王莉莉,和健偉,黃剛,杜斌斌,趙雪梅,張文文,周星,馬婭瓊
直腸癌彌散峰度成像與D2-40、CD31、S-100及腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖指數(shù)的相關(guān)性研究
王莉莉,和健偉,黃剛*,杜斌斌,趙雪梅,張文文,周星,馬婭瓊
作者單位:甘肅省人民醫(yī)院放射科,蘭州 730000
目的 探討彌散峰度DKI參數(shù)(diffusion-kurtosis image,DKI)參數(shù)與直腸癌免疫組化D2-40、CD31及Ki-67之間的關(guān)系。能夠在術(shù)前評(píng)估其表達(dá)程度,從而能夠間接反映腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖指數(shù)等,為臨床提供直腸癌術(shù)前惡性程度評(píng)估的依據(jù)。材料與方法 搜集2016年1月至9月經(jīng)病理證實(shí)的直腸癌患者69例,所有病例經(jīng)常規(guī)掃描加DKI,得到DKI與擴(kuò)散張量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)參數(shù):各向異性指數(shù)(fractional anisotropy,F(xiàn)A),垂直擴(kuò)散張量(radial diffusivity,D⊥)、平均擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(mean diffusivity,MD)、軸向擴(kuò)散張量(axial diffusivity,D//),平均峰度(mean kurtosis,MK)、徑向峰度(radial kurtosis,K⊥)、軸向峰度(axial kurtosis,K//)。免疫組化D2-40、CD31、S-100及Ki-67由UltraView-DAB染色進(jìn)行處理得到。D2-40、CD31根據(jù)表達(dá)分為陰性與陽(yáng)性組,采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行各參數(shù)間的對(duì)比。用ROC曲線評(píng)判各參數(shù)對(duì)兩組的診斷效度,分析各MK等值與Ki-67的關(guān)系采用Pearson相關(guān)分析法。結(jié)果 MK、K⊥在D2-40、CD31陽(yáng)性組參數(shù)值高于陰性對(duì)照組,MD在陽(yáng)性參數(shù)組低于陰性參數(shù)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。Pearson相關(guān)分析法得出Ki-67與D⊥、D//、MD之間呈負(fù)相關(guān),而與MK、K⊥、K//之間呈正相關(guān)性。應(yīng)用ROC曲線分析各參數(shù)對(duì)直腸癌D2-40、CD31表達(dá)陰性與陽(yáng)性的診斷鑒別能力。結(jié)論 DKI成像可反映直腸癌組織的復(fù)雜程度,可在術(shù)前無(wú)創(chuàng)地評(píng)估免疫組化D2-40、CD31、S-100及Ki-67的表達(dá)水平,從而可間接反映腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖程度。
彌散峰度成像;平均峰度;免疫組織化學(xué);Ki-67抗原
近年來(lái),隨著生活水平的提高,直腸癌已是嚴(yán)重威脅人類(lèi)健康的消化系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤之一。磁共振成像作為評(píng)價(jià)直腸癌常用的影像方法,其功能成像的臨床應(yīng)用亦非常廣泛,DKI是以非高斯模型為基礎(chǔ)的一種新功能成像技術(shù),較傳統(tǒng)DTI更加敏感反映組織微結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜程度[1]。直腸癌的腫瘤增殖指數(shù)、CD31、D2-40及S-100與預(yù)后密切相關(guān),但最后確診需要術(shù)后病理免疫組化,是有創(chuàng)的檢查。本研究是研究DKI參數(shù)值與CD31、D2-40及S-100的關(guān)系,能夠在術(shù)前無(wú)創(chuàng)地評(píng)估其表達(dá)程度,從而間接反映脈管侵犯及腫瘤增殖指數(shù)、為術(shù)前惡性程度的評(píng)估提供依據(jù)。
搜集甘肅省人民醫(yī)院直腸癌患者69例,所有患者已簽署知情同意書(shū),共納入69例,男41例,女28例,年齡35~70歲,平均(50.1±16.2)歲。 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)術(shù)前1周進(jìn)行磁共振DKI檢查;(2)術(shù)前未經(jīng)放療或化療;(3)術(shù)后經(jīng)病理證實(shí)是直腸癌;(4)術(shù)后免疫組化CD31、D2-40及S-100資料完整。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)圖像偽影大;(2)后處理軟件圖像上無(wú)明顯腫瘤信號(hào);(3)術(shù)后病理證實(shí)間質(zhì)瘤以及炎癥的患者;(4)乙狀結(jié)腸與直腸交界區(qū)癌。
選用Siemens Skyra 3.0 T超導(dǎo)磁共振成像設(shè)備,表面線圈為18通道相控矩陣。所有患者在增強(qiáng)之前,先進(jìn)行DKI掃描,采用自旋回波-平面回波(SE-EPI) 序列,30個(gè)擴(kuò)散敏感梯度場(chǎng),b值分別為0、1000 s/mm2、2000 s/mm2。
