases volume(P=0.020) and KPS(P=0.032) were associated with cranial PFS. Conclusion The median survival time of patients with brain metastases is affected by many potential factors. In our study, the factors influencing the prognosis are mainly primary tumor control, brain metastases volume, extracranial metastasis and KPS. For 3 or fewer brain lesions, smaller tumor size, higher radiation dose can also extend carnial PFS.endprint
[Key words] Brain metastases volume; Radiotherapy; Prognostic factors; Cox proportional-hazards models.
20%~40%的惡性腫瘤將發(fā)生腦轉(zhuǎn)移,腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者的預(yù)后很差,若未經(jīng)治療,中位生存期僅為4周[1]。隨著醫(yī)學(xué)的進(jìn)步,腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤可根據(jù)不同的患者功能狀態(tài)、原發(fā)病灶病理類(lèi)型和分子生物學(xué)特性、顱內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目和部位、原發(fā)灶控制與否、有無(wú)顱外轉(zhuǎn)移等因素,選擇采用賽波刀(cyberKnife)手術(shù)、立體定向放射治療(SABR)、全腦放療、靶向治療和全身化療等手段,生存率有一定的提高。影響腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤放療后療效的因素較多,既往研究大多認(rèn)為與年齡、原發(fā)灶部位、病理類(lèi)型、Karnofsky功能狀態(tài)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(KPS)、原發(fā)灶控制與否、顱外是否轉(zhuǎn)移、貧血程度、顱內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤數(shù)目等因素相關(guān)。為驗(yàn)證這些結(jié)論,本研究回顧性總結(jié)71例惡性腫瘤腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者放療的療效,分析相關(guān)預(yù)后因素,希望對(duì)臨床工作提供一些參考。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
檢索2015年4月~2016年3月在我科治療的腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者,入組標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)原發(fā)灶經(jīng)病理證實(shí)的惡性腫瘤,腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤經(jīng)頭顱MRI(平掃+增強(qiáng))診斷者;(2)顱內(nèi)病灶按疾病診療規(guī)范已行放療者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)病理類(lèi)型為霍奇金淋巴瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、小細(xì)胞癌和生殖細(xì)胞瘤等對(duì)放療高度敏感者;病理類(lèi)型為軟組織肉瘤或惡性黑色素瘤等間葉來(lái)源的惡性腫瘤;(2)放療期間配合全身化療、靶向治療和內(nèi)分泌治療者;(3)生存時(shí)間在3個(gè)月之內(nèi)者。共獲臨床患者71例(隨訪截止至2016年12月),患者一般特征見(jiàn)表1。
1.2 治療方法
腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤采用美國(guó)瓦里安trilogy直線加速器的6MV-X線進(jìn)行三維適形/調(diào)強(qiáng)放射治療,轉(zhuǎn)移灶≥4個(gè)者采用全腦照射,照射劑量30 Gy/10F/2W;轉(zhuǎn)移灶2~3個(gè)者采用全腦照射30 Gy/10F/2W,局部加或不加量(加量者至45 Gy/15F/3W;轉(zhuǎn)移灶1個(gè)者,局部照射45 Gy/15F/3W。放療計(jì)劃軟件系統(tǒng)采用Pinnacle11.0,腫瘤體積自動(dòng)得出。放療期間必要時(shí)予以甘露醇及糖皮質(zhì)激素脫水治療。
1.3 療效評(píng)定
放療前、結(jié)束時(shí)、結(jié)束后每3個(gè)月復(fù)查頭顱MRI檢查以及顱外情況評(píng)估(根據(jù)部位不同選擇行CT、MRI、腔鏡或彩超等檢查),按實(shí)體瘤療效評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)RECIST1.1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1],腫瘤完全緩解(complete response,CR)定義為腫瘤消失,部分緩解(partial response,PR)和疾病進(jìn)展(progressive disease,PD)定義分別為腫瘤長(zhǎng)徑之和至少縮小30%和增加20%,既不符合PR和PD要求者判定為疾病穩(wěn)定(stable disease,SD)。無(wú)進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間定義為腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤開(kāi)始放療至腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤進(jìn)展的時(shí)間間隔。