所需MR圖像以DICOM格式存儲(chǔ),后處理過(guò)程是基于擴(kuò)散峰度成像模型,通過(guò)DKI軟件進(jìn)行處理得到D//、D⊥、MD、K//、K⊥、MK及FA圖;ROI實(shí)質(zhì)區(qū)選擇強(qiáng)化最明顯區(qū)域,為減少誤差,所有ROI選取由同一醫(yī)師操作,每例各放置三次不同位置ROI,同一患者ROI范圍選取盡量保持一致。
D2-40、CD31及Ki-67檢測(cè)均嚴(yán)格按照試劑說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行操作。機(jī)器采用BenCHMARK-XT machine and Mul-timer系統(tǒng),Ultra View-DAB染色。
以偽彩圖的形式顯示直腸癌組織的部位、范圍、復(fù)雜程度等情況。
MK、K⊥在D2-40,CD31陽(yáng)性組參數(shù)值高于陰性對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),以MK在兩組間的差異更顯著(P<0.05),MD在D2-40,CD31表達(dá)陽(yáng)性組參數(shù)值低于陰性對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);而FA、K//、D⊥在兩組間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;各參數(shù)在S-100表達(dá)陰性與陽(yáng)性?xún)山M間的差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表1)。
各參數(shù)對(duì)直腸癌CD31、D2-40表達(dá)陰性與陽(yáng)性的診斷鑒別能力,用曲線下面積顯示。
統(tǒng)計(jì)所有病例的免疫組化Ki-67值為71.86±8.31,相對(duì)應(yīng)的DKI參數(shù)值分別為:MK,(0.75±0.13) mm2/s;K⊥,(0.77±0.14) mm2/s;K//,(0.75±0.13) mm2/s;MD,(1.43±0.44) mm2/s;D//,(1.62±0.42) mm2/s;D⊥,(1.91±0.37) mm2/s。Ki-67值分別與各DKI參數(shù)值進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,與MK、K⊥及K//有明顯正相關(guān)性,r值分別為0.66、0.58、0.60,P值分別為0.00、0.00、0.06;與MD、D⊥及D//之間呈負(fù)相關(guān)性,r值分別為-0.21、-0.22、-0.52, P值分別為0.06、0.00、0.02 (圖1~3)。
紐約大學(xué)Jenson等[2]于2005年提出KI技術(shù),香港大學(xué)的學(xué)奎團(tuán)隊(duì)進(jìn)一步對(duì)參數(shù)進(jìn)行完善[3]。已知,在b值小于1000 s/mm2時(shí),水分子擴(kuò)散信號(hào)分布呈正態(tài)分布;當(dāng)b值大于1000 s/mm2時(shí),在活體組織中,水分子的擴(kuò)散由于受到生物組織的細(xì)胞膜、細(xì)胞器、細(xì)胞間隙等限制,更加符合高b值下組織內(nèi)水分子實(shí)際擴(kuò)散分布,即非正態(tài)分布情況[4]。DKI作為探測(cè)非高斯分布的水分子擴(kuò)散特征及運(yùn)用四階三維模式描述水分子的擴(kuò)散方式,較傳統(tǒng)的DTI更敏感把握組織微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的改變,因此能更加真實(shí)地反映人體內(nèi)水分子擴(kuò)散。DKI在帕金森病、腦腫瘤及膽管癌分級(jí)的研究中已取得成效[5-7],有學(xué)者對(duì)DKI成像對(duì)直腸癌分化程度的應(yīng)用已有研究[8],而在直腸癌與免疫組化的相關(guān)研究中未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。
表1 對(duì)照各DKI參數(shù)在D2-40、CD31、S-100表達(dá)陰性與陽(yáng)性組的差異Tab. 1 Contrast the difference of DKI parameters in D2-40,CD31 and S-100 express in the negative and positive group
圖1 患者,男,65歲,A:直腸腺癌MK功能圖,Ki-67表達(dá)65%的DKI圖像,紅染區(qū)為直腸癌組織區(qū);B:Ki-67表達(dá)85%的DKI圖像,紅染區(qū)更為明顯;C:直腸癌藍(lán)色偽彩色為MD 圖2 A:各參數(shù)對(duì)診斷CD31表達(dá)的曲線下面積;B:各參數(shù)對(duì)診斷D2-40表達(dá)的曲線下面積;C:各參數(shù)對(duì)診斷S-100表達(dá)的曲線下面積Fig. 1 Patient, male, 65 years old. A: MK of recta adenocarcinoma,Ki-67 express 65% of DKI image, red dye area on behalf of the rectal cancer tissue. B: Ki-67 express 85% of DKI image, red dye area is more apparent. C: A blue color represents the MD of rectal cancer. Fig. 2 A:Receiver operating characteristic curve for parameters on the diagnosis of CD31 expression. B: Receiver operating characteristic curve for parameters on the diagnosis of D2-40 expression. C: Receiver operating characteristic curve for parameters on the diagnosis of S-100 expression.
圖3 A:MK與Ki-67的相關(guān)性;B:MD與Ki-67的相關(guān)性Fig. 3 A: The correlation between MK and Ki-67. B: The correlation between MD and Ki-67.
本研究所得到的參數(shù)MK值,代表空間各方向擴(kuò)散峰度值的平均值,是一個(gè)反映擴(kuò)散受限程度的無(wú)量綱參數(shù),感興趣區(qū)數(shù)值的大小取決于組織內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜程度。腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、分化,細(xì)胞的壞死和新生血管的生成等病理改變,正反映了腫瘤微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。Raab等[9]對(duì)膠質(zhì)瘤的研究認(rèn)為低級(jí)別膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)較簡(jiǎn)單,細(xì)胞體排列相對(duì)疏松,滲透性較好,受限程度較小,而高級(jí)膠質(zhì)瘤具有多形性及不典型性細(xì)胞核,含有更多新生血管及壞死組織,故結(jié)構(gòu)越復(fù)雜。若結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜程度越高,水分子擴(kuò)散受限越明顯,MK值則越大,反之,則表明擴(kuò)散受限越弱,MK值便越小。當(dāng)腫瘤組織內(nèi)細(xì)胞異型性越顯著時(shí),增生的血管越豐富,MK值就越大[10]。
CD31又稱(chēng)為血小板-內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞粘附分子,可能參與血管生成、白細(xì)胞的遷移等??捎糜谧C明內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞組織的存在和評(píng)估腫瘤血管生成,可代表快速增長(zhǎng)腫瘤的增殖程度。D2-40為淋巴管內(nèi)皮標(biāo)記物,D2-40陽(yáng)性的脈管內(nèi)有癌巢,提示淋巴管內(nèi)有侵犯,但不能提示脈管內(nèi)侵犯。CD31陽(yáng)性的脈管內(nèi)有癌巢,提示脈管侵犯。MK、K⊥在D2-40、CD31陽(yáng)性組參數(shù)值高于陰性對(duì)照組,差異有明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,以MK對(duì)CD31表達(dá)陰陽(yáng)性的曲線下面積最大,分析認(rèn)為CD31參與腫瘤血管的生成,而腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)離不開(kāi)血管生成,故隨著腫瘤的生長(zhǎng),內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜程度越高,血管成分即越豐富,CD31的表達(dá)也就隨之增高。故CD31表達(dá)陽(yáng)性組的MK值明顯大于陰性組,且有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。在本次研究中,各灌注參數(shù)如S-100表達(dá)陰性與陽(yáng)性之間的差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。兩組間無(wú)明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,可能與樣本量較少有關(guān)系,將進(jìn)一步研究。
Ki-67蛋白代表細(xì)胞的增殖狀態(tài),是測(cè)定細(xì)胞增殖活性的一種準(zhǔn)確可靠的指標(biāo),也是評(píng)估腫瘤侵襲和生長(zhǎng)的指標(biāo),在鑒別腫瘤的良惡性、確定惡性程度、評(píng)估預(yù)后和指導(dǎo)腫瘤術(shù)后化療等方面有重要的意義[10-11]。筆者認(rèn)為MK值與Ki-67呈正相關(guān)性,即Ki-67水平越高,增殖活躍的腫瘤細(xì)胞數(shù)增多,密度隨之亦增大;相應(yīng)增殖旺盛的腫瘤細(xì)胞合成的大分子蛋白增多,細(xì)胞的密度增大,從而影響擴(kuò)散運(yùn)動(dòng),使其受限[12]。推測(cè)原因可能是較高增生性腫瘤細(xì)胞的增加和腫瘤血管增生、壞死,因此高度增殖的腫瘤結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜性較低增生性腫瘤高。高Ki-67表達(dá)反映腫瘤的高增殖活性,MK值相應(yīng)增加,也可預(yù)示高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)復(fù)發(fā)率和低生存率[13-15]。因此,DKI模型還可以用于未來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)新輔助化療的效果[16]。
綜上所述,DKI成像能反映組織微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的變化,可以反映直腸癌組織的增殖活性和復(fù)雜程度,可在術(shù)前無(wú)創(chuàng)評(píng)估D2-40、CD31 及Ki-67表達(dá)水平,能夠較準(zhǔn)確地反映腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖指數(shù)、淋巴及血管等浸潤(rùn),能夠?yàn)榕R床提供直腸癌術(shù)前惡性程度評(píng)估的依據(jù)。