1.4 觀察指標(biāo)
以RECIST1.1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)價(jià)放療后3個(gè)月療效(近期療效);觀察腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤局部無(wú)進(jìn)展時(shí)間和局部無(wú)進(jìn)展生存率。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
運(yùn)用SPSS23.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件包對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,研究的終點(diǎn)是局部(腦)無(wú)進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間,生存期從腦轉(zhuǎn)移病灶開(kāi)始放療之日計(jì)算,采用Kaplan Meier法計(jì)算生存率,對(duì)生存率曲線的比較采用Log-rank檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。預(yù)后多因素分析采用Cox多因素回歸模型分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。為了解放療劑量與腦轉(zhuǎn)移顱內(nèi)控制時(shí)間是否相關(guān),把腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤>3個(gè)的患者(只行全腦放療,未局部加量)剔除,再采用Cox多因素回歸模型進(jìn)行預(yù)后多因素分析。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 近期療效和局部無(wú)進(jìn)展時(shí)間
入組患者均可評(píng)價(jià)療效,無(wú)失訪者。在放療結(jié)束后3個(gè)月,復(fù)查頭顱MRI,腫瘤完全緩解(complete remission,CR)8例,占11.2%;部分緩解(partial remission,PR)48例,占67.6%;疾病穩(wěn)定(stable disease,SD)9例,占12.7%,疾病進(jìn)展(progressive disease,PD)6例,占8.5%。截止至隨訪終點(diǎn),局部無(wú)進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間111~386 d,中位時(shí)間173.07 d。Kaplan-Meier分析結(jié)果顯示,全組6、9個(gè)月的局部無(wú)進(jìn)展生存率分別為36.6%、9.9%(圖1)。
2.2 局部無(wú)進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間預(yù)后的單因素、多因素分析結(jié)果
單因素Log-rank檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果,原發(fā)灶控制與否、腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤體積(分為<5 cm3,5~15 cm3和>15 cm3三組)、顱外轉(zhuǎn)移與否、KPS(分為>80分,70~80分和<70分三組)、年齡(分為<65歲和≥65歲兩組)、貧血程度(分為正常或輕度和中重度貧血兩組)與預(yù)后相關(guān)(P均<0.05)。多因素分析使用Cox多因素回歸模型進(jìn)行預(yù)后分析,篩選出原發(fā)灶控制與否(P=0.023)、腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤體積(P=0.032)、顱外轉(zhuǎn)移與否(P=0.037)和KPS(P=0.040)4個(gè)因素影響局部無(wú)進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間(表2)。
2.3局部加量與療效
剔除腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤>3個(gè)的患者,考慮這些患者只行全腦放療,未局部加量,會(huì)影響預(yù)后因素的Cox回歸模型分析結(jié)果。結(jié)果顯示,顱外轉(zhuǎn)移與否(P=0.010)、放療劑量(P=0.019)、腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤體積大小(P=0.020)和KPS(P=0.032)4個(gè)因素影響局部無(wú)進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間。另外,原發(fā)灶控制與否不影響局部無(wú)進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間(P=0.057)。見(jiàn)表3。
3 討論
惡性腫瘤容易發(fā)生腦轉(zhuǎn)移,其預(yù)后差,生存期短。Berghoff AS等[2]報(bào)道了腦轉(zhuǎn)移中位生存時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)的為乳腺癌患者,其中位生存時(shí)間為8個(gè)月;肺癌和腎癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者的中位生存時(shí)間為7個(gè)月;腸癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者中位生存時(shí)間最短,只有4個(gè)月[2]。伴隨著手術(shù)、放療以及化療的不斷更新和進(jìn)步,數(shù)目較少(一般1~3個(gè))的腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤,可選手術(shù)+全腦照射、手術(shù)+瘤腔照射、立體定向放射治療(SABR/SBRT)、靶向治療±全腦放療等治療手段,患者中位生存時(shí)間可以得到一定的提高[3,6]。綜合考慮規(guī)范化治療、個(gè)體治療意愿和經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)等因素,大多數(shù)腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者尚需單獨(dú)或結(jié)合放療。局部照射或全腦照射+局部加量均可取得較好的腫瘤控制和癥狀緩解,從而有助于生存時(shí)間獲益。我們的研究結(jié)果顯示放療后3個(gè)月,腫瘤完全緩解率達(dá)到11.2%,部分緩解率可以達(dá)到68.2%,顱內(nèi)無(wú)進(jìn)展中位生存時(shí)間為173.07 d,與國(guó)外薈萃分析的數(shù)據(jù)相似[2-6]。endprint