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Rectal cancer on MRI diffusion-kurtosis imaging and correlation between DKI parameters and D2-40, CD31, S-100 and Ki-67 in rectal tumors
WANG Li-li, HE Jian-wei, HUANG Gang*, DU Bin-bin, ZHAO Xue-mei, ZHANG Wen-wen, ZHOU Xing, MA Ya-qiong
Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
*Huang G, E-mail: keen0999@163.com
Objective: To evaluate the potential association between DKI parameters and D2-40, CD31, S-100 and Ki-67 with immunohistochemical analysis of rectal cancer. Materials and Methods: Data from 69 patients who were confirmed by surgical pathology from January to September in 2016. All cases were performed by regular sequence and DKI and DTI (diffusion tensor imaging) examination. The following parameters were acquired from the entire tumors. Respectively as Dax,Dmean, Drad, Fa, Kax, Kmean, Krad. D2-40, CD31, S-100 and Ki-67 were detected by Ben CHMARK-XT machine and Mul-timer system. D2-40 and CD31 were divided into two groups according to the expression of positive or negative and independentsample t test was used for statistical analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curves and Pearson correlation were used for statistical analysis. Results: The levels of MK, K⊥ value in D2-40, CD31 positive group were signi ficant higher than negative group. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Whereas MD in D2-40, CD31, positive group were signi ficantly lower than negative group, the differences were statistically signi ficant (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed Ki-67 was signi ficant positive correlation with MK, K⊥, K// parameters, whereas Ki-67 showed negative correlation with D⊥, D//, MD. ROC curve was applied to analysis of DKI parameters in D2-40, CD31 positive group and negative group. Conclusions: MK can reflect the tissue microenvironment including its component organelles, cell membranes, and water compartments, maybe preoperative noninvasive assessment of D2-40, CD31, S-100 and Ki-67 expression level, indirectly re flect the degree of tumor cell proliferation, provide a reference for colorectal malignant degree and prognosis of preoperative evaluation basis.
Diffusion-kurtosis image; Mean kurtosis; Immunohistochemistry; Ki-67 antigen
Received 6 Nov 2016, Accepted 19 Apr 2017
黃剛,E-mail:keen0999@163.com
2016-11-06
接受日期:2017-04-19
R445.2;R735.37
A
10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2017.05.006
王莉莉, 和健偉, 黃剛, 等. 直腸癌彌散峰度成像與D2-40、CD31、S-100及腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖指數(shù)的相關(guān)性研究. 磁共振成像, 2017, 8(5): 349-353.