國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,影響腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤預(yù)后的因素有年齡、KPS評(píng)分、原發(fā)灶控制與否、顱外有否轉(zhuǎn)移、貧血程度、顱內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤數(shù)目、原發(fā)灶部位、病理類(lèi)型等[7-9]。目前臨床常用的評(píng)估腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤預(yù)后的方法有:1997年RTOG建立的預(yù)后因素(recursive partitioning analysis,RPA);1999年荷蘭鹿特丹大學(xué)建立的(basic score for brain metastases,BSBM)系統(tǒng);2008年建立的新預(yù)后評(píng)分系統(tǒng)(graded prognostic assessment,GPA)[7-8]。這些系統(tǒng)大部分側(cè)重評(píng)估顱內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤個(gè)數(shù),而非轉(zhuǎn)移瘤體積與預(yù)后的關(guān)系。本組結(jié)果顯示:原發(fā)灶控制與否、腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤體積大小、顱外轉(zhuǎn)移與否和KPS等4個(gè)因素影響局部無(wú)進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間,而轉(zhuǎn)移瘤個(gè)數(shù)與PFS不相關(guān)。隨著立體定向放射治療(SABR/SBRT)等新技術(shù)在腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤中的使用,最近研究顯示,顱內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的體積相對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的個(gè)數(shù)在治療手段的選擇、與預(yù)后的相關(guān)性中更為重要。體積小的放射治療效果較好,而體積大者療效差,放療后局部腦組織損傷水腫的可能性更高,甚至出現(xiàn)腦疝[10-13]。其機(jī)制可能在于,腫瘤放射治療的療效與腫瘤放療敏感性、腫瘤的負(fù)荷相關(guān),相同性質(zhì)的腫瘤,負(fù)荷大,放療后消退難,效果差。但本組的病例數(shù)較少,結(jié)果尚需大宗的病例資料分析驗(yàn)證。
對(duì)于預(yù)期生存時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)、顱內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤數(shù)目較少、體積較小者,通過(guò)提高其放療劑量延長(zhǎng)患者生存時(shí)間的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道很多[13,14]。對(duì)單發(fā)腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的治療目前推薦立體定向放射治療(SABR/SBRT);對(duì)于原發(fā)灶得到有效控制、無(wú)顱外轉(zhuǎn)移、顱內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤數(shù)目2~3個(gè),腫瘤體積小者,臨床治療推薦全腦照射+局部加量[3,15]。本組剔除大于3個(gè)腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤病例的Cox多因素回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,顱外轉(zhuǎn)移與否、放療劑量、腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤體積大小和KPS 4個(gè)因素影響局部無(wú)進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間,與之相符。對(duì)于這部分患者,局部加量可以帶來(lái)生存時(shí)間上的獲益。
總之,腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤是惡性腫瘤晚期表現(xiàn)和常見(jiàn)的死亡原因,放療是其主要治療方法之一。腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤患者生存時(shí)間受多方面因素的影響,本研究結(jié)果提示影響其預(yù)后的因素主要有原發(fā)灶控制與否、腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤體積大小、顱外轉(zhuǎn)移與否和KPS評(píng)分。腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤體積較數(shù)目對(duì)預(yù)后影響更大;而對(duì)于腦轉(zhuǎn)移瘤數(shù)目較少、腫瘤體積較小者,提高放療劑量也可延長(zhǎng)局部控制時(shí)間。
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(收稿日期:2017-07-03)endprint